Trace elements in magmatic and hydrothermal quartz:Implications on the genesis of the Xingluokeng Tungsten Deposit,South China

The Xingluokeng deposit is the largest gran-ite-related tungsten deposit within the Wuyi metallogenic belt in South China.The Xingluokeng intrusion primarily consists of porphyritic biotite granite,biotite granite,andfine-grained granite.The deposit is represented by veinlet-disseminated mineralization with K-feldspathization and biotitization,alongside quartz-vein mineralization with gre-isenization and sericitization.This study investigates in-situ analyses of quartz compositions from both the intrusion and hydrothermal veinlets and veins.Trace element correlations indicate that trivalent Al^(3+)and Fe^(3+)replace Si^(4+)within the quartz lattice,with monovalent cations(such as Li^(+),Na^(+),and K^(+))primarily serving as charge compensators.Low Ge/Al ratios(<0.013)of quartz from granites suggest a mag-matic origin.The low Al/Ti and Ge/Ti ratios,accompanied by high Ti contents in quartz,suggest that the porphyritic biotite granite and biotite granite are characterized by rela-tively low levels of differentiation and high crystallization temperatures.In contrast,thefine-grained granite exhibits a higher degree of fractionation,lower crystallization tem-peratures,and a closer association with tungsten miner-alization.Ti contents in quartz from quartz veins indicate Qz-Ⅰformed at temperatures above 400°C,while Qz-Ⅱto Qz-Ⅴformed at temperatures below 350°C.Variations in different generations of quartz,as indicated by Al content and(Al+Fe)/(Li+Na+K)ratio,suggest that Qz-Ⅰprecipi-tated from a less acidicfluid with a stable pH,whereas Qz-Ⅱto Qz-Ⅴoriginated from a more acidicfluid with notable pH variations.Consequently,alkaline alteration and acidic alteration supplied the essential Ca and Fe for the precipita-tion of scheelite and wolframite,respectively,highlighting a critical mechanism in tungsten mineralization at the Xin-gluokeng deposit.

Jet formation and penetration performance of a double-layer charge liner with chemically-deposited tungsten as the inner liner

This paper proposes a type of double-layer charge liner fabricated using chemical vapor deposition(CVD)that has tungsten as its inner liner.The feasibility of this design was evaluated through penetration tests.Double-layer charge liners were fabricated by using CVD to deposit tungsten layers on the inner surfaces of pure T2 copper liners.The microstructures of the tungsten layers were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope(SEM).The feasibility analysis was carried out by pulsed X-rays,slug-retrieval test and static penetration tests.The shaped charge jet forming and penetration law of inner tungsten-coated double-layer liner were studied by numerical simulation method.The results showed that the double-layer liners could form well-shaped jets.The errors between the X-ray test results and the numerical results were within 11.07%.A slug-retrieval test was found that the retrieved slug was similar to a numerically simulated slug.Compared with the traditional pure copper shaped charge jet,the penetration depth of the double-layer shaped charge liner increased by 11.4% and>10.8% respectively.In summary,the test results are good,and the numerical simulation is in good agreement with the test,which verified the feasibility of using the CVD method to fabricate double-layer charge liners with a high-density and high-strength refractory metal as the inner liner.

Cerium-tungsten oxides supported on activated red mud for the selective catalytic reduction of NO_(x)

