Elasto-plastic analysis of the surrounding rock mass in circular tunnel based on the generalized nonlinear unified strength theory

The present paper aims to establish a versatile strength theory suitable for elasto-plastic analysis of underground tunnel surrounding rock. In order to analyze the effects of intermediate principal stress and the rock properties on its deformation and failure of rock mass, the generalized nonlinear unified strength theory and elasto-plastic mechanics are used to deduce analytic solution of the radius and stress of tunnel plastic zone and the periphery displacement of tunnel under uniform ground stress field. The results show that: intermediate principal stress coefficient b has significant effect on the plastic range,the magnitude of stress and surrounding rock pressure. Then, the results are compared with the unified strength criterion solution and Mohr–Coulomb criterion solution, and concluded that the generalized nonlinear unified strength criterion is more applicable to elasto-plastic analysis of underground tunnel surrounding rock.

Influences of material dilatancy and pore water pressure on stability factor of shallow tunnels

Explicit finite difference code was used to calculate the stability factors of shallow tunnels without internal support in limit state. The proposed method was formulated within the nonassociative plasticity. For the shallow tunnels in soft clay, without considering the influences of pore water pressure and dilatancy, numerical results were compared with the previously published solutions. From the comparisons, it is found that the present solutions agree well with the previous solutions. The accuracy of the strength reduction technique was demonstrated through the comparisons. The influence of the pore water pressure was discussed. For the shallow tunnels in dilatant cohesive-frictional soils, the dilatant analysis was carried out.

Tunnel behaviour and support associated with the weak rock masses of flysch

Flysch formations are generally characterised by evident heterogeneity in the presence of low strength and tectonically disturbed structures. The complexity of these geological materials demands a more specialized geoengineering characterisation. In this regard, the paper tries to discuss the standardization of the engineering geological characteristics, the assessment of the behaviour in underground excava- tions, and the instructions-guidelines for the primary support measures for flysch layer qualitatively. In order to investigate the properties of flysch rock mass, 12 tunnels of Egnatia Highway, constructed in Northern Greece, were examined considering the data obtained from the design and construction records. Flysch formations are classified thereafter in 11 rock mass types （I-XI）, according to the siltstone -sandstone proportion and their tectonic disturbance. A special geological strength index （GSI） chart for heterogeneous rock masses is used and a range of geotechnical parameters for every flysch type is presented. Standardization tunnel behaviour for every rock mass type of flysch is also presented, based on its site-specific geotechnical characteristics such as structure, intact rock strength, persistence and complexity of discontinuities. Flysch, depending on its types, can be stable even under noticeable overburden depth, and exhibit wedge sliding and wider chimney type failures or cause serious deformation even under thin cover. Squeezing can be observed under high overburden depth. The magnitude of squeezing and tunnel support requirements are also discussed for various flysch rock mass types under different overburdens. Detailed principles and guidelines for selecting immediate support mea- sures are proposed based on the principal tunnel behaviour mode and the experiences obtained from these 12 tunnels. Finally, the cost for tunnel support from these experiences is also presented.

Modified criterion for prediction of tunnel deformation in non-squeezing ground conditions

The strength factor-based criterion for tunnel deformation prediction proposed by Hoek in 2000 is reckoned to be the most practical criterion among the tunnel deformation criteria since 1980s. In view of the fact that Hoek's criterion was obtained based on case studies under squeezing ground conditions, it has a limited range of applications, applicable mainly in squeezing tunnels. In this work, this criterion was modified by taking into consideration the conditions of eight unstable stations in three non-squeezing tunnels in Iran to amplify its application range. Relative displacements and strength factor(defined as a strength-to-stress ratio) were obtained in unstable stations first. Then, the parametric values were plotted on a Cartesian coordinate's plane. By using the optimal regression line passing through all points, a criterion for prediction of tunnel deformation was proposed finally. A comparison made between the measured values and the ones predicted by the new criterion shows that the variance accounted for was 77% and the root mean square error was 2%, an acceptable accuracy and a small error implying the effectiveness of the new criterion in tunnel deformation prediction. In addition, the results show that the strength factor of 0.38 can be used to determine the boundary between squeezing and non-squeezing conditions; the behavior and type of failure of the tunnel would be predictable by use of the strength factor.

