Microstructures and mechanical properties of metal inert-gas arc welded Mg-steel dissimilar joints

The joining of Mg alloy to steel was realized by metal inert-gas arc welding, and the weld thermal cycle characteristics and Mg-steel joints were investigated. The results show that the temperature distribution in the joints is uneven. Mg alloy welds present a fine equiaxed grain structure. There exists a transition layer consisting mainly of AlFe, AlFe3 and Mg（Fe, Al）2O4 phases at Mg/steel interface, and it is the weakest link in Mg？steel joints. The welding heat input and weld Al content have the significant effect on the joint strength. The joint strength increases with increasing the heat input from 1680 J/cm to 2093 J/cm, due to promoting Mg/steel interface reaction. When weld Al content is increased to 6.20%, the joint strength reaches 192 MPa, 80% of Mg alloy base metal strength. It is favorable to select the suitable welding heat input and weld Al content for improving joint strength.

Optimization of back bead geometry in the PMAG-TIG twin arc hybrid root welding process using grey based Taguchi method

This study investigated multi-response optimization of the pulse metal active gas-tungsten inert gas( PMAG-TIG) twin arc hybrid root welding process for an optimal parametric combination to yield favorable back bead geometry of welded joints using grey relational analysis and Taguchi method.Eighteen experimental runs based on an orthogonal array following the Taguchi method were performed to derive objective functions to be optimized within the experimental domain.The objective functions were selected in relation to parameters of PMAG-TIG twin arc root welding back bead geometry: back bead width to root reinforcement ratio and deposited metal height.The Taguchi approach was followed by grey relational analysis to solve the multi-response optimization problem.The significance of factors on overall quality characteristics of the weld joint was also evaluated quantitatively using analysis of variance.Optimal results were verified through additional experiments,and showed to feasibility of applying grey relation analysis in combination with Taguchi technique for continuous improvement of product quality in the manufacturing industry.

Welding of nickel free high nitrogen stainless steel: Microstructure and mechanical properties

High nitrogen stainless steel(HNS) is a nickel free austenitic stainless steel that is used as a structural component in defence applications for manufacturing battle tanks as a replacement of the existing armour grade steel owing to its low cost, excellent mechanical properties and better corrosion resistance.Conventional fusion welding causes problems like nitrogen desorption, solidification cracking in weld zone, liquation cracking in heat affected zone, nitrogen induced porosity and poor mechanical properties.The above problems can be overcome by proper selection and procedure of joining process. In the present work, an attempt has been made to correlate the microstructural changes with mechanical properties of fusion and solid state welds of high nitrogen steel. Shielded metal arc welding(SMAW), gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW), electron beam welding(EBW) and friction stir welding(FSW) processes were used in the present work. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction were used to characterize microstructural changes. Hardness, tensile and bend tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of welds. The results of the present investigation established that fully austenitic dendritic structure was found in welds of SMAW. Reverted austenite pools in the martensite matrix in weld zone and unmixed zones near the fusion boundary were observed in GTA welds. Discontinuous ferrite network in austenite matrix was observed in electron beam welds.Fine recrystallized austenite grain structure was observed in the nugget zone of friction stir welds.Improved mechanical properties are obtained in friction stir welds when compared to fusion welds. This is attributed to the refined microstructure consisting of equiaxed and homogenous austenite grains.

Effect of fusion welding processes on tensile properties of armor grade, high thickness, non-heat treatable aluminium alloy joints

AA5059 is one of the high strength armor grade aluminium alloy that finds its applications in the military vehicles due to the higher resistance against the armor piercing (AP) threats. This study aimed at finding the best suitable process among the fusion welding processes such as gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) by evaluating the tensile properties of AA5059 aluminium alloy joints. The fracture path was identified by mapping the low hardness distribution profile (LHDP) across the weld cross section under tensile loading. Optical and scanning electron microscopies were used to characterize the microstructural features of the welded joints at various zones. It is evident from the results that GTAW joints showed superior tensile properties compared to GMAW joints and this is primarily owing to the presence of finer grains in the weld metal zone (WMZ) and narrow heat-affected zone (HAZ). The lower heat input associated with the GTAW process effectively reduced the size of the WMZ and HAZ compared to GMAW process. Lower heat input of GTAW process results in faster cooling rate which hinders the grain growth and reduces the evaporation of magnesium in weld metal compared to GMAW joints. The fracture surface of GTAW joint consists of more dimples than GMAW joints which is an indication that the GTAW joint possess improved ductility than GMAW joint.

