Contour blasting parameters by using a tunnel blast design mode

The quality of contour blasting depends on many initial blasting parameters.The parameters including blasthole diameter,rock Protodyakonov coefficient,tunnel area and distance between cracks on the tunnel face are more important.In this study,an algorithm linking between Delphi programming language and AutoCAD was created to develop a tunnel blasting model.Using this model,tunnel contour blasting passport in AutoCAD can be obtained automatically.The effects of rock Protodyakonov coefficient and cracks’distance on blastholes number and specific charge with the variation of blasthole diameter and the semi-circular tunnel face area were investigated to yield a set of equations with the highest correlations.The results show that specific charge increases as rock Protodyakonov coefficient,cracks’distance and drillhole diameter increase,but decreases when tunnel face area increases.In addition,the number of drillholes increases linearly as tunnel face area increases but decreases when drillhole diameter increases.

Trend analysis and comparison of basic parameters for tunnel blast design models

One of the most important factors influencing on a tunnel blast efficiency is the proper design of blasting pattern. Among blasting parameters, blasthole diameter and tunnel face area are more significant so that any change in these parameters could finally affect on specific charge and specific drilling. There are mainly two groups of methods for tunnel blast design categorized based on the parallel cuts and angular cuts. In this research, a software for tunnel blast design was developed to analyze the effect and sensitiveness of blasthole diameter and the tunnel face area on blasting results in different blast design models. Using the software, it is quickly possible to determine specific charge, specific drilling and number of blastholes for each blast design model. The relations between both of blasthole diameters and the tunnel face area with the above parameters in different blast design models were then investigated to yield a set of equations with the highest correlations to compare the methods. The results showed that angular method requires more blasthole numbers than parallel method in similar condition(blasthole diameter and tunnel face area). Moreover, the specific charge values yielded by the two methods are approximately the same and very close together.

Vibration Superposition in Tunnel Blasting with Millisecond Delay

According to explosion dynamics and elastic wave theory, the models of particle vibration velocity for simultaneous blasting and milliseeond blasting are built. In the models, influential factors such as delay interval and charge quantity, are considered. The calculated vibration velocity is compared with the field test results, which shows that the theoretical values are close to the experimental ones. Meanwhile, the particle vibration velocity decreases quickly with time due to the damping of rock mass and has a harmonic motion, and the particle vibration velocity of millisecond blasting has short interval. The superposition of particle vibration velocities may reduce vibration because of wave interference, or magnify the surrounding rock response to the blastinginduced vibration.

The mitigation negative effect of tunnel-blasting-induced vibrations on constructed tunnel and buildings

Provided the results of a research conducted to investigate the relationships between the empirical vibration attenuation equation of Peak Particle Velocity （PPV） and the Scaled Charge （SC） through testing the blasting-induced vibrations on the spot of Wanshishan tunnel based on 96 vibration recordings. It is found that the maximum charge amount per delay in Wanshishan tunnel excavating is determined by the buildings on the surface and the constructed tunnel nearby. Considering that the repeated blast loading in tunnel blasting caused accumulative effects of damage on buildings, comfortable threshold damage limits of PPV to maintain buildings safety was given. Dynamic Stress Ratio （DSR） was adopted to study the stability of constructed tunnel on the action of blasting induced vibrations. The method to determine specific maximum charge amount per delay in Wanshishan tunnel excavation was given. It is proved that the findings in this study are very effective to control the negative effects of blasting-induced vibrations on buildings on the surface and constructed tunnel nearby.

Propagation characteristics of vibration waves induced in surrounding rock by tunneling blasting

The effect of blasting vibration waves on surrounding rock and supporting structures is an important field in underground engineering. In this paper, the separation variable method is used to solve the displacement potential function for the propagation of the blasting vibration waves. In the axis coordinate system, the particle motion and stress change with axial distance, radial distance and time is obtained in surrounding rock. The peak particle velocity law in surrounding rock under different blast loads and surrounding rock parameters is discussed.In addition, the particle vibration characteristics in the surrounding rock are studied using numerical simulations method. The results shows that the peak particle velocity in surrounding rock appears negative exponent attenuation with the increase of axial distance, but it appears positive and negative fluctuations in radial direction. This phenomenon is a new discovery and it has been rarely investigated before. Moreover, the peak particle velocity attenuates more quickly and intensely in the near blasting field,which means that the supporting structure in a shorter distance away from the heading face is vulnerable to the impact of blasting vibration. Theattenuation of blasting vibration velocity is closely related to charge length, blasting load amplitude,attenuation index and rock elastic modulus. The numerical simulation accomplishes the same results and then demonstrates the validity of theoretical results.