Reducing risk in long deep tunnels by using TBM and drill-and-blast methods in the same project-the hybrid solution

There are many examples of TBM tunnels through mountains, or in mountainous terrain, which have suffered the ultimate fate of abandonment, due to insufficient pre-investigation. Depth-of-drilling limitations are inevitable when depths approach or even exceed l or 2 km. Uncertainties about the geology, hydro-geology, rock stresses and rock strengths go hand-in-hand with deep or ultra-deep tunnels. Unfortunately, unexpected conditions tend to have a much bigger impact on TBM projects than on drill-and-blast projects. There are two obvious reasons. Firstly the circular excavation maximizes the tangential stress, making the relation to rock strength a higher source of potential risk. Secondly, the TBM may have been progressing fast enough to make probe-drilling seem to be unnecessary. If the stress-to-strength ratio becomes too high, or if faulted rock with high water pressure is unexpectedly encountered, the ＂unexpected events＂ may have a remarkable delaying effect on TBM. A simple equation explains this phenomenon, via the adverse local Q-value that links directly to utilization. One may witness dramatic reductions in utilization, meaning ultra-steep deceleration-of-the-TBM gradients in a log-log plot of advance rate versus time. Some delays can be avoided or reduced with new TBM designs, where belief in the need for probe-drilling and sometimes also pre-injection, have been fully appreciated. Drill-and-blast tunneling, inevitably involving numerous ＂probe-holes＂ prior to each advance, should be used instead, if investigations have been too limited. TBM should be used where there is lower cover and where more is known about the rock and structural conditions. The advantages of the superior speed of TBM may then be fully realized. Choosing TBM because a tunnel is very long increases risk due to the law of deceleration with increased length, especially if there is limited pre-investigation because of tunnel depth.

Wind tunnel simulation of the effects of freeze–thaw cycles on soil erosion in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Intense freezing and thawing actions occur in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau because of its high elevation and cold temperature. The plateau＇s unique environment makes it easy to generate wind erosion under dry, windy weather conditions, resulting in the emergence ofdesertification. As a major form of freeze-thaw erosion, freeze-thaw and wind erosion is displayed prominently on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Therefore, in this study, soil samples were collected from the surface of the plateau to undergo freeze-thaw and wind erosion simulation experiments. Results show that wind erosion strength increases with an increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles, water content in the freezing-thawing process, and the difference in freeze-thaw temperatures. Therefore, in the conditions of water participation, the main reason for the freeze-thaw and wind erosion in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the damage to the soil structure by repeated, fierce freeze-thaw actions, and the sand-bearing wind is the main driving force for this process. The research results have theoretical significance for exploring the formation mechanism of freeze-thaw and wind erosion in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and provide a scientific basis for freeze-thaw desertification control in the plateau.

大型空泡水洞试验设施结构有限元分析

大型空泡水洞试验设施是目前中国规模最大的水洞系统,为评估其整体结构强度和抗震设计安全性,对空泡水洞结构进行三维有限元数值分析,考虑正常工作工况和地震载荷作用极限工况下的结构刚强度,基于振型分解反应谱法计算了地震惯性加速度载荷,并对结构地震位移响应进行校核。结果表明:空泡水洞的结构变形在正常工作工况主要表现为水洞内壁的膨胀变形,在极限工况下主要表现为由地震载荷引起的水洞顶部水平位移;空泡水洞高应力区域主要位于结构角隅处的筒壁和加强筋。这对中国自主研发大型空泡水洞具有重要的借鉴意义。

地震映像法在探明隧道底部隐伏岩溶中的研究

研究目的:在建高速铁路岩溶隧道的施工,要探明隧道底部影响隧道安全的隐伏岩溶进行工程整治,确定采用何种方法才能快速探明其岩溶的深度、性质和范围,由此提出采用地震映像法,本文对其展开研究。研究结论:(1)采用地震映像法的偏移距、同相轴断裂宽度特征,与相邻测线斜向近距离同特征的平面物理连通,以及正验计算统计其岩溶波速,反验解释其岩溶形态并钻孔验证,达到快速探明隧道底部影响隧道安全的隐伏岩溶的深度、性质和范围可行;(2)能探明隧道底部多条测线下最大深度达30 m内不同深度的岩溶较发育和岩溶发育、充填黏土溶洞、空腔溶洞、残留洞渣,进行工程整治,整治要确定最佳有效方案,其分别对应于水泥注浆、高压旋喷桩、桩板结构或砌石支墩、清除残留洞渣,以及整治后的隧道底部强度稳定,不下沉不上拱,并确保岩溶水排泄畅通,就能确保隧道安全;(3)要重视隧道底部仰拱二次填充层施工质量的力棒敲击检测,振声均达质量完整的实响声;(4)本研究成果可为铁路、公路岩溶隧道等领域快速探明隧道底部影响隧道安全的隐伏岩溶的深度、性质和范围,确定最佳有效整治方案提供参考。