Activated red mud(RM)has been proved to be a promising base material for the selective catalysis reduction(SCR)of NOx.The inherent low reducibility and acidity limited its low-temperature activity.In this work,molybdenum oxide,tungsten oxide,and cerium oxide were used to reconfigure the redox sites and acid sites of red mud based catalyst.When activated red mud was reconfigured by cerium-tungsten oxide(Ce-W@RM),the NOx conversion kept above 90%at 219-480℃.The existence of Ce^(3+)/Ce^(4+) redox electron pairs provided more surface adsorbed oxygen(O_(α)) and served as a redox cycle.Positive interactions between Ce,W species and Fe oxide in red mud occurred,which led to the formation of unsaturated chemical bond and promoted the activation of adsorbed NH_(3) species.WO_(3) and Ce_(2)(WO_(4))_(3)(formed by solid-state reaction between Ce and W species)could provide more Brønsted acid sites(W-O modes of WO_(3),W=O or W-O-W modes of Ce_(2)(WO_(4))_(3)).CeO_(2) species could provide more Lewis acid sites.The Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)routes and Eley-Rideal(E-R)routes occurred in the low-temperature SCR reaction on the Ce-W@RM surface.NH_(4)^(+) species on Brønsted acid sites,NH_(3) species on Lewis acid sites,bidentate nitrate and bridging nitrate species were key active intermediates species.

Tungsten combustion in impact initiated W-Al composite based on W(Al) super-saturated solid solution

Element W can effectively improve the density of energetic structural materials. However, W is an inert element and does not combust in air. To change the reaction characteristics of W, 60 at.% Al was introduced into W through mechanical alloying. XRD analysis shows that after 50 h of ball milling, the diffraction peak of Al completely disappears and W(Al60) super-saturated solid solution powder is obtained. Further observation by HAADF and HRTEM reveals that the W(Al60) super-saturated solid solution powder is a mixture of solid solution and amorphous phase. Based on the good thermal stability of W(Al60) alloy powder below 1000℃, W(Al60)-Al composite was synthesized by hot pressing process.Impact initiation experiments suggest that the W(Al60)-Al composite has excellent reaction characteristics, and multiple types of tungsten oxides are detected in the reaction products, showing that the modified W is combustible in air. Due to the combustion of tungsten, the energy release rate of the W(Al60)-Al composite at speed of 1362 m/s reaches 2.71 kJ/g.

Preparation of Spherical Tungsten Particles Assisted by Hydrothermal Method

We presented a strategy to prepare spherical tungsten powder by the combination of hydrothermal method and H2reduction process.In hydrothermal process,the micelle of tetraethylammonium bromide(TEAB)act as spherical templates for the deposition of tungsten oxide,whereas the excessive TEAB inhibit the formation of spherical tungsten oxide due to the dense molecular layer of TEAB on the tungsten oxide particles.Citric acid(CA)can control the formation rate and structure of the tungsten oxide when its concentration is more than 0.2 mol/L,because of its ability to coordinate with tungsten atoms.The synergistic effect of TEAB and CA facilitates the formation of spherical tungsten oxide with nanorod crown.After being treated by H_(2)at 600 and 650℃,the tungsten oxide particles are reduced to tungsten particles,which maintain the spherical structure of tungsten oxide and have porous structure.

Plasma synthesis of various polymorphs of tungsten trioxide nanoparticles using gliding electric discharge in humid air:characterization and photocatalytic properties

A gliding electric arc(glidarc)discharge generates a low-temperature plasma at atmospheric pressure.When the discharge occurs in humid air as the feed gas,the chemistry of a glidarc plasma consists of in situ formation of HO°and NO°as the primary chemical species.Tungsten trioxide(WO_(3))nanoparticles were successfully prepared by exposure of a liquid precursor to glidarc plasma.The WO_(3)samples were calcined at three different temperatures(300℃,500℃and 800℃),resulting in different pure polymorphs:γ-WO_(3)(at 300℃),β-WO_(3)(at 500℃)andα-WO_(3)(at 800℃)according to x-ray diffraction analysis.The identification of WO_(3)compounds was also confirmed by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis.Increase in the calcination temperature of WO_(3)induced a decrease in its specific surface area according to Brunauer–Emmett–Teller nitrogen physisorption analysis.The UV-visible results showed that the absorption bands of plasma-WO_(3)samples were more intense than those of WO_(3)samples obtained by a precipitation route,a classical method used for comparison.Consequently,this parameter can improve the photocatalytic properties of WO_(3)under visible light.The photodegradation(in sunlight conditions)of gentian violet,chosen as a model pollutant,confirmed the photocatalytic properties of plasma-WO_(3)samples.This novel synthesis method has great potential to improve the efficiency of advanced tungsten trioxide-based functional material preparation,as well as in pollution-reducing and energy-saving tungsten extractive metallurgy.

