INDUCTION PLASMA REACTIVE DEPOSITION OF TUNGSTEN CARBIDE FROM TUNGSTEN METAL POWDER

Experimental results on the primary carburization reaction between the tungsten powder and methane in the induction plasma, and the secondary carburization of the deposit on substrate at high temperature are reported. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the microstructures of starting tungsten powder, carburized powder, and deposit. X-ray diffraction analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis and microhardness measurement were used to characterize the structures and properties of the powder and the deposit. It is found that the primary carburization reaction in the induction plasma starts from the surface of tungsten particles when the particles are melted. Tungsten particles are partially carburized inside the reactive plasma. Complete carburization is achieved through the secondary carburization reaction of the deposit on substrate at high temperature.

Ballistic performance of tungsten particle/metallic glass matrix composite long rod

In the present manuscript numerical analysis on the ballistic performance of a tungsten particle/metallic glass matrix(WP/MG) composite rod is conducted by integrating with related experimental investigations. In the corresponding finite element method(FEM) simulations a modified coupled thermomechanical constitutive model is employed to describe the mechanical properties of metallic glass(MG)matrix, and geometrical models of the WP/MG composite rod are established based on its inner structure. The deformation and failure characteristics of the rod and target materials are analyzed in detail,and the influences of various factors on the ballistic performance of the WP/MG composite long rod are discussed. Related analysis demonstrates that the penetrating performance of the WP/MG rod is similar to that of the tungsten fiber/metallic glass matrix(WF/MG) composite long rod, i.e., a "self-sharpening" behavior also occurs during the penetration process, and correspondingly its penetrating capability is better than that of the tungsten heavy alloy(WHA) rod. However, the mass erosion manner of the WP/MG rod is different and the erosion is relatively severe, thus its penetrating capability is a little lower compared with that of the WF/MG one. Moreover, the impact velocity and the target strength have significant influences on the ballistic performance of the WP/MG composite rod, whereas the effect of initial nose shape is very little.

Effects of infiltration parameters on mechanical and microstructural properties of tungsten wire reinforced Cu_(47)Ti_(33)Zr_(11)Ni_6Sn_2Si_1 metallic glass matrix composites

Cu47Ti33Zr11Ni6Sn2Si1-based bulk metallic glass matrix composites reinforced with tungsten wires were fabricated by infiltration process at different temperatures （850, 900, 950 and 1000 °C） and time （10, 20 and 30 min） in a quartz or a steel tube. The mechanical tests were carried out by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The results show that the maximum strength and total strain of the composite are 1778 MPa and 2.8% fabricated in steel tube at 900 °C for 10 min, and 1582 MPa and 3.6% fabricated in quartz tube at 850 °C for 10 min, respectively.

Microstructure analysis and mechanical characteristics of tungsten inert gas and metal inert gas welded AA6082-T6 tubular joint: A comparative study

The present study is aimed to compare the microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of AA6082 in T6 condition of tubular joints fabricated by tungsten inert gas welding （TIG） and metal inert gas welding （MIG） processes. The effect of welding processes was analysed based on optical microscopy image, tensile testing, and Vickers micro-hardness measurements. The results showed that the tensile strengths of the TIG-welded joints were better than those of the MIG-welded joints, due to the contribution of fine equiaxed grains formation with narrower spacing arms. In terms of joint efficiency, the TIG process produced more reliable strength, which was about 25% higher compared to the MIG-joint. A significant decay of hardness was recorded in the adjacent of the weld bead zone, shown in both joints, related to phase transformation, induced by high temperatures experienced by material. A very low hardness, which was about 1.08 GPa, was recorded in the MIG-weldcd specimens. The extent of the heat-affected-zone （HAZ） in the MIG-welded joints was slightly wider than those of the TIG-welded specimens, which corresponded with a higher heat input per unit length.

Wear resistance of surface metal matrix composite produced by gas tungsten arc melt injection of Cr3C2 -NiCr particles into low carbon steel

Cr3 C2-NiCr particles were injected into the melted surface of Q235 low carbon steel to make a surface metal matrix composite （MMC） layer by gas tungsten are melt injection （GTAMI） process. Hardness of the surface MMC layer was tested. Wear resistance of the surface MMC was investigated with a ball-on-disk dry sliding setup. Microstrnetures of the surface MMC layer and morphology of the worn surfaces were investigated with scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The results showed that the hardness of the MMC was as high as 1 960. 7 HV. Wear loss of the upper part of the MMC layer is onlyO. 8% of that of the substrate under the dry sliding condition given. Wear loss of the bottom part is 2. 5 % of that of the substrate.

