Study on Mechanism of Water Inrush of Karst Tunnels

Water inrush,which is one of the challenging issues and hot topics in the tunneling industry,is very easy to occur during the construction of karst tunnels.The mechanism of water inrush of karst tunnels is discussed and analyzed in the paper:the water inrush of karst tunnels is generally divided into three steps,i.e.,the forming of the hazard source,the forming of the water inrush passage and the failure of the anti-inrush rock mass.The failure of the anti-inrush rock mass of karst tunnels are classified into 5 types,i.e.,the integral tensile-shear failure,the hydraulic fracturing,the infiltration induced sliding of the filling medium,the loss of key blocks and the comprehensive water inrush mode.The failure mechanism is studied on basis of typical cases and by means of numerical simulation or theoretical analysis.Conclusion is drawn that most of the water inrushes in actual tunneling are comprehensive water inrushes,which are the comprehensive results of the interrelation and interaction of various water inrush types,and that different types of water inrushes have related continuity and progressive evolution relationships under certain conditions.

Minimum safe thickness of rock plug in karst tunnel according to upper bound theorem

High pressure and water-bearing caverns ahead of a karst tunnel face tend to cause geological disasters, such as water and mud bursts. So, the determination of safe thickness of the reserved rock plug is a key technical problem to be solved for karst tunnel construction. Based on the Hoek-Brown nonlinear failure criterion, the minimum safe thickness of rock plug was investigated in the light of the limit analysis theory. On the basis of the proposed failure mode, the expression of the minimum thickness for rock plug was obtained by means of upper bound theorem in combination with variational principle. The calculation results show the influence of each parameter on safe thickness and reveal the damage range of rock plug. The proposed method is verified by comparing the results with those of the drain cavern of Maluqing Tunnel. The research shows that with the increase of compressive strength and tensile strength as well as constant A of Hoek-Brown criterion, the safe thickness decreases, whereas with the increase of cavern pressure, tunnel diameter, and constant B from Hoek-Brown criterion, the safe thickness increases. Besides, the tensile strength, or constants A and B affect the shear failure angle of rock plug structure, but other parameters do not. In conclusion, the proposed method can predict the minimum safe thickness of rock plug, and is useful for water burst study and prevention measures of tunnels constructed in high-risk karst regions.

An attribute recognition model for safe thickness assessment between concealed karst cave and tunnel

An attribute recognition model for safe thickness assessment between a concealed karst cave and a tunnel is established based on the attribute mathematic theory.The model can be applied to carrying out risk classification of the safe thickness between a concealed karst cave and a tunnel and to guarantee construction’s safety in tunnel engineering.Firstly,the assessment indicators and classification standard of safe thickness between a concealed karst cave and a tunnel are studied based on the perturbation method.Then some attribute measurement functions are constructed to compute the attribute measurement of each single index and synthetic attribute measurement.Finally,the identification and classification of risk assessment of safe thickness between a concealed karst cave and a tunnel are recognized by the confidence criterion.The results of two engineering application show that the evaluation results agree well with the site situations in construction.The results provide a good guidance for the tunnel construction.

Energy analysis of rock plug thickness in karst tunnels based on non-associated flow rule and nonlinear failure criterion

The geological hazards, such as water inrush and mud outburst, are easily induced by the high water pressure caverns ahead of a karst tunnel face. Therefore, it is a pivotal issue to determine the reserved thickness of rock plug during the construction of tunnels. The limit analysis principle is employed to analyze the safe thickness from the point of energy dissipation, and the nonlinear and non-associated characteristics of geotechnical materials are both considered. On the basis of a plane failure pattern of rock plug, the expressions of detaching curve and rock plug thickness are derived. The effect of each parameter on the safe thickness of rock plug is discussed in detail, which interprets the corresponding failure scope of rock plug. The obtained results indicate that the thickness of rock plug is highly influenced by the nonlinear dilatancy coefficient and the nonlinear coefficient. The proposed method is validated by a comparison of the calculated results with those of the engineering project of the "526 karst cavern" of Yunwushan tunnel. This proposed method can provide reference basis for the design and excavation of karst tunnels in the future.

