Experimental investigation on the invert stability of operating railway tunnels with different drainage systems using 3D printing technology

In recent years, the invert anomalies of operating railway tunnels in water-rich areas occur frequently,which greatly affect the transportation capacity of the railway lines. Tunnel drainage system is a crucial factor to ensure the invert stability by regulating the external water pressure(EWP). By means of a threedimensional(3D) printing model, this paper experimentally investigates the deformation behavior of the invert for the tunnels with the traditional drainage system(TDS) widely used in China and its optimized drainage system(ODS) with bottom drainage function. Six test groups with a total of 110 test conditions were designed to consider the design factors and environmental factors in engineering practice,including layout of the drainage system, blockage of the drainage system and groundwater level fluctuation. It was found that there are significant differences in the water discharge, EWP and invert stability for the tunnels with the two drainage systems. Even with a dense arrangement of the external blind tubes, TDS was still difficult to eliminate the excessive EWP below the invert, which is the main cause for the invert instability. Blockage of drainage system further increased the invert uplift and aggravated the track irregularity, especially when the blockage degree is more than 50%. However, ODS can prevent these invert anomalies by reasonably controlling the EWP at tunnel bottom. Even when the groundwater level reached 60 m and the blind tubes were fully blocked, the invert stability can still be maintained and the railway track experienced a settlement of only 1.8 mm. Meanwhile, the on-site monitoring under several rainstorms further showed that the average EWP of the invert was controlled within 84 k Pa, while the maximum settlement of the track slab was only 0.92 mm, which also was in good agreement with the results of model test.

Comparative Analysis of Tunnel Seepage Field under Different Waterproof and Drainage System Using Analytical Methods

Tunnel seepage is an important factor affecting the progress and safety of tunnel construction. In this paper, the mining method tunnel construction in the water-rich weathered granite stratum is taken as the research object. Through the analytical calculation method, the distribution law of tunnel seepage field under different waterproof and drainage types is studied, and the comparative analysis is carried out. According to the analytical solution, the influencing factors of grouting parameters are proposed. The sensitivity of the tunnel seepage field to the variation of grouting parameters is analyzed. A novel waterproof and drainage system, and construction technology suitable for subway tunnels with large buried depth below groundwater level were proposed.

Waterproofing Technology of Underground Subway Tunnels

The waterproof construction of subway tunnels is a crucial and challenging aspect of subway tunnel engineering.Mastering excellent waterproof construction technology is essential to ensure that the construction meets design requirements and guarantees the safe operation of subway lines.This paper focuses on discussing waterproof construction technology for subway station tunnels.By analyzing the main methods and techniques of underground tunnel construction,as well as the key techniques and difficulties of waterproofing construction,this paper examines the waterproofing construction project of Guangzhou Metro Culture Park Station as a case study.It analyzes the methods,quality management practices,and safety management strategies applied in the project.This paper serves as a reference for tunnel engineering design and construction units in our country,offering insights into effective waterproof construction techniques for subway tunnels.

A novel tunnel waterproof-drainage system based on double-bonded waterproofing materials and its seepage characteristics

Double-bonded spray membrane waterproofing materials have excellent waterproofing performance and can improve the load-bearing capacity of tunnel linings,leading to an increasing global application.However,due to the double-bonded capability of spray membrane materials,traditional interlayer drainage methods cannot be applied.This limitation makes it difficult to use them in drainage-type tunnels,significantly restricting their range of applications.In this regard,a novel tunnel waterproof-drainage system based on double-bonded spray membrane materials was proposed in this paper.The proposed drainage system primarily comprises upper drainage sheets and bottom drainage blind pipes,both located in the tunnel circumferential direction,as well as longitudinal drainage pipes within the tunnel.Subsequently,numerical calculation methods are employed to analyze the seepage characteristics of this system,revealing the water pressure distribution around the tunnel.The results indicate that in the novel waterproof-drainage system,the water pressure in the secondary lining exhibits a“mushroom-shaped”distribution in the circumferential direction,while the water pressure in the longitudinal direction exhibits a“wave-like”distribution.Furthermore,comparative results with other waterproof-drainage systems indicate that under typical working conditions with a water head of 160 m and a rock permeability coefficient of 10^(−6)m/s,the maximum water pressure in the secondary lining of the novel waterproof-drainage system is 0.6 MPa.This represents a significant reduction compared to fully encapsulated waterproofing and traditional drainage systems,which respectively reduce the water pressure by 65%and 30%.The applicability analysis of the double-bonded waterproofing and drainage system reveals that it can reduce at least 40%of the static water pressure in any groundwater environments.The novel drainage system provides a valuable reference for the application of double-bonded spray membrane waterproofing materials in drainage-type tunnels.