上覆软弱路基加固对既有地铁隧道沉降的影响规律

为研究道路施工引起下方既有地铁隧道的沉降问题,在地铁隧道上方斜穿施工道路的基础上,进行了现场隧道沉降变形实测研究,分析了道路在路基注浆加固、路床和路面结构层施工阶段中地铁隧道的沉降曲线。建立地铁隧道-土体-道路模型对道路施工的注浆加固过程及路床和路面结构层施工进行模拟,通过比较地铁隧道沉降计算结果与现场实测值,验证了该精细化模型的准确性。基于此,分析了路床和路面结构层总施工厚度、道路土体性质、隧道下卧土层、隧道衬砌强度等关键参数对地铁隧道的沉降影响规律。结果表明:地铁隧道的沉降值与施工厚度呈正相关关系;道路的存在对隧道的沉降影响越小,其弹性模量和泊松比对地铁隧道沉降几乎没有影响;卧土层的弹性模量越大,土层越不易变形,且地铁隧道沉降越小;衬砌弹性模量增大对地铁隧道沉降影响反而越小。

基于强度折减的小净距隧道洞口施工对边仰坡稳定性影响研究

以巫镇高速某公路隧道为背景,通过强度折减法对隧道围岩参数进行折减,采用FLAC 3D有限差分软件对洞口段隧道开挖进行了数值模拟,并基于现场监测对模拟参数进行了标定,分析了隧道洞口施工边仰坡稳定性和极限剪应变分布特征,探明了不同折减系数下隧道洞口段位移变化规律,提出了隧道洞口边仰坡稳定性安全系数合理取值和位移安全基准值。研究结果表明:1)初始状态时,当折减系数介于1.36~1.38时,岩体位移变形速率加快,累计变形量发生突变,边仰坡上方极限应变区域贯通;2)隧道洞口施工后,当折减系数介于1.20~1.22时,岩体位移变形速率加快,累计变形量发生突变,隧道间极限应变区域贯通,故提出隧道施工的洞口边仰坡稳定性安全系数控制基准值为1.2,此时竖向位移安全基准值为80 mm,水平位移安全基准值为35 mm。

破碎岩体隧道洞口开挖诱导滑坡与古滑坡耦合分析

以大栗树高速公路隧道洞口施工为工程背景,研究了在考虑古滑坡因素下洞口工作面边坡失稳及其加固技术。利用钻孔测斜数据(BCD)和Midas GTS折减强度有限元分析模型,分别推测了最危险滑动面,得知两者滑动面位置相似。并采用不平衡推力传递法,基于BCD推断滑动面计算安全系数。以BCD和有限元法的滑动面为基础,将滑动面近似假设为对数螺旋线,考虑地形因素,建立考虑多台阶边坡上限分析模型,研究了不同加固措施对边坡稳定的影响。结果表明,3种方法计算出的边坡安全系数结果相近。