Modelling of blast-induced damage in tunnels using a hybrid finite-discrete numerical approach

This paper presents the application of a hybrid finite-discrete element method to study blast-induceddamage in circular tunnels. An extensive database of field tests of underground explosions above tunnelsis used for calibrating and validating the proposed numerical method; the numerical results areshown to be in good agreement with published data for large-scale physical experiments. The method isthen used to investigate the influence of rock strength properties on tunnel durability to withstand blastloads. The presented analysis considers blast damage in tunnels excavated through relatively weak（sandstone） and strong （granite） rock materials. It was found that higher rock strength will increase thetunnel resistance to the load on one hand, but decrease attenuation on the other hand. Thus, undercertain conditions, results for weak and strong rock masses are similar. 2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Use of fuzzy set theory for minimizing overbreak in underground blasting operations——A case study of Alborz Tunnel,Iran

In order to increase the safety of working environment and decrease the unwanted costs related to overbreak in tunnel excavation projects, it is necessary to minimize overbreak percentage. Thus, based on regression analysis and fuzzy inference system, this paper tries to develop predictive models to estimate overbreak caused by blasting at the Alborz Tunnel. To develop the models, 202 datasets were utilized, out of which 182 were used for constructing the models. To validate and compare the obtained results,determination coefficient(R2) and root mean square error(RMSE) indexes were chosen. For the fuzzy model, R2 and RMSE are equal to 0.96 and 0.55 respectively, whereas for regression model, they are 0.41 and 1.75 respectively, proving that the fuzzy predictor performs, significantly, better than the statistical method. Using the developed fuzzy model, the percentage of overbreak was minimized in the Alborz Tunnel.

Vibration Effect and Damage Evolution Characteristics of Tunnel Surrounding Rock Under Cyclic Blasting Loading

Model test studies based on the similarity theory were conducted to investigate vibration effect and damage evolution characteristics of tunnel surrounding rock under push-type cyclic blasting excavation.The model was constructed with a ratio of 1∶15.By simulating the tunnel excavation of push-type cyclic blasting,the influence of the blasting parameter change on vibration effect was explored.The damage degree of tunnel surrounding rock was evaluated by the change of the acoustic wave velocity at the same measuring point after blasting.The relationship between the damage evolution of surrounding rock and blasting times was established.The research results show that：（1）In the same geological environment,the number of delay initiation is larger,the main vibration frequency of blasting seismic wave is higher,and the attenuation of high frequency signal in the rock and soil is faster.The influence of number of delay initiation on blasting vibration effect cannot be ignored;（2）Under push-type cyclic blasting excavation,there were great differences in the decreasing rates of acoustic wave velocity of the measuring points which have the same distance to the blasting region at the same depth,and the blasting damage ranges of surrounding rock were typically anisotropic at both depth and breadth;（3）When blasting parameters were basically kept as the same,the growth trend of the cumulative acoustic wave velocity decreasing rate at the measuring point was nonlinear under different cycle blasting excavations;（4）There were nonlinear evolution characteristics between the blasting cumulative damage（D）of surrounding rock and blasting times（n）under push-type cyclic blasting loading,and different measuring points had corresponding blasting cumulative damage propagation models,respectively.The closer the measuring point was away from the explosion source,the faster the cumulative damage extension.Blasting cumulative damage effect of surrounding rock had typically nonlinear evolution properties and anisotropic characteristics.

