Vibration reduction technology and the mechanisms of surrounding rock damage from blasting in neighborhood tunnels with small clearance

Interlaid rock is an important component in the construction of neighborhood tunnels that supports and reinforces the area between two tunnels.However,the blasting load during excavation can sometimes damage the interlaid rock and threaten the stability of a tunnel’s structure.This paper presents a case study of the small clearance section of the Liantang highway tunnel project in Shenzhen,China,where the minimum distance between the two tunnels involved is only 0.5 m.To reduce the damage to the interlaid rock caused by blasting loads,we proposed a four-part excavation method with a vibrationcushioning rock layer in the following tunnel of neighborhood tunnels.Numerical simulation was used to model the damage prevention mechanism of the vibration-cushioning rock layer and to better understand the propagation of cracks in the interlaid rock.Furthermore,based on the simulation results,combined microseismic controlled-blasting technology was implemented,using innovative blasting patterns combined with different charge structures and blasting equipment designed according to the varying thickness of the interlaid rock.Finally,this implementation succeeded in protecting interlaid rock during blasting operations.

Numerical simulation for influence of excavation and blasting vibration on stability of mined-out area

Dynamic analysis steps and general flow of fast lagrangian analysis of continua in 3 dimensions(FLAC3D) were discussed. Numerical simulation for influence of excavation and blasting vibration on stability of mined-out area was carried out with FLAC3D. The whole analytical process was divided into two steps, including the static analysis and the dynamic analysis which were used to simulate the influence of excavation process and blasting vibration respectively. The results show that the shape of right upper boundary is extremely irregular after excavation, and stress concentration occurs at many places and higher tensile stress appears. The maximum tensile stress is higher than the tensile strength of rock mass, and surrounding rock of right roof will be damaged with tension fracture. The maximum displacement of surrounding rock is 4.75 mm after excavation. However, the maximum displacement increases to 5.47 mm after the blasting dynamic load is applied. And the covering area of plastic zones expands obviously, especially at the foot of right upper slope. The analytical results are in basic accordance with the observed results on the whole. Damage and disturbance on surrounding rock to some degree are caused by excavation, while blasting dynamic load increases the possibility of occurrence of dynamic instability and destruction further. So the effective supporting and vibration reducing measures should be taken during mining.

Discussion on blasting vibration monitoring for rock damage control in rock slope excavation

Drill and blast is a commonly used method for rock slope excavation in hydropower engineering.During blasting excavation of rock slopes,far-field vibration monitoring on the first upper berm for statutory compliance is usually performed to control the blast-induced rock damage to the final slope face.In this study,for the rock slope excavation in the Jinping-I hydropower station,the field vibration monitoring and acoustic testing are presented to investigate the vibration characteristics on the first upper berm and the damage depth in the current bench.The relationship between the PPV on the first upper berm and the PPV damage threshold on the damage zone boundary is also studied through three-dimensional FEM simulations.The results show that on the first upper berm,the maximum vibration velocity component occurs in the vertical direction.While on the blasting damage zone boundary,the horizontal radial vibration velocity is the maximum component.For the Jinping-I slope with a bench height of 30 m,the radial PPV on the inner side of the first upper berm is 2.06%of the PPV threshold on the damage zone boundary.This ratio is increased as the bench height decreases.Therefore,the bench height of the rock slope is an important factor that cannot be ignored in determining the allowable vibration velocity for rock damage control.

Propagation characteristics of vibration waves induced in surrounding rock by tunneling blasting

The effect of blasting vibration waves on surrounding rock and supporting structures is an important field in underground engineering. In this paper, the separation variable method is used to solve the displacement potential function for the propagation of the blasting vibration waves. In the axis coordinate system, the particle motion and stress change with axial distance, radial distance and time is obtained in surrounding rock. The peak particle velocity law in surrounding rock under different blast loads and surrounding rock parameters is discussed.In addition, the particle vibration characteristics in the surrounding rock are studied using numerical simulations method. The results shows that the peak particle velocity in surrounding rock appears negative exponent attenuation with the increase of axial distance, but it appears positive and negative fluctuations in radial direction. This phenomenon is a new discovery and it has been rarely investigated before. Moreover, the peak particle velocity attenuates more quickly and intensely in the near blasting field,which means that the supporting structure in a shorter distance away from the heading face is vulnerable to the impact of blasting vibration. Theattenuation of blasting vibration velocity is closely related to charge length, blasting load amplitude,attenuation index and rock elastic modulus. The numerical simulation accomplishes the same results and then demonstrates the validity of theoretical results.