Effect of Welding Processes on Tensile and Impact Properties,Hardness and Microstructure of AISI 409M Ferritic Stainless Joints Fabricated by Duplex Stainless Steel Filler Metal

The effect of welding processes such as shielded metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding on tensile and impact properties of the ferritic stainless steel conforming to AISI 409M grade is studied. Rolled plates of 4 mm thickness were used as the base material for preparing single pass butt welded joints. Tensile and impact properties, microhardness, microstructure and fracture surface morphology of the welded joints have been evaluated and the results are compared. From this investigatio.n, it is found that gas tungsten arc welded joints of ferritic stainless steel have superior tensile and impact properties compared with shielded metal arc and gas metal arc welded joints and this is mainly due to the presence of finer grains in fusion zone and heat affected zone.

GTA Welds of Iron-Aluminide Based Alloys

The weldability of two Fe3Al-based intermetallic alloys and one Fe-16%Al-based (atom fraction) alloy has been investigated for gas tungsten are (GTA) welding on sheets with a thickness of 2 mm. The results indicated that pre-heating and post-annealing treatment were important procedures for retarding cold crack initiation and the propel selection of filler could effectively improve the weldability. For the same alloys with the same welding filler, it is better to choose lower welding current, in another word, lower heat input.

钨极氩弧焊焊接粉末冶金高铬铸铁/低碳钢的焊接性能及组织演变

以粉末冶金高铬铸铁和低碳钢为原材料,采用多道次手工钨极氩弧焊,研究了焊接电流对焊缝组织演变和力学性能的影响,提出了焊接接头组织演化模型,并探讨了其断裂机理。结果表明,焊接接头的抗拉强度在焊接电流为140 A时达到538.1MPa,分别是烧结高铬铸铁和低碳钢抗拉强度的95.3%和97.4%。由于二次回火和合金元素扩散/偏析的作用,焊接接头的显微硬度在水平方向上由高铬铸铁一侧向低碳钢一侧逐渐降低,而在垂直方向则呈M形分布。当焊接电流为140 A时,焊缝的熔合区主要由奥氏体和回火马氏体组成,在熔合区与低碳钢母材之间存在一个单一奥氏体柱状晶区;在熔合区与烧结高铬铸铁母材之间,存在一个柱状高铬铸铁区域,该区域的碳化物为粗糙树枝状,沿基体晶界分布。

Mg/Al异种材料脉冲TIG焊接头的组织结构

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、电子探针(EPMA)和X射线衍射(XRD)等测试方法,对用脉冲钨极氩弧焊(EMP-TIG)获得的Mg/Al异种材料焊接接头区的组织结构进行了研究。试验结果表明,用脉冲钨极氩弧焊焊接的Mg/Al接头组织性能良好,焊缝组织形态为细小的树枝状晶,熔合区存在柱状树枝晶、等轴树枝状晶和柱状晶三个明显的结晶过渡区。Mg/Al熔合区附近的显微硬度变化不大,通过控制工艺参数可以获得无明显高硬度脆性相的焊接接头。

焊接工艺对2205双相不锈钢焊接接头综合性能的影响

采用等离子弧焊打底+TIG焊盖面及等离子弧焊打底+MIG焊盖面焊接工艺焊接了2205双相不锈钢,研究了2205双相不锈钢的焊接性,并对焊后固溶处理与未进行固溶处理的焊件组织特征、力学性能及抗腐蚀性进行了比较,研究了不同焊接热输入和固溶处理工艺对焊接接头综合性能的影响。

焊接方法对1000MPa级熔敷金属组织及力学性能的影响

在相同热输入下分别采用熔化极活性气体保护焊(MAG)和钨极氩弧焊(TIG)进行1 000 MPa级熔敷金属试验,通过光学显微镜、透射电镜及断口分析等手段研究焊接方法对其组织和性能的影响.结果表明,MAG焊熔敷效率明显高于TIG焊,MAG焊中出现了明显的"指状熔深".MAG焊熔敷金属及道间热影响区组织明显较TIG焊粗化.TIG焊熔敷金属组织细化、分布取向多样化且均匀分布的较多残余奥氏体是TIG焊低温冲击韧性优异的原因之一;MAG焊中生成大量非金属夹杂物易成为解理断裂起裂源,是导致熔敷金属冲击韧性恶化的因素之一.TIG焊力学性能明显优于MAG焊,这与焊接方法所导致的组织构成及夹杂物有直接关系.