核聚变装置偏滤器靶板材料选择与研究进展

可控热核聚变能是人类最理想的清洁能源之一,是解决人类能源和环境问题的根本途径。目前,可控热核聚变能的发展面临诸多挑战,偏滤器靶板作为磁约束核聚变装置中的重要部件,其设计和制造是维持等离子体放电、实现核聚变反应堆稳定运行亟需解决的关键问题之一。作为等离子体轰击最严重区域,偏滤器靶板经受着高能粒子流辐照和高热负荷冲击(10 MW·m^(-2)稳态负荷和20 MW·m^(-2)瞬态负荷),同时承担着磁约束聚变装置最主要的排热功能。因此,研发具有优异性能的靶板材料是推动核聚变能发展的关键一步。目前,金属铍、碳基材料以及钨基材料是主要的3种偏滤器靶板候选材料。基于国内外现有研究成果,论述了偏滤器靶板材料的选择与研究进展,对比分析了3种候选材料的优势以及存在的问题,以期为偏滤器靶板材料的选择、研发提供借鉴。

高分辨率电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定钨钼矿石中金属元素含量的试验研究

试验采用高分辨率电感耦合等离子体质谱法(High-Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry,HR-ICP-MS)测定钨钼矿石中钨、钼、锂、铬、钴、镍、铜、锌、镓、锗、砷、硒、铷、铌、铟、锡、锑、铼、铊和铋等元素的含量。参考国家一级标准物质,对HR-ICP-MS进行数据比较和精确度验证,按照相关标准规定的方法确定HR-ICP-MS的检出限。结果表明,采用HR-ICP-MS测量钨钼矿石金属元素的相对标准偏差(Relative Standard Deviation,RSD)为0.86%~9.70%,各元素的检出限介于0.002~27.000 mg/kg,加标试验后的回收率损失小于2%,该方法可靠可信,准确度和精密度都能达到测试要求。

Cu掺杂WN松枝状自支撑纳米阵列的制备及其碱性析氢性能的研究

以偏钨酸铵、乙酸铜等为原料,通过控制掺杂比,采用简单的水热法,合成了形貌不同的前驱体,随后结合高温退火法,在碳纸上成功实现了Cu掺杂WN松枝状自支撑纳米阵列(Cu-WN-5:1)的原位生长;利用SEM、TEM、XRD、XPS等测试手段对样品的形貌和结构进行表征分析,进而利用电化学测试方法评估了催化剂的析氢性能。结果表明,W和Cu的掺杂比(n(W)/n(Cu))对催化剂的析氢性能具有重大影响;当n(W)/n(Cu)为5:1时,催化剂具有最优的析氢活性;Cu元素的成功掺杂改变了WN的电子结构,增加了其活性位点的数量,加速催化过程中的电荷转移速率,从而提升了材料的HER活性;Cu-WN-5:1在KOH浓度为1.0 mol/L、电流密度为10 mA/cm^(2)时所需的过电位为195 mV,Tafel斜率为192 mV/dec,说明Cu-WN-5:1具有较快的电化学析氢反应动力学速率;该材料在KOH浓度为1.0 mol/L的条件下持续反应36 h,表现出优异的长期稳定性。

钨极氩弧焊焊接粉末冶金高铬铸铁/低碳钢的焊接性能及组织演变

以粉末冶金高铬铸铁和低碳钢为原材料,采用多道次手工钨极氩弧焊,研究了焊接电流对焊缝组织演变和力学性能的影响,提出了焊接接头组织演化模型,并探讨了其断裂机理。结果表明,焊接接头的抗拉强度在焊接电流为140 A时达到538.1MPa,分别是烧结高铬铸铁和低碳钢抗拉强度的95.3%和97.4%。由于二次回火和合金元素扩散/偏析的作用,焊接接头的显微硬度在水平方向上由高铬铸铁一侧向低碳钢一侧逐渐降低,而在垂直方向则呈M形分布。当焊接电流为140 A时,焊缝的熔合区主要由奥氏体和回火马氏体组成,在熔合区与低碳钢母材之间存在一个单一奥氏体柱状晶区;在熔合区与烧结高铬铸铁母材之间,存在一个柱状高铬铸铁区域,该区域的碳化物为粗糙树枝状,沿基体晶界分布。

Design of a 3D-printed liquid lithium divertor target plate and its interaction with high-density plasma

A liquid Li divertor is a promising alternative for future fusion devices.In this work a new divertor model is proposed,which is processed by 3D-printing technology to accurately control the size of the internal capillary structure.At a steady-state heat load of 10 MW m^(-2),the thermal stress of the tungsten target is within the bearing range of tungsten by finite-element simulation.In order to evaluate the wicking ability of the capillary structure,the wicking process at 600℃ was simulated by FLUENT.The result was identical to that of the corresponding experiments.Within 1 s,liquid lithium was wicked to the target surface by the capillary structure of the target and quickly spread on the target surface.During the wicking process,the average wicking mass rate of lithium should reach 0.062 g s^(-1),which could even supplement the evaporation requirement of liquid lithium under an environment>950℃.Irradiation experiments under different plasma discharge currents were carried out in a linear plasma device(SCU-PSI),and the evolution of the vapor cloud during plasma irradiation was analyzed.It was found that the target temperature tends to plateau despite the gradually increased input current,indicating that the vapor shielding effect is gradually enhanced.The irradiation experiment also confirmed that the 3D-printed tungsten structure has better heat consumption performance than a tungsten mesh structure or multichannel structure.These results reveal the application potential and feasibility of a 3D-printed porous capillary structure in plasma-facing components and provide a reference for further liquid-solid combined target designs.