Vibration Superposition in Tunnel Blasting with Millisecond Delay

According to explosion dynamics and elastic wave theory, the models of particle vibration velocity for simultaneous blasting and milliseeond blasting are built. In the models, influential factors such as delay interval and charge quantity, are considered. The calculated vibration velocity is compared with the field test results, which shows that the theoretical values are close to the experimental ones. Meanwhile, the particle vibration velocity decreases quickly with time due to the damping of rock mass and has a harmonic motion, and the particle vibration velocity of millisecond blasting has short interval. The superposition of particle vibration velocities may reduce vibration because of wave interference, or magnify the surrounding rock response to the blastinginduced vibration.

Vibration Effect and Damage Evolution Characteristics of Tunnel Surrounding Rock Under Cyclic Blasting Loading

Model test studies based on the similarity theory were conducted to investigate vibration effect and damage evolution characteristics of tunnel surrounding rock under push-type cyclic blasting excavation.The model was constructed with a ratio of 1∶15.By simulating the tunnel excavation of push-type cyclic blasting,the influence of the blasting parameter change on vibration effect was explored.The damage degree of tunnel surrounding rock was evaluated by the change of the acoustic wave velocity at the same measuring point after blasting.The relationship between the damage evolution of surrounding rock and blasting times was established.The research results show that：（1）In the same geological environment,the number of delay initiation is larger,the main vibration frequency of blasting seismic wave is higher,and the attenuation of high frequency signal in the rock and soil is faster.The influence of number of delay initiation on blasting vibration effect cannot be ignored;（2）Under push-type cyclic blasting excavation,there were great differences in the decreasing rates of acoustic wave velocity of the measuring points which have the same distance to the blasting region at the same depth,and the blasting damage ranges of surrounding rock were typically anisotropic at both depth and breadth;（3）When blasting parameters were basically kept as the same,the growth trend of the cumulative acoustic wave velocity decreasing rate at the measuring point was nonlinear under different cycle blasting excavations;（4）There were nonlinear evolution characteristics between the blasting cumulative damage（D）of surrounding rock and blasting times（n）under push-type cyclic blasting loading,and different measuring points had corresponding blasting cumulative damage propagation models,respectively.The closer the measuring point was away from the explosion source,the faster the cumulative damage extension.Blasting cumulative damage effect of surrounding rock had typically nonlinear evolution properties and anisotropic characteristics.

Analysis of blasting damage in adjacent mining excavations

Following a small-scale wedge failure at Yukon Zinc＇s Wolverine Mine in Yukon, Canada, a vibration monitoring program was added to the existing rockbolt pull testing regime. The failure in the 1150 drift occurred after numerous successive blasts in an adjacent tunnel had loosened friction bolts passing through an unmapped fault. Analysis of blasting vibration revealed that support integrity is not compromised unless there is a geological structure to act as a failure plane. The peak particle velocity（PPV） rarely exceeded 250 mm/s with a frequency larger than 50 Hz. As expected, blasting more competent rock resulted in higher PPVs. In such cases, reducing the round length from 3.5 m to 2.0 m was an effective means of limiting potential rock mass and support damage.

Energy release process of surrounding rocks of deep tunnels with two excavation methods

Numerical analysis of the total energy release of surrounding rocks excavated by drill-and-blast （D＆B） method and tunnel boring machine （TBM） method is presented in the paper. The stability of deep tunnels during excavation in terms of energy release is also discussed. The simulation results reveal that energy release during blasting excavation is a dynamic process. An intense dynamic effect is captured at large excavation footage. The magnitude of energy release during full-face excavation with D＆B method is higher than that with TBM method under the same conditions. The energy release rate （ERR） and speed （ERS） also have similar trends. Therefore, the rockbursts in tunnels excavated by D＆B method are frequently encountered and more intensive than those by TBM method. Since the space after tunnel face is occupied by the backup system of TBM, prevention and control of rockbursts are more difficult. Thus, rockbursts in tunnels excavated by TBM method with the same intensity are more harmful than those in tunnels by D＆B method. Reducing tunneling rate of TBM seems to be a good means to decrease ERR and risk of rockburst. The rockbursts observed during excavation of headrace tunnels at Jinping II hydropower station in West China confirm the analytical results obtained in this paper.