铝合金激光焊接技术研究进展

综述铝合金激光焊接技术特点及研究现状,开展3 mm厚LF6铝合金激光-MIG电弧复合焊接工艺研究。文献综述表明,铝合金激光自熔焊接表面成形不好,且易于产生气孔缺陷,激光填丝焊、激光-电弧复合焊以及双光束激光焊等能够有效地解决上述铝合金激光焊接问题。试验研究表明,激光-MIG电弧复合焊接LF6铝合金可获得良好的焊缝成形,内部质量达到QJ1666A-2011Ⅰ级焊缝质量要求,接头强度达到母材的90%以上,具备较为优异的力学性能。

变形镁合金填丝TIG焊接工艺及组织性能分析

采用自动填丝TIG焊接工艺连接变形镁合金AZ31B板材,研究填丝TIG焊接与非填丝TIG焊接的异同点,并分析不同成分的焊丝对焊接接头的影响,探索出了合理的焊接工艺参数,分析了焊缝微观组织及拉伸断口。结果表明,与非填丝TIG焊相比,填丝TIG焊的焊接工艺更加复杂,接头强度有了较大的提高,组织更均匀。针对不同焊丝的焊接接头分析表明,随着填丝TIG焊接中焊丝含铝量的增加,热影响区及焊缝区的白色共晶相逐渐增多并有呈连续分布的趋势,同时晶粒趋于细小。该共晶体的增多对接头性能影响较为复杂,一方面由于脆性相Mg17Al12的增多而降低了接头强度,另一方面又因晶粒的细化以及铝元素的固溶而提高接头强度。拉伸结果显示采用AZ61焊丝的接头强度最高,断口分析表明,为混合断口。

镁合金薄板TIG焊自适应弧长控制

在研究镁合金薄板TIG焊过程弧压-电流-弧长关系的基础上,提出了一种基于弧压、电流与弧长间的关系模型来准确控制弧长的技术。同时,结合PID和Fuzzy控制的原理,设计了一种自适应ALC(Automaticlengthcontrol)控制器,克服了常规AVC(Automaticvoltagecontrol)系统的局限,有效地解决了镁合金薄板TIG焊过程中的弧长控制问题。焊接试验表明,该系统能自适应工件表面的变化实现弧长的自动跟踪,在电流变化的收弧及引弧期间也实现了较好的弧长控制,且动态精度高、稳定性好。

钨极气体保护焊金属原型技术工艺

介绍了基于钨极气体保护焊(GTAW)的金属原型技术成型工艺及其实验系统组成,对GTAW成型过程进行分析,得到了与金属零件成型相关的焊接工艺参数,通过实验与数学建模得到了关键参数(焊接电流、焊接速度、送丝速度)与焊缝几何尺寸的关系,根据快速成型的特点及要求,优化了焊接工艺参数并进行了三维金属零件的堆积实验.结果表明:用该工艺参数制造的金属零件成型较好,表面均匀,能够满足金属原型制造的要求.

填丝TIG焊接Mo-Cu合金与18-8不锈钢接头的微观组织

采用填丝钨极氩弧焊(TIG)对Mo-Cu合金与18-8不锈钢进行焊接.采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度计及X射线衍射仪等对Mo-Cu/18-8接头的微观组织、显微硬度、元素分布及熔合区附近的物相组成进行分析.结果表明,Mo-Cu合金侧的熔合区为马氏体和奥氏体的混合组织,焊缝和18-8钢侧的熔合区为奥氏体和铁素体双相组织;从Mo-Cu合金到焊缝,Mo元素的扩散过渡促使在熔合区形成了增碳层;Mo-Cu合金侧的熔合区附近主要由Mo,Cu,γ-Fe(Ni),Fe0.54 Mo0.73和Cu3.8 Ni相组成.增碳层和Fe0.54Mo0.73金属化合物的存在导致Mo-Cu合金侧的熔合区硬度较高,显微硬度值达1 200 HV.