Preparation of tungsten-particle-reinforced Zr-based bulk metallic glass composites by two-step spark plasma sintering:microstructure evolution,densification mechanism and mechanical properties

A new two-step spark plasma sintering(TSS)process with low-temperature pre-sintering and high-temperature final sintering has been successfully applied to prepare the tungsten-particle(Wp)-reinforced bulk metallic glass composites(Wp/BMGCs).Compared to normal spark plasma sintering(NS),the densification rate and relative density of Wp/BMGCs can be improved by selecting TSS with appropriate sintering pressure in the low temperature pre-sintering stage.However,the compressive strength and plastic strain of 30%Wp/BMGCs prepared by TSS are both higher than those of the samples prepared by NS.The TSS process can significantly enhance the compressive strength of 30%Wp/BMGCs by 12%and remarkably increase the plastic strain by 50%,while the trend is completely opposite for 50%Wp/BMGCs.Quasi-in situ experiments and finite element simulations reveal that uneven temperature distribution among particles during low-temperature pre-sintering causes local overheating at contact points between particles,accelerating formation of sintering neck between particles and plastic deformation of Wp.When the volume fraction of Wp is low,TSS can improve the interface bonding between particles by increasing the number of sintering necks.This makes the fracture mode of Wp/BMGCs being predominantly transgranular fracture.However,as the volume fraction of Wp increases,the adverse effects of Wp plastic deformation are becoming more and more prominent.The aggregated Wp tends to form a solid"cage structure"that hinders the bonding between particles at the interface;correspondingly,the fracture behavior of Wp/BMGCs is mainly dominated by intergranular fracture.Additionally,reducing the sintering pressure during the low-temperature pre-sintering stage of TSS has been shown to effectively decrease plastic deformation in Wp,resulting in a higher degree of densification and better mechanical properties.

钠钨青铜Na_(2)W_(4)O_(13)的孪晶结构与辐照相变

本文采用热氧化法制备了Na_(2)W_(4)O_(13)纳米片,并利用球差校正扫描透射电子显微技术对其孪晶畴结构进行了原子尺度表征,发现样品中存在大量镜面孪晶结构。结合群论中的母子群关系理论,解析了Na_(2)W_(4)O_(13)中畴结构形成的原因,并预测了9种可能的畴结构,其中type3镜面孪晶与实验中观察到取向关系为[010]//[010]_(T)、(100)//(100)_(T)的(100)孪晶一致。经过电子束辐照,三斜结构的Na_(2)W_(4)O_(13)可以相变为立方结构的NaxWO_(3)(x<05)。而有孪晶存在的样品中,相变过程中容易出现缺陷,这可能是由晶格失配导致的。论文结果为理解钠钨青铜材料的结构与性能提供借鉴。

Co含量及烧结温度对97W-Ni-Fe合金组织和性能的影响

钨基高比重合金因具有高密度、高强度、良好的塑性与韧性、优异的耐腐蚀性等综合性能,被广泛应用于航空航天、兵器、机械等各领域。本研究采用金属粉末注射成形技术制备97W-Ni-Fe合金,研究了不同Co含量和烧结温度对97W-Ni-Fe合金微观组织、密度、抗拉强度、延伸率和硬度的影响。结果表明,添加适量Co能够改善97W-Ni-Fe合金中钨颗粒与粘结相的润湿性,起到活化烧结的作用,降低烧结温度,提高合金相对密度;Co对合金的相组成影响不大,添加Co和未添加Co的两种合金相组成基本一致,均由W相和(Fe,Ni,Co)固溶体组成,没有金属间化合物出现。当Co含量为0.2%(质量分数)时,在氢气气氛下,烧结温度为1495℃、保温1 h,制备的97W-Ni-Fe合金具有最优异的性能,其相对密度为99.1%、抗拉强度为938 MPa、延伸率为11.3%和洛氏硬度为29.5。

广西平南县三门矿区铜钨矿地质特征及成因分析

三门矿区铜钨矿床位于花岗斑岩脉中的内外接触带上,在花岗斑岩体内及围岩(角岩)上以及断裂破碎带中,矿床受近矿围岩、花岗斑岩与断裂构造控制明显,因此根据其控矿因素来确定相关找矿标志。据矿物产出组合、产出位置、围岩蚀变及矿体特征等因素,经过整体性分析,认为该矿床为中-高温热液型矿床。