Influence of the spatial distribution of underground tunnel group on its blasting vibration response

The spatial distribution of underground tunnels is significant to the stress redistribution in the surrounding rock masses and blast wave propagation.The field blasting tests were first carried out to study the propagation of blast-induced seismic waves through under-ground tunnels of the Xiluodu Hydropower Station in China.The results show that the peak horizontal particle vibration velocity can be used as a safety criterion for underground tunnels.The effects of in situ stresses and spatial distributions of the tunnel group on the vibra-tion velocities distribution is afterward investigated by numerical simulation.The results show that there is a significant amplification of the blasting vibrations in the adjacent tunnels,which depends on their vertical positions during the excavation of a tunnel.The peak vibration velocity decreases as the lateral separation between tunnels increases.When the separation between the tunnels exceeds the width of three tunnels,the impact of the blast waves on each part of the adjacent tunnel tends to be stable on the whole.In terms of the size of the tunnel,the blasting vibration velocity in the upper part of the straight wall on the front-blast side increases as the width increases(and then levels off),while the blasting vibration velocity in the lower part decreases as the width increases(and then levels off).Finally,a generalized formula of blasting vibration velocity considering the spatial distribution is established,which can well predict the vibration velocity of particles in underground tunnels.

周边孔聚能装置间隔装药在光面爆破中的应用研究

隧道光面爆破工程的周边孔需要采用间隔装药方式,而大部分间隔装药方式采用“导爆索+雷管”联合起爆技术,此技术具有一定的局限性且经常发生拒爆现象。如何在保证隧道掘进效率的前提下提高光面爆破效果成为目前亟待解决的难题,从现场试验方面开展相关研究,提出“聚能装置+数码电子雷管”新型联合起爆技术,将其应用于高原某隧道,通过与原始的“导爆索+数码电子雷管”联合起爆技术的爆破后效果进行对比分析。实验结果表明:对比原始技术,新技术炸药单耗降低了0.2 kg/m^(3),半孔留痕率提高了5%,平均装药时间由原来的1.3 h降为1.0 h,稳定循环进尺的同时极大降低了耗材费用,提高了隧道光面爆破效果。

周边眼偏位空孔爆破设计优化研究与应用

依据已有研究对空孔效应和设置空孔时裂纹扩展规律进行探讨,发现空孔有利于裂纹贯通,对提升爆破效果有一定帮助,但也发现传统的直线型空孔布置会导致裂纹偏向,即在空孔附近转向、偏离原发展路径,影响原设计开挖轮廓。若设置偏位空孔,则可充分利用空孔效应及导向作用以提高开挖质量。对于偏位空孔在爆破中的效应,采用数值模拟研究了不同炮孔间距、空孔偏位角下的裂纹扩展规律和炮孔间贯通情况,探讨了最优偏位角度设计,并根据模拟结果对现场爆破方案进行优化,研究实际应用效果。研究结果表明:偏位空孔对爆生裂纹具有较直线空孔更明显的导向作用,主要表现在爆生裂纹尖端向空孔本身发展或被空孔裂纹引导偏向、最终主裂纹与空孔连通或在空孔范围之外主裂纹相贯通,更利于炮孔主裂纹扩展与贯通;通过提取模拟结果并测量裂纹范围,对于孔间距在60 cm及以下时,适用于周边眼爆破设计的最优偏位角为15°,在此情况下炮孔连线方向形成了与孔心连线相平行的裂纹,能显著提升贯通效果;对于优化后的福厦铁路某隧道爆破施工方案,通过振速监测及超欠挖断面扫描分析,发现周边眼起爆引起的爆破振速降低了超过50%,超欠挖值也由平均25 cm降低至15 cm以内,整体应用效果良好。该项研究可为隧道爆破减振及超欠挖控制研究提供一定参考。