Giant saturation absorption of tungsten trioxide film prepared based on the seedless layer hydrothermal method

Nonlinear materials have gained wide interest as saturable absorbers and pulse compression for pulsed laser applications due to their unique optical properties.This work investigates the third-order nonlinear phenomenon of tungsten trioxide(WO_(3))thin films.The giant nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refractive index of WO_(3)thin films were characterized by Z-scan method at 800 nm.We experimentally observed the giant saturable absorption(SA)and nonlinear refractive index of WO_(3)thin films prepared by the seedless layer hydrothermal method,with SA coefficient being as high as-2.59×105cm·GW^(-1).The SA coefficient is at least one order of magnitude larger than those of the conventional semiconductors.The nonlinear refractive index n_(2)of WO_(3)film has been observed for the first time in recent studies and the corresponding coefficient can be up to 1.793 cm^(2)·GW^(-1).The large third-order nonlinear optical(NLO)response enables WO_(3)thin films to be promising candidates for optoelectronic and photonic applications in the near-infrared domain.

Sol-gel-based porous Ti-doped tungsten oxide films for high-performance dual-band electrochromic smart windows

Dual-band electrochromic smart windows(DESWs)with independent control of the transmittance of near-infrared and visible light show great potential in the application of smart and energy-saving buildings.The current strategy for building DESWs is to screen materials for composite or prepare plasmonic nanocrystal films.These rigorous preparation processes seriously limit the further development of DESWs.Herein,we report a facile and effective sol-gel strategy using a foaming agent to achieve porous Ti-doped tungsten oxide film for the high performance of DESWs.The introduction of foaming agent polyvinylpyrrolidone during the film preparation can increase the specific surface area and free carrier concentration of the films and enhance their independent regulation ability of near-infrared electrochromism.As a result,the optimal film shows excellent dual-band electrochromic properties,including high optical modulation(84.9%at 633 nm and 90.3%at 1200 nm),high coloration efficiency(114.9 cm^(2) C^(-1) at 633 nm and 420.3 cm^(2) C^(-1) at 1200 nm),quick switching time,excellent bistability,and good cycle stability(the transmittance modulation losses at 633 and 1200 nm were 11%and 3.5%respectively after 1000 cycles).A demonstrated DESW fabricated by the sol-gel film showed effective management of heat and light of sunlight.This study represents a significant advance in the preparation of dual-band electrochromic films,which will shed new light on advancing electrochromic technology for future energy-saving smart buildings.

Crushing Mechanism of Spherical Tungsten Alloy Fragments Penetrate Thick Steel Plate Target

Against protection requirements for high-speed fragments on the ground weapons,we carried out the research work of crushing mechanism at different impact speeds ofφ8.7 mm spherical tungsten alloy,the penetration to 603 armor steel was completed by 20 mm ballistic gun,and the ANSYS/LS-DYNA software was used to complete the numerical calculation of the penetration.We find that there are different crushing mechanisms of spherical tungsten alloy with different speeds and low speed,the crushing mechanism of fragment is mainly controlled by overall plastic deformation,shearing stripping,and squeezing at a high pressure and a high speed.The crushing mechanism will have a spallation phenomenon in addition to the crushing mechanism under high pressure.