A comparison of seismic response to conventional and face destress blasting during deep tunnel development

A novel design of development face destress blasting was implemented during the construction of an experimental tunnel at great depth.A second tunnel was developed nearby using conventional blasting as a control.The tunnels were developed parallel to one another and perpendicular to a high subhorizontal stress.High resolution seismic monitoring was used to record and compare the seismic response generated by each excavation.Analysis of the seismic data from the conventionally blasted tunnel indicated that the seismogenic zone of stress-driven instability extended up to 3.6 m ahead of the face.Destress blasting within the corresponding zone of the adjacent tunnel had the effect of reducing the rock mass stiffness,primarily due to weakening of the pre-existing natural discontinuities.The reduction in rock mass stiffness was inferred from the spatial broadening of the seismogenic zone and associated reduction in the measured spatial density of events,radiated energy and seismic potency ahead of the face.High strain gradients around the unsupported portion of the conventionally blasted excavation were implied by the rate at which the spatial density of seismicity changed with respect to the tunnel face position.In contrast,the change in the spatial density of seismicity around the destressed development face was much more gradual.This was indicative of lower strain gradients in the rock there.A reduction in rock mass stiffness following destress blasting was also indicated by the much wider variety of seismic source mechanisms recorded adjacent to the destressed tunnel.Seismic source mechanisms associated with destress blasting were also more clearly characteristic of compressive overstressing with fracture closure.The source mechanism data also indicated that destress blasting induced instability on all natural joint sets.When compared to conventional development blasting,destress blasting typically reduced violent strain energy release from the rock mass and the associated seismicity,but not always.

小净距隧道掘进爆破及其振动响应规律研究

为了研究爆破荷载作用下小净距隧道中夹岩区的动力稳定性问题,依托小龙门隧道爆破工程,开展了现场爆破振动监测试验。通过改进的变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)与多尺度排列熵(multi-scale permutation entropy,MPE)算法对爆破振动信号进行消噪处理,基于此分析了掏槽孔与周边孔爆破在后行洞左拱腰(非中夹岩区)、右拱腰(中夹岩区)中产生的振动特征差异。结果表明:采用改进的自适应VMD-MPE算法可以有效消除振动信号中的噪声,并降低了主观决策的影响;此外,相对于非中夹岩区,中夹岩对爆破振动具有明显的放大效应,其质点峰值振速明显大于非中夹岩区,但中夹岩区的振动衰减速度更快;同时,通过对比非中夹岩区与中夹岩区各测点振动频率特征可以发现,中夹岩区小于40 Hz的低频振动能量占比较大,更易引起支护结构的共振,发生损伤与破坏的风险更高,应重点关注;受“转角削弱”作用以及地震波传播路径的影响,在比例距离SD小于等于11.57 m·kg^(1/3)范围内,周边孔爆破在掌子面后方围岩中产生的振速大于掏槽孔。

轻轨结构在隧洞掘进爆破下的响应数值模拟

依托深圳大芬水分洪箱涵暗挖隧洞工程,采用动力有限元软件建立了三维数值模型,研究了轻轨结构在隧洞爆破开挖下的响应特性。结果表明:随着爆心距增加,同一高程的轻轨结构峰值应力、位移和峰值振速逐渐减小;随着高程增加,同一立柱峰值应力逐渐减小,而峰值位移和峰值振速具有高程放大效应;隧洞已开挖区形成的空腔使上部轻轨结构的振速响应存在空腔放大效应和空腔阻尼效应。在此基础上,基于萨道夫斯基公式回归预测和仿真计算对隧洞掘进爆破单响药量进行优化,结果为:轻轨结构位于掌子面前面和后面,两种工况条件下的爆心距均为20.52、28.65 m,则在允许振速条件下的最大单响药量分别为1.8、6.0 kg和2.1、6.3 kg。

PE管道的爆破振动响应规律及灰色关联度分析

为了降低隧道爆破施工对既有埋地PE管道造成的振动危害,有必要在施工前了解影响管道振动效应的各种因素。根据现场实测数据,采用MIDAS GTS NX软件建立岩土体-隧道-PE管道三维数值模型,并将现场监测结果和数值模拟结果进行对比分析,验证数值模型的可靠性。分析得出:爆破振动作用下土体弹性模量、泊松比和管径的增加会使管道的最大振速增大;因为地表自由面叠加作用的原因,管道埋深的增加使管道最大振速先减小后增大。运用灰色关联度理论,确定了4种不同因素对管道振动效应的影响程度,主次关系为:土体弹性模量>管道埋深>土体泊松比>管道直径。准确地了解各因素对管道振动的影响程度能够更好的对隧道爆破施工时PE管道的安全性进行评估,为工程实际施工提供参考。