小净距隧道掘进爆破及其振动响应规律研究

为了研究爆破荷载作用下小净距隧道中夹岩区的动力稳定性问题,依托小龙门隧道爆破工程,开展了现场爆破振动监测试验。通过改进的变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)与多尺度排列熵(multi-scale permutation entropy,MPE)算法对爆破振动信号进行消噪处理,基于此分析了掏槽孔与周边孔爆破在后行洞左拱腰(非中夹岩区)、右拱腰(中夹岩区)中产生的振动特征差异。结果表明:采用改进的自适应VMD-MPE算法可以有效消除振动信号中的噪声,并降低了主观决策的影响;此外,相对于非中夹岩区,中夹岩对爆破振动具有明显的放大效应,其质点峰值振速明显大于非中夹岩区,但中夹岩区的振动衰减速度更快;同时,通过对比非中夹岩区与中夹岩区各测点振动频率特征可以发现,中夹岩区小于40 Hz的低频振动能量占比较大,更易引起支护结构的共振,发生损伤与破坏的风险更高,应重点关注;受“转角削弱”作用以及地震波传播路径的影响,在比例距离SD小于等于11.57 m·kg^(1/3)范围内,周边孔爆破在掌子面后方围岩中产生的振速大于掏槽孔。

PE管道的爆破振动响应规律及灰色关联度分析

为了降低隧道爆破施工对既有埋地PE管道造成的振动危害,有必要在施工前了解影响管道振动效应的各种因素。根据现场实测数据,采用MIDAS GTS NX软件建立岩土体-隧道-PE管道三维数值模型,并将现场监测结果和数值模拟结果进行对比分析,验证数值模型的可靠性。分析得出:爆破振动作用下土体弹性模量、泊松比和管径的增加会使管道的最大振速增大;因为地表自由面叠加作用的原因,管道埋深的增加使管道最大振速先减小后增大。运用灰色关联度理论,确定了4种不同因素对管道振动效应的影响程度,主次关系为:土体弹性模量>管道埋深>土体泊松比>管道直径。准确地了解各因素对管道振动的影响程度能够更好的对隧道爆破施工时PE管道的安全性进行评估,为工程实际施工提供参考。

浅埋隧道爆破施工近接建筑结构动力响应规律

为了研究上覆建筑物在浅埋隧道爆破施工时的动力响应规律,该文以福州某城市隧道为工程背景,采用现场监测和Ansys/LS-DYNA模拟相结合的方法对上覆建筑群结构响应进行分析。监测结果表明:建筑结构在竖直方向上受爆破影响最为明显且具有高程放大效应,最大振速值为2.45 cm/s;各向振速随爆心距的增大而逐渐减小并趋于稳定,在爆心距较小时衰减较快;竖向振动主频更接近于建筑结构自身频率,主要分布在25~35 Hz区间。数值模拟结果与监测结果相吻合,进一步分析得到:同一测点在Ⅲ~Ⅴ级围岩下最大峰值振速分别为2.29 cm/s、2.51 cm/s和2.79cm/s,地表建筑物振动响应随围岩等级提高而增强;建筑物柱体和板等结构的力学响应与振速变化密切相关,建筑物保护要充分考虑爆破在建筑物中引起的各方向振速。

基于CEEMD-MPE-IMPROVED WTD的爆炸振动信号噪声抑制方法

光纤分布式声传感(distributed acoustic sensing,DAS)系统因其灵敏度高、抗电磁干扰和分布式远距离传感的特点,广泛应用于微震监测和震源定位等领域。通过DAS系统采集爆炸产生的振动信号,并利用信号的到时信息进行爆源定位。但由于爆炸试验现场的噪声干扰,信号和噪声混叠,到时算法求得的到时信息误差较大,影响定位精度,因此需要对信号进行去噪处理。鉴于经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)方法处理爆炸振动信号时有效信息的严重损失,提出了一种基于互补集合经验模态分解(complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition,CEEMD)、多尺度互变熵(multiscale permutation entropy,MPE)和改进的小波阈值去噪(wavelet threshold denoising,WTD)的融合降噪方法,对DAS系统采集的信号进行去噪。它与EEMD-MPE、CEEMD-MPE和CEEMD-MPE-WTD方法进行了比较。试验结果表明,该方法可以将信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio,SNR)提高到25.95 dB,明显高于其他方法。用去噪后的信号来定位信号源,误差在5米以内。而且该方法可以有效地去除环境噪声和仪器的高频噪声,同时保留了爆炸振动信号的主导频率能量。结果表明,该方法适用于爆炸振动信号的去噪。