Detection and treatment of water inflow in karst tunnel：A case study in Daba tunnel

In a karst tunnel, fissures or cracks that are filled with weathered materials are a type of potential water outlet as they are easily triggered and converted into groundwater outlets under the influence of high groundwater pressure. A terrible water inrush caused by potential water outlets can seriously hinder the project construction. Potential water outlets and water sources that surrounding the tunnel must be detected before water inflow can be treated. This paper provides a successful case of the detection and treatment of water inflow in a karst tunnel and proposes a potential water outlet detection(PWOD) method in which heavy rainfall(>50 mm/d) is considered a trigger for a potential water outlet. The Daba tunnel located in Hunan province, China, has been constructed in a karst stratum where the rock mass has been weathered intensely by the influence of two faults. Heavy rain triggered some potential water outlets, causing a serious water inrush. The PWOD method was applied in this project for the treatment of water inflow, and six potential water outlets in total were identified through three heavy rains. Meanwhile, a geophysical prospecting technique was also used to detect water sources. The connections between water outlets and water sources were identified with a 3-D graphic that included all of them. According to the distribution of water outlets and water sources, the detection area was divided into three sections and separately treated by curtain grouting.

深埋岩溶隧道爆破开挖对围岩损伤及渗流特性的影响

深埋岩溶隧道开挖会造成围岩特殊的损伤破坏形式,并且损伤区也会影响围岩渗流场及隧道边界的涌水状况,对深埋岩溶隧道爆破开挖作用下围岩的损伤及渗流特性有重要的研究意义。为了研究爆破开挖对深埋岩溶隧道围岩损伤及渗流的影响规律,基于COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立数值模型并嵌入应力-渗流-损伤耦合方程式进行计算,采用解析法计算了简化条件下岩溶隧道开挖时围岩的应力分布,并与数值计算结果进行比较。结果表明:解析法与数值法计算的围岩应力分布有一致性,爆炸荷载使靠近溶洞侧隧道肩部及脚部区域会产生较大的拉应力;爆破后会在隔水岩柱形成“齿”状损伤区,同时引起肩部及脚部区域流速的增加,其可作为判断溶洞方位的参考依据;溶洞净距减小、洞径及水压增加会引起“齿”延伸倾角及最大涌水位置变化、隧道边界涌水量的增加,可根据“齿”延伸方向判断损伤区检测的合理方位,根据最大涌水位置变化、隧道边界涌水量的变化,合理调整涌水防治措施强度及重点防治部位。研究成果可为溶洞位置判定、隧道损伤区检测以及边界涌水防治措施提供参考。

Collapse analysis of tunnel floor in karst area based on Hoek-Brown rock media

Collapse shape of tunnel floor in Hoek-Brown rock media is investigated with the functional catastrophe theory. The stability of rock system in tunnel floor, which is determined by thickness, half collapse width, half length of cave and detaching curve, has great secure and economic significance in practical engineering. To investigate the failure mechanisms and the outline of detaching block, a reliable damage model is presumed by making reference to the limit analysis theory. The analytical solutions of detaching curve, half collapse width on tunnel floor and the critical and maximum values of collapse thickness are derived based on Hoek-Brown criterion and functional catastrophe theory. The result shows that 0.5 is a most probable condition for instability, and the shape of detaching curve is a part of parabola. It is reasonable by comparing with previous theory and analogous experiments. The effects of major factors on thickness and half collapse width are further discussed. Numerical calculations and parametric analysis are carried out to illustrate the effects of different parameters on the mechanism, which is significant to the stability analysis of tunnel floor in rock media.

顶部隐伏溶洞对隧道围岩变形特征影响分析——以齐岳山高速公路隧道为例

齐岳山高速公路岩溶隧址区强致灾性隐伏溶洞较为发育,为研究隐伏溶洞对隧道围岩位移影响的变化规律,选取围岩等级、隧道埋深2个地质因素,对溶洞大小、溶洞与隧道的距离2个形态因素开展数值试验,讨论支护对围岩位移的影响,分析顶部隐伏溶洞对隧道围岩不同方向变形的影响,系统研究不同因素对顶部溶洞作用效果的影响规律。得到如下研究结果:1)顶部溶洞对围岩变形在垂直方向和水平方向的作用效果是相反的,在垂直方向,顶部溶洞减缓拱顶和拱底的收敛效果;在水平方向,顶部溶洞加剧拱腰的收敛效果,且对拱顶、拱底、拱腰位移变化的影响依次减小。2)随着围岩级别提高、隧道埋深增大、溶洞尺寸增大、溶洞与隧道距离减小,顶部溶洞对隧道围岩变形影响的作用效果增强;在因素设计范围内,各因素对顶部溶洞作用效果的影响差异明显。