基于上限定理确定隧道式锚碇极限抗拔承载力

隧道式锚碇作为一种新型的悬索桥锚碇结构,因具有因地制宜、经济环保的优点在多山的西南地区得到了广泛应用。已有研究表明,锚塞体围岩性质较差、埋深较浅,锚塞体与围岩接触界面结合程度较好的隧道式锚碇极易发生倒楔形冲切破坏。将破坏体视为以锚塞体中心线为轴线的旋转楔形体,假定破坏面为最小旋转曲面,利用变分法经典欧拉方程求解破坏体最小旋转曲面问题,确定旋转曲面母线方程;基于改进的Mohr-Coulomb强度准则,由主缆拉拔荷载和楔形体自重所做的外功率与楔形体沿滑移面所消耗的内功率相等的条件建立虚功方程,推导隧道式锚碇极限抗拔承载力上限解。开展隧道式锚碇室内模型试验,研究了拉拔承载过程中的坡面位移的变化规律及隧道式锚碇的破坏模式。研究结果表明,拉拔作用点的荷载-位移曲线可分为4个阶段:克服重力阶段、弹性阶段、弹塑性阶段以及破坏阶段;隧道式锚碇破坏模式为围岩倒楔形冲切破坏,破坏体可近似视为以锚塞体中心线为轴线的旋转楔形体;由推导公式得到的隧道式锚碇极限抗拔承载力计算值与实测值一致性较好,具有一定的可靠性,可为隧道式锚碇的设计提供参考。

纸纤维改性下的隧道工程透水砂浆性能分析

透水砂浆在隧道工程中的应用旨在解决隧道内部的排水问题,提高隧道的安全性和耐久性。掺加纤维是改善砂浆材料透水性能、抗压强度和孔结构的有效手段之一。基于此,以纸纤维为研究对象,简述了纸纤维对透水砂浆性能的影响。将纸纤维掺入水泥砂浆中,在碱性条件下混合,并对成型的纸纤维改性下的砂浆试块进行透水性、抗压强度和孔结构等方面的测试分析。结果表明,砂浆试块的吸水率随着纸纤维掺量的增加而逐渐增长,可达到普通砂浆试块的2~3倍;纸纤维的掺加会造成砂浆试块的抗压强度有所降低,掺量越大,抗压强度越低;水灰比增加,可减小砂浆孔体积,使其结构更加致密,砂浆抗收缩能力增强。

循环进尺对隧道洞口段施工动态稳定性影响研究

研究施工过程中隧道-围岩相互作用和破坏机理对维持结构稳定至关重要,采用有限元软件建立了福建省福州市罗汉山隧道计算模型,讨论了施工过程中围岩和结构位移及塑性区发展,基于强度折减法分析了考虑前切面和不同循环进尺下隧道模型的安全系数变化规律。通过分析可知,隧道洞口段围岩和边坡中塑性区贯通发育是其破坏的主要原因,塑性区贯通后边坡进入失稳状态,进而将荷载和变形传递给隧道结构;通过强度折减法获得了不同循环进尺下的安全系数,循环进尺越小隧道洞口段的边坡稳定性越高。研究成果可为隧道洞口段施工稳定性的估计和失稳预测提供理论依据。

多固废协同制备再生可控性低强度材料及其性能研究

可控性低强度材料(CLSM)是一种替代传统级配砂石回填的新型回填材料,具有良好的工作性和力学性能。为了提高CLSM中固废利用率,减少水泥用量,降低工程成本和施工难度,利用再生微粉、矿渣粉等固废材料配合盾构渣土制备CLSM,并通过SEM分析不同配比CLSM水化产物的微观形貌。结果显示,多固废协同制备的CLSM流动度可控制在135~215 mm,抗压强度可控制在3.40~5.93 MPa。再生微粉最佳掺量为20%,矿渣粉最佳掺量为30%,抗压强度最高可达5.93 MPa。再生微粉与矿渣粉复掺可以相互促进,将更多的水泥产物CH转化为C-S-H凝胶物质填补孔隙结构,提高材料结构强度。

考虑损伤效应的二向不等压深埋圆形隧道弹塑性统一解

为了研究二向不等压地应力环境下深埋圆形隧道损伤后的力学响应问题,通过考虑深部围岩的损伤效应,基于统一强度理论建立二向不等压深埋圆形隧道弹塑性解,依托华丽高速东马场隧道验证解的准确性和适用性;研究损伤效应和中间主应力对围岩应力分布和变形的影响,并探讨不同侧压力系数、剪胀系数和支护反力下深埋圆形隧道围岩的损伤程度。研究结果表明:二向不等压深埋圆形隧道开挖后,围岩峰后的损伤效应会加剧隧道的挤压变形,考虑损伤效应的变形计算结果与现场实测结果更接近;中间主应力能提高围岩的承载能力,抑制隧道的挤压变形,不考虑中间主应力会高估隧道的变形潜势;侧压力系数决定围岩损伤区的形状和大小,施工时应根据围岩不同位置的损伤程度对关键变形部位进行注浆加固;剪胀系数越大,围岩的损伤程度越大,损伤区的范围越大;支护反力能抑制围岩的损伤效应,在实际工程中需及时施作支护约束围岩变形,以改善围岩的受力情况。