Exciting News from Indentations onto Silicon, Copper, and Tungsten

Indentations onto crystalline silicon and copper with various indenter geometries, loading forces at room temperature belong to the widest interests in the field, because of the physical detection of structural phase transitions. By using the mathematically deduced FNh3/2 relation for conical and pyramidal indentations we have a toolbox for deciding between faked and experimental loading curves. Four printed silicon indentation loading curves (labelled with 292 K, 260 K, 240 K and 210 K) proved to be faked and not experimental. This is problematic for the AI (artificial intelligence) that will probably not be able to sort faked data out by itself but must be told to do so. High risks arise, when published faked indentation reports remain unidentified and unreported for the mechanics engineers by reading, or via AI. For example, when AI recommends a faked quality such as “no phase changes” of a technical material that is therefore used, it might break down due to an actually present low force, low transition energy phase-change. This paper thus installed a tool box for the distinction of experimental and faked loading curves of indentations. We found experimental and faked loading curves of the same research group with overall 14 authoring co-workers in three publications where valid and faked ones were next to each other and I can thus only report on the experimental ones. The comparison of Si and Cu with W at 20-fold higher physical hardness shows its enormous influence to the energies of phase transition and of their transition energies. Thus, the commonly preferred ISO14577-ASTM hardness values HISO (these violate the energy law and are simulated!) leads to almost blind characterization and use of mechanically stressed technical materials (e.g. airplanes, windmills, bridges, etc). The reasons are carefully detected and reported to disprove that the coincidence or very close coincidence of all of the published loading curves from 150 K to 298 K are constructed but not experimental. A tool-box for distinction of experimental from faked indentation loading curves (simulations must be indicated) is established in view of protecting the AI from faked data, which it might not be able by itself to sort them out, so that technical materials with wrongly attributed mechanical properties might lead to catastrophic accidents such as all of us know of. There is also the risk that false theories might lead to discourage the design of important research projects or for not getting them granted. This might for example hamper or ill-fame new low temperature indentation projects. The various hints for identifying faked claims are thus presented in great detail. The low-temperature instrumental indentations onto silicon have been faked in two consecutive publications and their reporting in the third one, so that these are not available for the calculation of activation energies. Conversely, the same research group published an indentation loading curve of copper as taken at 150 K that could be tested for its validity with the therefore created tools of validity tests. The physical algebraic calculations provided the epochal detection of two highly exothermic phase transitions of copper that created two polymorphs with negative standard energy content. This is world-wide the second case and the first one far above the 77 K of liquid nitrogen. Its existence poses completely new thoughts for physics chemistry and perhaps techniques but all of them are open and unprepared for our comprehension. The first chemical reactions might be in-situ photolysis and the phase transitions can be calculated from experimental curves. But several further reported low temperature indentation loading curves of silicon were tested for their experimental reality. And the results are compared to new analyses with genuine room temperature results. A lot is to be learned from the differences at room and low temperature.

钨纤维增韧钨基复合材料的研究进展

钨纤维增韧钨基复合材料作为一种理想的面向等离子体材料,可以不需要引入其他合金元素,通过充分发挥钨纤维本身的优异性能而提升其韧性。对钨纤维增韧钨基复合材料的增韧机理、增韧相类型、制备方法的研究现状进行了综述,重点介绍了钨纤维表面改性、钨纤维体积分数以及烧结温度对复合材料性能的影响,指出了该复合材料今后的研究方向。

晶粒尺寸对铌钨合金力学性能的影响

本文以铌钨合金为研究对象,通过熔炼、挤压、锻造制备了两种不同晶粒尺寸的铌钨合金棒材,研究了初始晶粒尺寸对经过热处理后棒材的显微组织和力学性能的影响,研究结果将为制备有特殊性能要求的铌合金材料提供一定参考。结果表明,经过相同热处理工艺处理后,初始晶粒尺寸细小的Φ43 mm棒材形成均匀细小的等轴晶,而初始晶粒尺寸粗大的Φ89 mm棒材形成不均匀且粗大的部分再结晶组织。无论是室温拉伸还是高温(1100℃)拉伸,晶粒细小的Φ43 mm棒材均呈现较好的屈服强度,分别为401 MPa和272 MPa。因此,铌钨合金的屈服强度与棒材初始晶粒尺寸有关。铌钨合金棒材的屈服强度要求越高,越需制备具有细小初始晶粒的棒材。