爆破扰动高应力巷道围岩力学响应特征研究

为研究深井厚硬顶板采场巷道围岩在高静载和强动载耦合作用下的力学响应,基于相似模拟试验分析原岩应力、采动应力及爆破扰动三阶段的巷道围岩应力场与位移场,结合光纤环向应变场研究巷道围岩破坏特征,探索爆破扰动应力波在不同煤岩体中的传播规律及巷道动力响应机制。研究结果表明:巷道开挖后顶底板卸压明显,两帮产生应力集中区,采动应力阶段应力集中区范围增加50%,爆破后顶板围岩沿垮落角大范围卸压,应力沿巷道左肩窝逆时针逐渐增大;浅部巷道围岩呈现向自由面膨胀–变形,受巷道肩窝处剪切滑移错动影响,锚杆、锚索支护场产生相反的位移量,应力波扰动后,巷道左帮产生拉伸裂纹并与锚杆支护场连成宏观裂纹,裂纹发育高度大于锚杆支护场高度;巷道围岩顶底板呈现明显的张拉破坏特征,左右肩角呈现张拉及剪切复合破坏形式;应力波由小阻抗介质进入大阻抗介质的衰减速度最快,在同种介质中衰减速度次之,由大阻抗介质进入小阻抗介质中应力波峰值反而增大,应力波峰值强度衰减后仍大于巷道顶板极限抗拉强度,导致巷道围岩大变形失稳并产生一定程度的动力响应。基于应力波连续穿过层状岩体理论模型,结合动静载叠加理论,可优化爆破参数从而实现减冲抗冲主被动联合支护。

周边孔聚能装置间隔装药在光面爆破中的应用研究

隧道光面爆破工程的周边孔需要采用间隔装药方式,而大部分间隔装药方式采用“导爆索+雷管”联合起爆技术,此技术具有一定的局限性且经常发生拒爆现象。如何在保证隧道掘进效率的前提下提高光面爆破效果成为目前亟待解决的难题,从现场试验方面开展相关研究,提出“聚能装置+数码电子雷管”新型联合起爆技术,将其应用于高原某隧道,通过与原始的“导爆索+数码电子雷管”联合起爆技术的爆破后效果进行对比分析。实验结果表明:对比原始技术,新技术炸药单耗降低了0.2 kg/m^(3),半孔留痕率提高了5%,平均装药时间由原来的1.3 h降为1.0 h,稳定循环进尺的同时极大降低了耗材费用,提高了隧道光面爆破效果。

爆破振动下城市管架型热力管道响应与安全研究

以下穿热力隧道的北京冬奥支线区间隧道爆破为背景,建立热力管道三维动力有限元模型,利用锤击测试试验验证了数值模型的可靠性.在数值模型中输入实测的爆破振动波,研究爆破地震波作用下管架型热力管道动态响应.结果表明:爆破地震波作用下,管道结构的有效应力为45.89 MPa,有效应变仅为0.02%,与重力初始作用时结构应力应变分布保持一致,爆破振动对管道结构的作用效应较小;放大输入地震波5~100倍,管道结构的PPV随之等倍数增大,而最大等效应力和最大等效应变的增幅仅为4.5%左右;提取实测地震波低频成分并施加在管道结构上,并不会引起热力管道的应力和应变大幅度增加,管道材料的等效应力均在50 MPa以下.由此可见,地震波峰值和主频对管道应力应变分布影响均较小。具有波纹管膨胀节的架空管道结构受力均匀,变形协调性和抗震性能较好,因工程爆破振动造成破坏的可能性不大.

后行洞爆破施工对分离式隧道稳定性影响研究

为确定分离式隧道后行洞爆破施工对先行洞以及后行洞结构稳定性的影响,以某公路隧道为研究对象,采用理论计算、数值分析和现场监测相结合的手段,研究后行洞爆破过程中先行洞及后行洞初次支护位移及振动速度的变化规律,确定爆破振动影响范围。结果表明:后行洞爆破施工对先行洞初支迎爆侧的影响大于背爆侧,且对迎爆侧拱腰的影响最大;监测断面前后10 m范围内初支变形量波动较明显,当控制标准为10 cm/s时,后行洞爆破施工对先行洞初支稳定性的影响较小。爆破施工过程中后行洞拱顶竖向位移最大,而拱腰水平位移最大,第10开挖步后竖向位移和水平位移均基本收敛;在此过程中,上台阶爆破对初支位移的影响大于下台阶。当以10 mm/d为控制标准时,爆破振动对后行洞初支的影响范围为20 m,与萨氏理论所确定的19.7 m的安全距离基本吻合。此外,数值模拟与现场监测所得后行洞拱腰收敛和拱顶下沉的变化规律基本一致,但其值前者略小于后者,分别减小了1.2%和2.3%。

