Cancer is a big challenge that has plagued the human beings for ages and one of the most effective treatments is chemotherapy. However, the low tumor-targeting ability limits the wide clinical application of chemother...Cancer is a big challenge that has plagued the human beings for ages and one of the most effective treatments is chemotherapy. However, the low tumor-targeting ability limits the wide clinical application of chemotherapy. The microenvironment plays a critical role in many aspects of tumor genesis. It generates the tumor vasculature and it is highly implicated in the progression to metastasis. To maintain a suitable environment for tumor progression, there are special microenvironment in tumor cell, such as low pH, high level of glutathione(GSH) and reactive oxygen species(ROS), and more special enzymes, which is different to normal cell. Microenvironment-targeted therapy strategy could create new opportunities for therapeutic targeting. Compared to other targeting strategies, microenvironment-targeted therapy strategy will control the drug release into tumor cells more accurately. Redox responsive drug delivery systems(DDSs) are developed based on the high level of GSH in tumor cells. However, there are also GSH in normal cell though its level is lower. In order to control the release of drugs more accurately and reduce side effects, other drug release stimuli have been introduced to redox responsive DDSs. Under the synergistic reaction of two stimuli, redox dual-stimuli responsive DDSs will control the release of drugs more accurately and quickly and even increase the accumulation. This review summarizes strategies of redox dual-stimuli responsive DDSs such as pH, light, enzyme, ROS, and magnetic guide to delivery chemotherapeutic agents more accurately, aiming at providing new ideas for further promoting the drug release,enhancing tumor-targeting and improving anticancer effects. To better illustrate the redox dual-stimuli responsive DDS, preparations of carriers are also briefly described in the review.展开更多
Hollow HAP microspheres in sub-millimeter size were prepared and investigated as a drug delivery vehicle. The LCB （lithium-calcium borate） glass microspheres, which were made through flame spray process, were chosen...Hollow HAP microspheres in sub-millimeter size were prepared and investigated as a drug delivery vehicle. The LCB （lithium-calcium borate） glass microspheres, which were made through flame spray process, were chosen as precursor for hollow HAP microspheres. The LCB glass microspheres reacted with phosphate buffer （K2HPO4） solution for 5 days at 37 ℃. During the reaction the Ca-P-OH compound precipitated on the surface of LCB glass microspheres and formed porous shells. Then the microspheres turned to be hollow ones with the same diameter as the glass microspheres after LCB glass run out in the chemical reaction. After heat-treated at 600 ℃ for 4 h, the Ca-P-OH compound became HAP, thus the hollow HAP microspheres were produced. The mechanism of forming hollow HAP microspheres through the chemical reaction between phosphate buffer and LCB glass was confirmed by the XRD analysis. The microstructure characteristics of the hollow, porous microspheres were observed by SEM.展开更多
Amino acid transporters,which play a vital role in transporting amino acids for the biosynthesis of mammalian cells,are highly expressed in types of tumors.Increasing studies have shown the feasibility of amino acid t...Amino acid transporters,which play a vital role in transporting amino acids for the biosynthesis of mammalian cells,are highly expressed in types of tumors.Increasing studies have shown the feasibility of amino acid transporters as a component of tumortargeting therapy.In this review,we focus on tumor-related amino acid transporters and their potential use in tumor-targeting therapy.Firstly,the expression characteristics of amino acid transporters in cancer and their relationship with tumor growth are reviewed.Secondly,the recognition requirements are discussed,focusing on the“acidbase”properties,conformational isomerism and structural analogues.Finally,recent developments in amino acid transporter-targeting drug delivery strategies are highlighted,including prodrugs and nanocarriers,with special attention to the latest findings of molecular mechanisms and targeting efficiency of transporter-mediated endocytosis.We aim to offer related clues that might lead to valuable tumor-targeting strategies by the utilization of amino acid transporters.展开更多
Nanomaterial-based delivery vehicles such as lipid-based,polymer-based,inorganics-based,and bio-inspired vehicles often carry distinct and attractive advantages in the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines.Based ...Nanomaterial-based delivery vehicles such as lipid-based,polymer-based,inorganics-based,and bio-inspired vehicles often carry distinct and attractive advantages in the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines.Based on various delivery vehicles,specifically designed nanomaterials-based vaccines are highly advantageous in boosting therapeutic and prophylactic antitumor immunities.Specifically,therapeutic vaccines featuring unique properties have made major contributions to the enhancement of antigen immunogenicity,encapsulation efficiency,biocompatibility,and stability,as well as promoting antigen cross-presentation and specific CD8^(+)T cell responses.However,for clinical applications,tumor-associated antigen-derived vaccines could be an obstacle,involving immune tolerance and deficiency of tumor specificities,in achieving maximum therapeutic indices.However,when using bioinformatics predictions with emerging innovations of in silico tools,neoantigen-based therapeutic vaccines might become potent personalized vaccines for tumor treatments.In this review,we summarize the development of preclinical therapeutic cancer vaccines and the advancements of nanomaterial-based delivery vehicles for cancer immunotherapies,which provide the basis for a personalized vaccine delivery platform.Moreover,we review the existing challenges and future perspectives of nanomaterial-based personalized vaccines for novel tumor immunotherapies.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (81202480,81302723)Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (2015020749)。