富水岩溶地区隧道涌水预测与施工处置技术研究

针对贵州某隧道施工过程中遭遇一处连通地下暗河的大型溶洞引起隧道内大规模涌水的灾害进行研究,结合水文地质情况对涌水量进行预测和分析后,现场先对岩溶水进行初步释压,后采用水泥砂浆分步回填隧道上伏溶腔以封堵岩溶出水口;进一步采用集水管引排岩溶水的方式对剩余地下水进行二次加强处理,同时将集水管与隧道外侧的泄水洞相连,二者构成一套完整的引排水系统的处治手段。采用堵排相结合的原则有效地达到涌水处置目的,确保了隧道的安全施工,可为类似地层的隧道施工提供有益的借鉴。

基于离散-连续耦合的岩溶隧道防突岩体安全厚度预测

为有效预防岩溶隧道施工中的突涌水灾害,首先,调研近年来国内岩溶隧道突涌水典型案例,总结隧道突涌水形成机理及其影响因素;其次,建立离散-连续耦合模型并采用多元回归理论的方法,明确防突岩体破坏的判定准则,划分岩溶隧道防突岩体破坏模式并提出裂缝发育规律;然后,基于对防突岩体最小安全厚度造成影响的各因素,针对溶洞位于隧道上方、下方及侧方3种情况分别建立防突岩体最小安全厚度预测计算式;最后,依托德庆隧道工程进行验证。结果表明:防突岩体破坏模式主要有弯折破坏、整体剪切破坏和复合破坏3种,可基于裂隙发展速度将其破坏过程分为初始阶段、快速发育阶段、平缓发育阶段3个阶段;各因素按影响显著程度由大到小依次为溶腔内水压、围岩黏结参数、溶腔跨度、溶腔高跨比和隧道埋深;计算得到德庆隧道3处施工段的防突岩体最小安全厚度分别为2.964,5.263和0.961 m,突涌水评估结果准确。防突岩体最小安全厚度预测计算式可用于预测并评估岩溶隧道突涌水风险。

岩溶隧洞突涌水灾害风险评价研究

受复杂地质条件的影响,岩溶隧洞在施工过程中极易发生突涌水灾害。为准确评估岩溶隧洞突涌水风险等级,将结构方程模型(SEM)与改进的模糊综合评价法(FCEM)相结合,构建岩溶隧洞突涌水风险评价模型。从地形地貌、气象水文、地层因素、地质构造、岩溶水文地质、施工因素6个方面深入研究;利用SEM确定各指标标准化路径系数并求得其权重,运用改进FCEM法对岩溶隧洞突涌水风险等级进行评价;以滇中引水工程昆呈隧洞为应用实例,利用Crystal Ball软件验证模型的有效性。结果表明:昆呈隧洞有90%的几率处于52~73分值区间范围内(Ⅲ级风险),与现场实际情况一致,表明基于SEM-改进FCEM法构建的岩溶隧洞突涌水风险评价模型具有一定的适用性;其中岩溶水文地质、地质构造、气象水文是该隧洞的主要影响因素,施工中应加强对这几方面的监控和量测,避免发生突涌水灾害。研究成果可为类似岩溶隧洞工程提供参考。

云桂铁路总体设计及技术创新

云桂铁路为中国“八纵八横”高速铁路主通道之一“广昆通道”的组成部分,路网地位突出。根据该项目的功能定位及项目特点,结合地形地质条件、城市规划、环境敏感点、工程安全以及投资合理性等方面,分析确定合理的枢纽引入、线路走向以及重点桥梁、隧道工程方案。项目设计过程中以“系统最优、风险可控”为核心思想,开展了科技攻关和工程实践工作,取得了系列技术创新成果,具有针对性、实用性和理论性,对复杂艰险山区高速铁路建设具有重要指导意义。

穿越岩溶地区隧洞施工开挖防渗措施研究

穿越岩溶地区隧洞在施工开挖期极易遭遇涌水突泥现象,如何选择合适的防渗措施减少隧洞渗流量一直是热点问题。依托某引调水工程,建立岩溶地区复杂地层三维有限元模型,重点考虑洞顶回填混凝土、洞周注浆圈、混凝土防渗墙3种防渗措施,研究了隧洞开挖过程中孔隙水压力及隧洞渗流量的变化规律,分析了防渗墙和注浆圈渗透系数对渗流特征的影响。结果表明:在本工程中,混凝土防渗墙对隧洞孔隙水压力分布的影响非常大,防渗墙之间水位降低程度明显,而洞周注浆圈对隧洞渗流量的影响最大,施工时要保证注浆圈的质量;孔隙水压力随着与隧洞中心水平距离增加而增加,随着与隧洞中心竖直距离增加呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势;随着注浆圈或防渗墙渗透系数增加,注浆圈或防渗墙区域内的孔压增长速率逐渐降低,隧洞渗流量不断增大。