Application of New Concept Waterproofing in Xiang'an Undersea Tunnel,China

As a kind of transportation mode for crossing channels, undersea tunnel has incomparable advantages for its directness, convenience, fastness, insusceptibility to weather conditions, and smaller influences on environments. In recent years, with the development of undersea tunnel construction, the design and construction technologies have been greatly enhanced. The first undersea tunnel in China has just been built. Waterproofing is the key technique of undersea tunneling. A new concept of waterproofing scheme of grouting, sealing, draining and divided sections was adopted in the construction of the tunnel based on the researches, the in-situ geological features, the astuteness of the current technology and the cost of construction. The structural details of the sealing and draining system are introduced to illustrate the salient features of the new waterproofing technique. It is hoped that experiences described in the paper can offer guidance for the construction of the extensive undersea tunnels in the coming years.

Optimal location and effect judgment on drainage tunnels for landslide prevention

An optimal drainage tunnel location determination method for landslide prevention was proposed to solve the existing problems in drainage tunnel construction. Current applications of drainage tunnel systems in China were reviewed and the fimctions of drainage tunnel were categorized as catchment and interception. Numerical simulations were conducted. The results show that both catchment and interception tunnels have variation of the function in the simulation of monolayer model, which shows the reduction of permeability condition in lower layer. The function of catchment can be observed in the deep slope, while the function of interception is observed near groundwater source. By using the slope safety factor and discharge water amount as the objectives of optimal drainage tunnel location, and pore-water pressure in fixed node and section flux as the judgment for construction quality of adjacent drainage tunnel, the design principle of drainage tunnel was introduced. The K103 Landslide was illustrated as an example to determine the optimal drainage tunnel location. The measured drainage tunnel efficiency was evaluated and compared with that from the numerical analyses based on groundwater data. The results validate the present numerical study.

Limiting drainage criterion for groundwater of mountain tunnel

Large amount of groundwater discharging from tunnel is likely to cause destruction of the ecological environment in the vicinity of the tunnel, thus an appropriate drainage criterion should be established to balance the tunnel construction and groundwater.To assess the related problems, an limiting drainage standard ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 m3/(m·d) was suggested for mountain tunnels based on survey and comparative analysis. After that, for the purpose of verifying the rationality of the standard, a calculated formula for dewatering funnel volume caused by drainage was deduced on the basis of the groundwater dynamics and experience method.Furthermore, the equation about the relationship between water discharge and drawdown of groundwater table was presented. The permeability coefficient, specific yield and groundwater table value were introduced, and then combined with the above equation, the drawdown of groundwater table under the proposed limiting drainage criterion was calculated. It is shown that the proposed drainage standard can reach the purpose of protecting ecological environment under the following two conditions. One is the permeability coefficient ranges from 10-4 to 10-5 m/s and the specific yield ranges from 0.1 to 0.001. The other is the permeability coefficient varies from 10-6 to 10-8 m/s and the specific yield varies from 0.1 to 0.01. In addition, a majority of common geotechnical layers are involved in the above ranges. Thus, the proposed limiting drainage standard which ranges from 0.5 to 2.0 m3/(m·d) for mountain tunnel is reasonable.

New Model for Environmental Impact Assessment of Tunneling Projects

Designers of infrastructure are aware that the government, owners and users become more and more concerned about negative environmental impacts of tunnels, so environmental assessment of tunnels are becoming an issue in the process of tunnel design. In this study, to assess tunnels in construction and operation phases, the matrix method, through which the “Impacting Factors” and “Environmental Components” are determined, is also outlined. The affected environment was divided into thirteen components, such as Ecology, Surface water, Air quality, etc. In this paper, matrix method was applied to evaluate the impact of tunneling in three typical tunnels and compare them with standard diagrams of Environmental Components that were derived and introduced. These tunnels were: Urban Utility tunnel in Tehran, Eurasia tunnel in Istanbul and Tsuen Wan drainage tunnel in Hong Kong. Based on the acquired results, the present paper finally concluded that among three cases, Tsuen Wan drainage tunnel affects the environment in construction phase more than others, while Eurasia tunnel effects on air quality are more significant in operation phase.