文摘Cancer is a big challenge that has plagued the human beings for ages and one of the most effective treatments is chemotherapy. However, the low tumor-targeting ability limits the wide clinical application of chemotherapy. The microenvironment plays a critical role in many aspects of tumor genesis. It generates the tumor vasculature and it is highly implicated in the progression to metastasis. To maintain a suitable environment for tumor progression, there are special microenvironment in tumor cell, such as low pH, high level of glutathione(GSH) and reactive oxygen species(ROS), and more special enzymes, which is different to normal cell. Microenvironment-targeted therapy strategy could create new opportunities for therapeutic targeting. Compared to other targeting strategies, microenvironment-targeted therapy strategy will control the drug release into tumor cells more accurately. Redox responsive drug delivery systems(DDSs) are developed based on the high level of GSH in tumor cells. However, there are also GSH in normal cell though its level is lower. In order to control the release of drugs more accurately and reduce side effects, other drug release stimuli have been introduced to redox responsive DDSs. Under the synergistic reaction of two stimuli, redox dual-stimuli responsive DDSs will control the release of drugs more accurately and quickly and even increase the accumulation. This review summarizes strategies of redox dual-stimuli responsive DDSs such as pH, light, enzyme, ROS, and magnetic guide to delivery chemotherapeutic agents more accurately, aiming at providing new ideas for further promoting the drug release,enhancing tumor-targeting and improving anticancer effects. To better illustrate the redox dual-stimuli responsive DDS, preparations of carriers are also briefly described in the review.
基金Founded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50272041)Nanometer-project Development Foundation of Shanghai Science Committee (No. 0144NM064)
文摘Hollow HAP microspheres in sub-millimeter size were prepared and investigated as a drug delivery vehicle. The LCB （lithium-calcium borate） glass microspheres, which were made through flame spray process, were chosen as precursor for hollow HAP microspheres. The LCB glass microspheres reacted with phosphate buffer （K2HPO4） solution for 5 days at 37 ℃. During the reaction the Ca-P-OH compound precipitated on the surface of LCB glass microspheres and formed porous shells. Then the microspheres turned to be hollow ones with the same diameter as the glass microspheres after LCB glass run out in the chemical reaction. After heat-treated at 600 ℃ for 4 h, the Ca-P-OH compound became HAP, thus the hollow HAP microspheres were produced. The mechanism of forming hollow HAP microspheres through the chemical reaction between phosphate buffer and LCB glass was confirmed by the XRD analysis. The microstructure characteristics of the hollow, porous microspheres were observed by SEM.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81803442 and 81703425).
文摘Amino acid transporters,which play a vital role in transporting amino acids for the biosynthesis of mammalian cells,are highly expressed in types of tumors.Increasing studies have shown the feasibility of amino acid transporters as a component of tumortargeting therapy.In this review,we focus on tumor-related amino acid transporters and their potential use in tumor-targeting therapy.Firstly,the expression characteristics of amino acid transporters in cancer and their relationship with tumor growth are reviewed.Secondly,the recognition requirements are discussed,focusing on the“acidbase”properties,conformational isomerism and structural analogues.Finally,recent developments in amino acid transporter-targeting drug delivery strategies are highlighted,including prodrugs and nanocarriers,with special attention to the latest findings of molecular mechanisms and targeting efficiency of transporter-mediated endocytosis.We aim to offer related clues that might lead to valuable tumor-targeting strategies by the utilization of amino acid transporters.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2018YFA0208900 and 2018YFE0205300)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.Z200020)+5 种基金the Beijing Nova Program(Grant No.Z201100006820031)the Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province(Grant No.ts20190987)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31800838,31820103004,31730032,and 31800799)the Key Research Project of Frontier Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.QYZDJSSW-SLH022)the Innovation Research Group of National Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.11621505)the Hundred-Talent Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences。
文摘Nanomaterial-based delivery vehicles such as lipid-based,polymer-based,inorganics-based,and bio-inspired vehicles often carry distinct and attractive advantages in the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines.Based on various delivery vehicles,specifically designed nanomaterials-based vaccines are highly advantageous in boosting therapeutic and prophylactic antitumor immunities.Specifically,therapeutic vaccines featuring unique properties have made major contributions to the enhancement of antigen immunogenicity,encapsulation efficiency,biocompatibility,and stability,as well as promoting antigen cross-presentation and specific CD8^(+)T cell responses.However,for clinical applications,tumor-associated antigen-derived vaccines could be an obstacle,involving immune tolerance and deficiency of tumor specificities,in achieving maximum therapeutic indices.However,when using bioinformatics predictions with emerging innovations of in silico tools,neoantigen-based therapeutic vaccines might become potent personalized vaccines for tumor treatments.In this review,we summarize the development of preclinical therapeutic cancer vaccines and the advancements of nanomaterial-based delivery vehicles for cancer immunotherapies,which provide the basis for a personalized vaccine delivery platform.Moreover,we review the existing challenges and future perspectives of nanomaterial-based personalized vaccines for novel tumor immunotherapies.