大宝山含钨褐铁矿中钨的赋存状态与嵌布特征

通过多种分析方法,探究广东大宝山含钨褐铁矿的物相组成、元素分布等工艺矿物学特征,以揭示矿石中关键金属钨的赋存状态与嵌布特征。X射线荧光分析(XRF)、粉末X射线衍射(XRD)以及扫描电子显微镜和能谱(SEM-EDS)结果表明:矿石中主要矿物为含钨褐铁矿和石英,关键金属钨品位为1.35%。微区X射线衍射(Micro-XRD)和矿物解离度分析仪(MLA)结果表明:钨主要赋存于高铁钨华((W,Fe)(O,OH)_(3))中,而高铁钨华则以剥离和带状形式紧密分布在褐铁矿中。同时,还定量分析了有价元素在各主要矿物中的赋存和分布情况,并讨论了含钨褐铁矿风化演变和形成机制。最终提出了一种选冶联合分选回收流程,为高效回收含钨褐铁矿中关键金属钨提供理论基础。

钨极高压微电弧温度模型的建立与验证

为提高一体式微球形钨探针的制备成功率,对制备过程中高压微电弧进行了研究。建立了钨极高压微电弧的多物理场耦合仿真模型以计算电极间距在0.5~2.0 mm、电压在1~12 kV时的电弧温度分布;然后对仿真结果进行最小二乘拟合,进而得到了电弧温度与放电参数之间的数学模型;最后,基于Boltzmann作图法搭建了光谱测温系统,并对数学模型进行了验证。研究结果表明:电弧呈椭球形分布,近阳极区存在高温屏障,阳极温度远低于阴极温度;电弧温度与电压、电极间距之间均为类抛物线性关系;模型计算结果与实验结果的平均相对误差为3.3%。该模型可用于计算电弧温度,从而实现钨探针的可控制备。

WC含量对WC增强镍基复合涂层界面组织的影响

WC(碳化钨)增强镍基复合涂层具有高耐磨、耐腐蚀、高硬度特点,在盾构部件、旋耕刀具、石油钻探等领域广泛应用.为提高水力机械过流部件服役寿命,以WC颗粒和镍基粉状钎料为涂层材料,采用真空炉中热辐射钎涂方法在奥氏体不锈钢表面成功制备WC增强镍基复合钎涂层,借助扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪等对钎涂层显微组织和界面行为进行系统分析.结果表明,硬质相WC与镍基钎料界面结合存在机械咬合与冶金结合双重作用;钎涂层与钢基体之间存在一定程度的成分扩散,其较狭窄扩散区宽度约100μm;当WC含量低于25%时,复合钎涂层对不锈钢基体润湿性较好,可制备出最低孔隙率1.08%的复合钎涂层.

石英脉型钨多金属矿床的扇状成矿实例及找矿模型

石英脉型钨矿床是中国数量最多的钨矿床类型,但保有储量消耗迅速,迫切需要创新找矿模型,指导找矿突破。文章结合二十余年的找矿实践,通过详细分析扇状成矿矿床实例,构建了石英脉型钨矿床新的找矿模型。该模型强调赋矿裂隙为岩浆动力成因,在花岗岩体顶部呈扇状分布型式,岩浆期后热液恰在裂隙张开时充填其中而形成扇状成矿系统;提出“就岩找矿”、“就矿找矿”、“就矿找岩”的地质、地球化学和地球物理标志,指导矿床尺度的勘查工程部署。截至目前,该模型已在广东禾尚田钨锡矿床、广西珊瑚钨锡矿床、广西社垌钨钼矿床、江西盘古山钨铋矿床等获得了验证,找矿成效显著。