电弧钎焊技术的应用及发展

阐述了TIG钎焊和MIG钎焊两种方法的工作原理及特点,比较了这两种焊接方法的异同,介绍了其焊接工艺过程和注意事项;详细介绍了电弧钎焊技术在国内外的发展历史,许多国家都已经对其进行了深入的研究,焊接工作者已经研制成功了电弧钎焊专用焊丝、焊机等;针对电弧钎焊具有硬钎焊和熔化焊的双重特点,对比分析了电弧钎焊与电弧焊和钎焊的异同,探讨了其应用领域和发展前景,在汽车业镀锌钢板连接、薄壁件生产以及异种材料连接上得到了广泛应用。电弧钎焊技术已经成为一种高效实用的焊接技术,将会得到更为广泛的应用。

SiC_P/Al复合材料脉冲氩弧焊接研究

研究在脉冲氩弧焊条件下铝基复合材料 Si CP/2 12 4 Al的可焊性。通过正确选择填充材料和在焊接过程中加入微量脉冲 ,大大减弱了增强体 Si C颗粒与基体 Al之间的界面反应。拉伸实验和显微硬度测试表明 ,接头质量良好 ,与母材强度相比 ,接头的抗拉强度未见有大幅度下降 ;金相组织观察显示 ,焊缝组织致密、无夹杂和裂纹等缺陷。对接头进行 X射线衍射相结构分析和拉伸断口扫描电镜观察等微观分析 ,并从热力学角度探讨焊接过程中抑制 Si C/Al界面反应发生的机理 ,提出了在氩弧焊条件下获得高质量 Si

化工用铜设备焊接缺陷及质量控制

针对铜制设备加工硬化和材质热导率大、不易熔合等特性,在分析其主要焊接缺陷及产生原因,采用钨极氩弧焊为主焊条电弧焊为辅的方法,并与传统的化工过程设备制造方法比较,研究优化施工的焊接工艺。结果表明,选择与设备母材配套的焊丝,施焊中控制氩气适宜的流量及稳定性,严格按试验确定的工艺参数施焊,对保证焊缝的一次焊接合格率至关重要。

填丝TIG焊TA15钛合金与18-8钢接头的微观组织

以铜焊丝为填充材料对TA15钛合金与18-8不锈钢进行填丝钨极氩弧焊(TIG).利用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电子探针(EPMA)及显微硬度计对TA15/18-8接头的微观组织、相组成、元素分布及显微硬度进行了分析.结果表明,焊缝组织为铜固溶体枝晶;TA15钛合金侧熔化未混合区为α-Ti与磷化物脆性相Ti_3P,Ti(Cu,Fe)的混合组织;18-8不锈钢侧熔合区为Fe-P共晶组织;磷在18-8不锈钢侧熔合区的聚集促进了共晶组织的形成,未参与共晶反应的铜形成团状聚集区;两侧熔合区显微硬度明显高于热影响区和焊缝,Ti_3P脆性相导致钛合金侧熔化未混合区的显微硬度最高值达720 HV0.5.

不同填充材料对含Sc和Zr铝合金TIG焊接头组织与性能的影响

对采用不同填充材料获得的含Sc和Zr铝合金钨极氩弧焊(TIG)接头的组织与性能进行研究,优化了试验条件下的焊接工艺参数。拉伸试验表明,采用Al-Mg焊丝和母材焊丝焊接获得接头的抗拉强度明显高于采用Al-Si焊丝和纯Al焊丝获得接头的强度。对接头的微观组织结构分析表明,采用Al-Mg焊丝和母材焊丝获得的接头组织致密、未见有微裂纹和夹渣等缺陷,拉伸断口呈韧性断裂特征,XRD测试发现在接头中含有Al3Sc、Al3Zr和Al3Zr4等强化相,有利于提高接头的强度。