在役岩溶隧道衬砌水压分布及预警控制标准研究

随着强降雨天气的频发,在役岩溶隧道衬砌开裂、渗漏水及失稳破坏事故日益增多。地表降雨补给下衬砌背后积聚高水压力是岩溶隧道发生水压灾害的主要原因,对在役岩溶隧道开展监测预警是避免灾害发生的重要手段。以郑万线岩溶隧道为依托,开展了相似模型试验及渗流数值模拟,研究了不同岩溶形态下衬砌背后水压分布规律及衬砌隆起位移,制定了岩溶隧道运营监测预警控制标准。结果表明:当地表降雨补给超过隧道排水能力时,衬砌背后将形成“地表补给+洞内排水”的动水压力,仰拱底部极易积聚高水压力;地层中存在岩溶管腔和溶蚀裂隙带时,地表降雨将会导致衬砌水压局部增高,衬砌承受偏压荷载,并使仰拱受力进一步劣化;以隧道仰拱中心水压力和隆起位移作为控制基准,将岩溶隧道运营监测预警等级划分正常运营、临时补修、限速整治和封闭整治。研究成果可为岩溶隧道的结构设计优化及监测预警提供借鉴。

综合物探方法在贵南高铁隧道基底隐伏岩溶探测中的应用

高铁隧道路线经过岩溶地区,勘察阶段由于地形和物探方法局限性的影响,不能完全勘察清楚岩溶发育情况。本文结合高密度地震映像、地质雷达、二维瞬态面波和钻探方法,详细研究了隧道施工阶段岩溶探查中各种方法的外业数据采集、处理方法、数据分析的注意事项。经过研究,将地震映像的主频提高到800 Hz,可分辨深度5~25 m、宽度10 m左右的空溶洞和充填溶洞;地质雷达有效能量提高到600 ns,可分辨深度30 m内岩溶通道。结合贵南高铁隧道基底岩溶探查中的各种典型图像特征,以及地质施工人员的要求,探讨了隧道基底岩溶探测资料物探地质解释的四类划分解释原则,满足了地质人员及设计施工对物探资料可读性的要求,为岩溶探测资料解释提供了参考。

地震映像法在探明隧道底部隐伏岩溶中的研究

研究目的:在建高速铁路岩溶隧道的施工,要探明隧道底部影响隧道安全的隐伏岩溶进行工程整治,确定采用何种方法才能快速探明其岩溶的深度、性质和范围,由此提出采用地震映像法,本文对其展开研究。研究结论:(1)采用地震映像法的偏移距、同相轴断裂宽度特征,与相邻测线斜向近距离同特征的平面物理连通,以及正验计算统计其岩溶波速,反验解释其岩溶形态并钻孔验证,达到快速探明隧道底部影响隧道安全的隐伏岩溶的深度、性质和范围可行;(2)能探明隧道底部多条测线下最大深度达30 m内不同深度的岩溶较发育和岩溶发育、充填黏土溶洞、空腔溶洞、残留洞渣,进行工程整治,整治要确定最佳有效方案,其分别对应于水泥注浆、高压旋喷桩、桩板结构或砌石支墩、清除残留洞渣,以及整治后的隧道底部强度稳定,不下沉不上拱,并确保岩溶水排泄畅通,就能确保隧道安全;(3)要重视隧道底部仰拱二次填充层施工质量的力棒敲击检测,振声均达质量完整的实响声;(4)本研究成果可为铁路、公路岩溶隧道等领域快速探明隧道底部影响隧道安全的隐伏岩溶的深度、性质和范围,确定最佳有效整治方案提供参考。