铁路隧道爆破对临近特高压铁塔的振动影响研究

为研究隧道爆破开挖对临近既有特高压铁塔的影响,本文采用现场试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,对铁塔塔基的振动速度进行研究,并且详细讨论了爆心距与振动速度峰值的关系。通过数据拟合,得出本工程条件下隧道爆破质点的振动传播规律及衰减公式。结果表明:塔基的振动速度峰值随爆源与塔基距离的接近而增大,在爆心距为0 m时出现最大振速;竖直方向的振速普遍高于水平方向的振速;三座铁塔最大轴应力均出现在塔基处,最大轴应力随铁塔高度的增加而逐渐减小。数值模拟结果与现场试验结果相近,研究可为实际工程提供参考依据。

公路隧道爆破振动对洞口区域建筑物的影响研究

在贵州省高速公路某隧道进行爆破开挖时,采用现场监测的方法研究隧道爆破振动对洞口区域建筑物的影响。依据测点布设原则,选取爆破振动影响区域具有代表性的4栋区域建筑物开展监测,根据第一次监测结果,结合现场的实际情况,确定区域建筑物的爆破振动安全允许标准为2.0 cm/s,以此推算爆破作业最大段装药量的限定范围为12.3~13.2 kg,据此将最大段装药量调整为13.0 kg。调整爆破方案后的监测结果表明:4个测点的峰值振速均小于2.0 cm/s,结合调整爆破方案前和调整爆破方案后的现场调研情况,验证选定的区域建筑物振动控制标准和最大段装药量取值的建议是合理可行的。

高速铁路隧道下穿尾矿库开挖安全稳定研究

尾矿库是防止环境污染的重要环保设施,一旦发生渗滤液渗漏、溃坝等,后果极为严重。当隧道从下方穿越尾矿库时,对尾矿库安全稳定存在一定影响。依托粗铅、电锌及渣综合利用工程的配套尾矿库旁大羊山隧道穿越项目,开展隧道开挖方式及尾矿库堆载对于尾矿库安全稳定的研究。经地质预报和监控量测分析,在离尾矿库较远处隧道采用控制爆破开挖,近接范围内采用机械开挖。利用数值模拟软件FLAC 3D,分别建立隧道机械开挖数值模型与尾矿库三维数值模型以分析隧道机械开挖及尾矿库堆渣对地表沉降影响。结果表明,隧道开挖造成的地表沉降对尾矿库最大影响约2.08 mm,尾矿库堆渣本身造成的地表沉降约10 mm,隧道开挖造成的地表沉降值小于尾矿库堆渣造成的地表沉降值。因此,隧道开挖不会对尾矿库安全造成影响。

近接既有隧道爆破激发地震波成分构成及特性研究

为研究新建隧道爆破地震波不同成分对既有隧道结构安全的影响,基于地震学极化偏振原理,结合现场爆破振动监测和ANSYS/LS-DYNA数值模型,分析既有隧道衬砌振动波型的成分构成及特性,探讨既有隧道衬砌动拉应力与P波峰值合振速的关联性。研究结果表明:新建隧道MS1、MS3、MS5、MS7、MS9、MS11和MS13段毫秒延期爆破P、S和R波对既有隧道衬砌质点振动均有贡献,各段别前期均由传播速度最快的P波主导,而后S波和R波相继成为主导波型;地震波传播路径及测振点的位置与波型成分密切相关,新建隧道已开挖和未开挖2个区域所对应的既有隧道质点振动特性存在显著差异,当L/D>1.58(L为距爆源中心的水平距离,D为隧道净距)时,未开挖区域的S波最大幅值超过P波最大幅值,成为后续区段质点振动的主导波型;既有隧道衬砌动拉应力与P波峰值合振速线性相关性较好,安全振速阈值为10.53 cm/s。