基于CEEMD-MPE-IMPROVED WTD的爆炸振动信号噪声抑制方法

光纤分布式声传感(distributed acoustic sensing,DAS)系统因其灵敏度高、抗电磁干扰和分布式远距离传感的特点,广泛应用于微震监测和震源定位等领域。通过DAS系统采集爆炸产生的振动信号,并利用信号的到时信息进行爆源定位。但由于爆炸试验现场的噪声干扰,信号和噪声混叠,到时算法求得的到时信息误差较大,影响定位精度,因此需要对信号进行去噪处理。鉴于经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)方法处理爆炸振动信号时有效信息的严重损失,提出了一种基于互补集合经验模态分解(complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition,CEEMD)、多尺度互变熵(multiscale permutation entropy,MPE)和改进的小波阈值去噪(wavelet threshold denoising,WTD)的融合降噪方法,对DAS系统采集的信号进行去噪。它与EEMD-MPE、CEEMD-MPE和CEEMD-MPE-WTD方法进行了比较。试验结果表明,该方法可以将信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio,SNR)提高到25.95 dB,明显高于其他方法。用去噪后的信号来定位信号源,误差在5米以内。而且该方法可以有效地去除环境噪声和仪器的高频噪声,同时保留了爆炸振动信号的主导频率能量。结果表明,该方法适用于爆炸振动信号的去噪。

钻爆法机械化施工隧道随钻地震波超前地质探测技术研究

为适应我国隧道建设机械化、智能化、无人化发展趋势,围绕钻爆法机械化施工隧道,提出以凿岩台车破岩振动为震源的钻爆法机械化施工隧道随钻地震波超前地质探测技术。针对凿岩台车多震源连续激发带来的地震数据波场混叠、有效信息难以识别问题开展相关研究,提出VMD-SVD-RobustICA三臂混合先导信号分离方法与脉冲反褶积-小波域互相关地震记录重构方法,可实现三臂混合先导信号的分离与有效反射信号的提取。工程实践证明,利用凿岩台车搭载式无线高精度探测装备,该技术可初步实现“边钻边探”,降低预报环节对钻爆法机械化施工隧道正常施工带来的影响。最后,明确该技术目前存在的问题及解决思路。

掏槽爆破作用下振动波形预测及影响分区确定

为研究隧道掘进过程中掏槽爆破对既有建筑物的影响,构建地表质点爆破振动波形预测函数,引入基于爆破振动波形理论的影响区域划分方法。基于等效球形药包理论,结合萨道夫斯基公式和爆破振动频率预测公式,将拟合系数与等效振源强度函数中的工程参数建立联系,构建适用于实际工程的爆破振动波形函数。依托现场监测数据,验证引入方法的可靠性。最后,分别以质点峰值振速、振动位移作为标准划分爆破振动影响区域。根据计算结果,掌子面在邻近被保护对象水平距离D=50 m时应采取相应的控制爆破措施。

浅埋隧道爆破施工近接建筑结构动力响应规律

为了研究上覆建筑物在浅埋隧道爆破施工时的动力响应规律,该文以福州某城市隧道为工程背景,采用现场监测和Ansys/LS-DYNA模拟相结合的方法对上覆建筑群结构响应进行分析。监测结果表明:建筑结构在竖直方向上受爆破影响最为明显且具有高程放大效应,最大振速值为2.45 cm/s;各向振速随爆心距的增大而逐渐减小并趋于稳定,在爆心距较小时衰减较快;竖向振动主频更接近于建筑结构自身频率,主要分布在25~35 Hz区间。数值模拟结果与监测结果相吻合,进一步分析得到:同一测点在Ⅲ~Ⅴ级围岩下最大峰值振速分别为2.29 cm/s、2.51 cm/s和2.79cm/s,地表建筑物振动响应随围岩等级提高而增强;建筑物柱体和板等结构的力学响应与振速变化密切相关,建筑物保护要充分考虑爆破在建筑物中引起的各方向振速。