充填型岩溶隧道仰坡滑塌机制及稳定性控制技术——以宜宾巡场至玉和公路下坝隧道出口段为例

为解决充填型岩溶隧道进洞过程中引起的仰坡滑塌问题,利用现场调查和MultiFracS多物理场断裂分析软件,对隧道进洞过程中仰坡体内裂缝发展过程和围岩变形情况进行分析,提出洞口仰坡加固措施并进行效果评价,得出如下结论:1)连续降雨是引起仰坡滑塌的直接原因,随着含水率的增加,碎石土充填物抗剪强度降低,溶腔区位移变化显著且出现微裂隙;当含水率增加至20%时,溶腔区裂缝进一步发展,局部出现开裂,地表滑动位移不断增加。2)隧道进洞施工扰动加速了地表覆盖层与下伏基岩间贯通裂缝的形成,仰坡体呈现整体滑动趋势。基于现场调查和数值分析,采用“缓坡+钢锚管/锚索框架梁”的仰坡防护形式,用注浆钢锚管替代锚杆和部分锚索,能够避免溶腔内碎石土在雨水下渗中产生变形破坏。经现场实测数据验证,加固后的仰坡在隧道二次进洞过程中处于稳定状态,隧道洞内变形和地表沉降均得到了有效控制。

基于三维离散-连续耦合的岩溶隧道突水破坏模式研究

岩溶隧道在修建的过程中难以避免接近溶腔甚至高承压水溶腔,而突水破坏极易引发安全事故甚至对隧道产生不可逆的影响,因此对岩溶隧道突水破坏模式的研究有利于解决相关安全问题,并对选线安全具有一定参照意义。通过三维离散-连续耦合数值技术,对微观离散颗粒物理、力学参数进行标定并验证,模拟水压作用下下伏溶腔与隧道仰拱之间的防突岩体垮塌过程。根据试验结果将防突岩体的破坏模式分为3类:剪切破坏模式、弯折破坏模式和复合破坏模式。弯折破坏模式表现为防突岩体中部和两端拉伸裂缝呈贯通状;剪切破坏模式表现为防突岩体两端裂缝呈剪切态;复合破坏模式则同时具有二者的共同特性。3种破坏模式所引起的裂缝发育规律相似,均可分为初始发育、快速发育和平缓发育3个阶段。初始发育阶段时防突岩体所存在的裂缝数量较少;维持水压力防突岩体的裂缝数量突增并进入快速发育阶段;而后防突岩体中的裂缝产生贯通效果进入平缓发育阶段,最终防突岩体整体垮塌。由此得出结论:突水破坏在岩溶隧道中是一个渐变的过程,但对岩溶隧道总体安全性有不可逆的影响。

侧部承压溶洞与深埋隧道间隔水岩体安全厚度研究

为保证深埋隧道安全通过侧部高压富水溶洞区段,在隧道突水发生机制分析与隔水岩体最小安全厚度划分的基础上,结合突变理论、鲁宾涅特方程及相关工程经验对隧道边墙岩体安全厚度进行研究,导出最小安全厚度计算公式,建立突水判据,分析相关影响因素对隧道边墙隔水岩体最小安全厚度的影响规律。结果表明:隔水岩体最小安全厚度H_(min)与围岩力学参数弹性模量E、内摩擦角φ呈正相关,与溶洞水压力q_(w)、岩梁跨度L及隧道埋深h呈负相关;各因素对H_(min)影响程度由大到小依次为h、φ、E、L与q_(w),其中h与φ影响程度相近,E在超过3 GPa的情况下H_(min)变化趋于平缓,E的影响程度与L相近;结合有限元模拟结果和工程实例分析,验证了H_(min)理论计算公式及突水判据的准确性与可行性,对相关工程建设具有指导意义。

基于SVM的富水岩溶区双线盾构隧道下穿既有线临界安全距离研究

双线盾构隧道在极复杂的岩溶地质中下穿既有线施工时,会对地层造成较大扰动,从而增加既有地表沉降过大或坍塌的风险,严重威胁既有线的运营安全。同时,隧道穿越富水岩溶区域时,需要保持一定距离以避免与溶洞相交,确保双线盾构隧道围岩的稳定性。利用FlAC^(3D)软件建立不同工况组合下双线盾构隧道与左侧溶洞的临界安全距离数值模型,分析不同地下水位对既有线沉降和围岩塑性区范围的影响,并采用正交试验和多元线性回归方法建立双线盾构隧道在不同围岩等级、地下水埋深、开挖隧道埋深和溶洞孔径组合下与溶洞的临界安全距离计算公式。此外,还基于SVM模型对正交试验结果进行机器学习,得到可以预测岩溶地区双线盾构隧道临界安全距离的智能预测系统,实现双线盾构隧道下穿既有线临界安全距离的非线性智能预测。结果表明:当地下水位位于既有线以上时,其水位越高,既有线的沉降量越大、围岩塑性区范围越大,地下水对盾构隧道与溶洞的临界安全距离有很大影响,应用SVM模型和多元线性回归方法确定双线盾构隧道与溶洞之间的临界安全距离是行之有效的。