离子液体对WS2纳米润滑油摩擦学性能的影响

纳米二硫化钨的润滑性能优异,但由于其在润滑油中易团聚沉降,影响了其在润滑油中抗磨减摩性能的发挥。为改善纳米WS2的抗磨减摩性能,将一种磷酸盐离子液体添加到WS2纳米润滑油中,通过四球摩擦试验机对其摩擦学性能进行测试,采用XPS、EDS和电子显微镜等表征方法对钢球磨损表面进行表征。结果表明:虽然添加离子液体后纳米润滑油的摩擦因数略微上升,但相对基础油,离子液体仍可使其摩擦因数最大降低28%,同时能显著地减小磨斑直径,最大降幅达到了44%。离子液体在摩擦过程中与WS2反应生成PW,该物质作为催化剂加速了摩擦过程中的氧化反应,生成的化合物作为化学摩擦膜减少磨损,提升润滑油抗磨减摩性能。

W-CoCrNi合金的烧结致密化及其组织与性能

本文采用粉末冶金技术制备以CoCrNi中熵合金为黏结相的W-CoCrNi高密度钨合金,研究黏结相含量和烧结温度(1300~1500℃)对合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:烧结态合金组织由W相、CoCrNi相、Co_(7)W_(6)相和亚微米富Cr颗粒组成。随着烧结温度的升高,合金致密度随之升高。合金在1500℃以下烧结时,致密化机制主要为固相烧结机制,固相烧结驱动力主要来自于表面能的降低和Co_(7)W_(6)新相的形成。当烧结温度达1500℃时,合金致密化机制主要为液相烧结机制,致密化过程包含W向CoCrNi熔体中的溶解和扩散、Co_(7)W_(6)相析出和钨颗粒球化三个阶段。1500℃烧结温度下制备的75W-CoCrNi和95W-CoCrNi合金的压缩屈服强度分别为1060 MPa和1602 MPa,75W-CoCrNi合金在压缩应变超过50%时仍未断裂。随着CoCrNi黏结相含量的增加,合金致密度随之升高,压缩变形能力增加,但压缩屈服强度降低。

WO_(3)@PANI复合材料的制备及其pH传感性能

目的通过简单快捷的方法制备氧化钨(WO_(3))/聚苯胺(PANI)复合材料,获得高性能pH传感器。方法WO_(3)和PANI都是通过原位聚合法制备,在溶液中混合后旋涂在柔性碳基底上。通过扫描电子显微镜、拉曼光谱、XRD等技术对复合材料进行表征,证明复合材料的成功合成并进一步解释其传感增强原理。结果WO_(3)@PANI可以在pH=2~10内工作,与单体材料相比具有较高的灵敏度(-53.13 mV),较低的滞后度(3.8%)和较快的反应速度(16 s),在10次酸碱循环测试后响应性保持在95%以上,且在12 h的连续测试中可以保持稳定。结论一方面PANI为WO_(3)提供了导电网络,并将WO_(3)均匀包裹在内;另一方面两者的p-n结构共同作用,使得WO_(3)@PANI的pH传感性能进一步提高。

N掺杂木质素对钨的吸附

木质素经胺化和季铵化改性后制备了N掺杂木质素,并用于吸附钨,通过SEM-EDS和FTIR对吸附剂进行表征,考察pH值、钨初始质量浓度、吸附时间和吸附剂用量对吸附容量的影响,利用SEMEDS、FTIR和XPS分析揭示吸附过程的机制.结果表明,N掺杂木质素表面疏松多孔且含有大量的酚羟基、胺基和季铵官能团,在总钨浓度为0.005 mol/L、pH<4.7时,钨的存在形态为H_(2)W_(12)O_40)^(6-).H_(2)W_(12)O_(40)^(6-)通过与N掺杂木质素中氢键的静电吸引、胺基的配合和氯离子的离子交换作用而被吸附.在pH=4.0、钨初始质量浓度为800 mg/L、吸附时间为960 min的条件下,1 g/L N掺杂木质素对钨的饱和吸附容量为421.68 mg/g.吸附过程遵循Langmuir模型和准二级动力学模型,表明吸附过程为单分子层均质化学吸附.