废旧硬质合金再生钨资源技术研究进展

硬质合金的广泛使用消耗了大量钨资源,因此,硬质合金再生钨资源技术的研究对于保护钨资源具有重要意义。对目前各种硬质合金回收钨资源方法进行了综述,并简要分析了主流回收技术的特点。同时,针对不同回收技术所制备碳化钨粉末及其合金的应用情况进行了典型分析。最后,对废旧硬质合金行业再生钨资源技术的发展趋势进行了展望。

Adsorption of copper ions on porous ceramsite prepared by diatomite and tungsten residue

In order to realize resource utilization of industrial tungsten residue and treatment of heavy metal wastewater in mining and metallurgical area of south China,a novel ceramsite was prepared with the main raw materials of diatomite and tungsten residue.The adsorption behavior of copper ions in solution on the ceramsite was investigated.Results indicated that the surface of the newly-developed ceramsite was rough and porous.There were lots of pores across the ceramsite from inner to outside.MnFe2O4 was one of the main components of the ceramsite.The Cu^2＋adsorption capacity by the ceramsite reached 9.421 mg/g with copper removal efficiency of 94.21%at 303 K,initial Cu^2＋concentration of 100 mg/L and dosage of 0.5 g after 300 min adsorption.With increase of ceramsite dosage,the total adsorption amount of Cu^2＋increased,but the adsorption capacity decreased.The adsorption capacity increased with the increase of solution p H.The isothermal adsorption of Cu^2＋by the ceramsite fitted the Freundlich model better.The adsorption mainly occurred on a heterogeneous surface,and was a favorable process.The adsorption process closely followed the pseudo-second kinetic equation.In initial stage of wastewater treatment,the adsorption process should be controlled mainly by diffusion,and the removal of Cu^2＋can be improved by enhancing agitation.

Fabrication and thermal conductivity of copper matrix composites reinforced by tungsten-coated carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes （CNTs） were coated by tungsten using metal organic chemical vapor deposition. Magnetic stirring was employed to disperse the W-coated CNTs （W-CNTs） in a Cu matrix, and then, the mixed powders were consolidated by spark plasma sintering. The W-CNTs obtained a uniform dispersion within the Cu matrix when the W-CNT content was less than 5.0vo1%, but high content of W-CNTs （10vol%） resulted in the presence of clusters. The W-CNT/Cu composites containing low content of W-CNTs （〈5.0vol%） exhibited a higher thermal conductivity than the sintered pure Cu, while the CNT/Cu composites exhibited no increase in thermal conductivity after the incorporation of uncoated CNTs. The W-CNT content was found to play a crucial role in determining the thermal conductivity of the W-CNT/Cu composites. The thermal conductivity of the W-CNT/Cu composites increased first and then decreased with the W-CNT content increasing. When the W-CNT content was 2.5vo1%, the W-CNT/Cu composite obtained the maximum value of thermal conductivity. The thermal resistance of the （W-CNT）-Cu interface was predicted in terms of Maxwell-Gamett effective medium approximation, and its calculated value was about 3.0× 10-9 m2.K.W-l.

A Study of Scandia Doped Tungsten Nano-Powders

Scandia and rhenium doped tungsten powders were prepared by solid-liquid doping combined with two-step reduction method. The particle size of doped tungsten and distribution of scandia and rhenium were studied by SEM, EDS, XRD and granularity analysis. Experimental results showed that scandia distributed evenly on the surface of tungsten particles. Addition of scandia and rhenium decreased the particle size of doped tungsten, and the more the content of scandia and rhenium, the smaller the doped tungsten particles. Tungsten powders doped with 3 % Sc2O3 and 3 % Re （mass fraction） had an average size of about 80 nm in diameter. The mechanism of the decrease in the tungsten particle size was discussed.

Synthesis and electrical characterization of tungsten oxide nanowires

Tungsten oxide nanowires of diameters ranging from 7 to 200 nm are prepared on a tungsten rod substrate by using the chemical vapour deposition （CVD） method with vapour-solid （VS） mechanism.Tin powders are used to control oxygen concentration in the furnace,thereby assisting the growth of the tungsten oxide nanowires.The grown tungsten oxide nanowires are determined to be of crystalline W18O49. I-V curves are measured by an in situ transmission electron microscope （TEM） to investigate the electrical properties of the nanowires.All of the I-V curves observed are symmetric,which reveals that the tungsten oxide nanowires are semiconducting. Quantitative analyses of the experimental I-V curves by using a metal semiconductor-metal （MSM） model give some intrinsic parameters of the tungsten oxide nanowires,such as the carrier concentration,the carrier mobility and the conductivity.