TBM盾构管片台柱型定位销设计制备技术研究及工程应用

全断面硬岩隧道掘进(TBM)施工过程中同一断面内的相邻两个衬砌管片之间需要进行连接,若拼接施工存在问题或定位销出现变形,会引起盾构管片的上浮和错台。文章分析了传统定位销存在的缺点及施工方面的不便,设计了一种新型的定位销,对管片模具及预埋方式进行了修改,并对定位销的承载性能进行了研究。研究结果表明,将原来的纺锤形结构改为台柱结构,设置有多圈凸纹,可以有效增大定位销与定位销孔之间的摩擦力,方便施工和便捷安装。控制注塑材料的抗拉强度不低于80 MPa,制备而成的台柱定位销剪切强度达到了420.0 MPa以上,具有很高的力学性能。所制备的定位销在某引水隧洞工程中进行了工程应用,降低了TBM管片的制作难度及定位销的安装难度,取得了良好的工程效果。

滇中引水香炉山隧洞炭质页岩强度特性试验研究

以滇中引水工程香炉山隧洞开挖揭露的炭质页岩为研究对象,开展了点荷载、单轴压缩和巴西劈裂试验,获得了该岩石的几种强度及强度转换系数,分析了试件破坏模式和岩石微观形貌。结果表明,炭质页岩平行层理面加载时强度低于垂直层理面加载时强度,具有强度各向异性;在平行和垂直层面加载条件下,炭质页岩的抗拉强度转换系数分别为1.40、0.90,与理论值接近;在平行和垂直层面加载条件下,炭质页岩的单轴抗压强度转换系数分别为7.19、8.03,换算的单轴抗压强度低于国际岩石力学学会和规范经验公式的结果,原因是弱层面和基质体内微观缺陷造成炭质页岩的单轴抗压强度较低。研究结果可为滇中引水工程香炉山隧洞炭质页岩强度的快速准确评价提供参考。

地铁隧道振动源强受车辆状态影响因素实测分析

为分析地铁隧道振动源强的影响因素,以某地铁线路直线段为研究对象,同步采集车致振动信号和速度信号,统计分析全天测试样本的时域、频域特征。结果表明:早晚高峰时段,隧道内振动响应不一定完全最大,振动源强的离散程度与车辆状态直接相关,V_(1)、V_(2)两车所引起的隧道壁测点Z振级的均值相差6.7 dB;取40组以上的测试样本计算振动源强,其结果更接近全天样本均值;由轮轨系统引起的隧道振动主频随车速的变化而偏移,车速与道床、隧道壁的振动加速度级呈现较强的线性正相关,车速每提高10 km/h,振动分别增加约1.7、2.6 dB;速度差在10 km/h以内时,振动源强在1 dB以内变化,速度差在10~20 km/h时,振动增幅为1.5~2.2 dB;计算得到车速修正CV的系数为18.5,与环评振动预测公式中列车速度修正所使用系数接近;隧道壁振动在40 Hz以下的低频段离散较大,但该频段对振动源强的贡献度较小,占15.29%,优势频段为50~63 Hz,该频段对振动源强的贡献度达59.55%。研究成果可为环评振动预测公式的进一步精确化提供参考,为提高地铁隧道源强测试结果的准确性提供理论依据。

基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法的机翼风洞模型静强度试验加载方案优化设计

针对机翼风洞模型的静强度试验,提出一种基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法试验加载方案的优化设计方法,包括加载布局的设计和试验载荷的多目标优化设计。加载布局的设计中引入控制剖面的设置,并在此基础上建立试验载荷的多目标优化设计模型,以控制剖面内的剪力、弯矩和转矩误差为优化目标,以静力等效原则和误差最小要求为约束条件,并以CHN-T1标模为例,基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法进行多目标优化模型的求解,算法采用可行性法则处理约束条件。最终求解出最优的试验加载方案并进行方案的有限元仿真验证。结果表明:试验方案与流固耦合下的理想试验的最大等效应力、应变值和变形位移的误差均小于6%,经优化设计的加载方案较好地模拟了气动载荷。