Application of Low-penetration Concrete as the Protecting Layer in Wuhan Yangtse River Tunnel Tube

Based on the Wuhan Yangtse River Tunnel Project, the low-penetration fiber concrete used in the protecting layer of Wuhan Yangtse River Tunnel tube has been studied in this paper. With the effect of silica fume, slag and polypropylene fiber on the anti-penetration of tunnel concrete by means of NEL test, XRD and SEM, some conclusions has been drawn. The affection on the anti-penetration capability of the four factors is capacity of silica fume>portion of short and long fiber> fiber VOL Portion>length of Fiber. Fiber capacity of 0.15% is still not good enough for the anti-penetration capability of concrete. While that of 0.5% has exceed the maximum, and the fiber tends to assemble together. Silica fume may greatly enhance the anti-penetration capability of concrete, while the relationship between them is not direct proportion. The average of chloric ion pervasion coefficient with 8% capacity of silica fume is the lowest. Slag may reacted with other component to generate lots of C-A-H. When reacted with free chloride ion, C-A-H may form friedel salt which may also enhance the Anti-penetration capability of concrete.

Weakening behavior of waterproof performance in joints of shield tunnels under adjacent constructions

Groundwater leakage in shield tunnels poses a threat to the safety and durability of tunnel structures. Disturbance of adjacent constructions during the operation of shield tunnels frequently occurs in China, leading to deformation of tunnel lining and leakage in joints. Understanding the impact of adjacent constructions on the waterproofing performance of the lining is critical for the protection of shield tunnels. In this study, the weakening behavior of waterproof performance was investigated in the joints of shield tunnels under transverse deformation induced by adjacent construction. First, the relationship between the joint opening and transverse deformation under three typical adjacent constructions (upper loading, upper excavation, and side excavation) was investigated via elaborate numerical simulations. Subsequently, the evolution of the waterproof performance of a common gasket with a joint opening was examined by establishing a coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian model of joint seepage, and a formula describing the relationship between waterproof performance and joint opening was proposed. Finally, the weakening law of waterproofing performance was investigated based on the results of the aforementioned studies. It was determined that the joints with the greatest decline in waterproof performance were located at the tunnel shoulder in the upper loading case, tunnel crown in the upper excavation case, and tunnel shoulder in the side excavation case. When the waterproof performance of these joints decreased to 50% and 30%, the transverse deformations were 60 and 90 mm under upper loading, 90 and 140 mm under upper excavation, and 45 and 70 mm under side excavation, respectively. The results provide a straightforward reference for setting a controlled deformation standard considering the waterproof performance.

Experimental investigation on waterproofing performance of segmental joint with double gaskets for shield tunnel

The waterproofing capacity of segmental joints is an essential indicator for the long-term service performance of shield tunnels.The segmental joints with double gaskets have been adopted to improve the waterproof performance for certain tunnels with high water pressure,especially water-conveyance tunnels.This paper presents a series of waterproofing tests on joints with different settings of double gaskets via an improved test apparatus.Four cases are investigated,including(i)double gaskets with equal high/low waterproof capacity,(ii)the outer gasket with higher waterproof capacity,and(iii)the outer gasket with lower waterproof capacity.Different joint openings are also considered.Moreover,the water pressures at two cavities are continuously monitored to highlight the waterproofing mechanism and failure pattern of double gaskets.The results demonstrate that the gasket with the higher waterproofing capacity dominates the overall waterproofing capacity of joint with double gaskets;only a little enhancement of the waterproofing capacity is found for the joint with the same double gaskets.The waterproofing capacity of joints with double gaskets decreases with the increase of the joint opening.The failure pattern depends on the arrangement of double gaskets,and four stages can be identified during the whole failure process.The advantages of double gaskets in case of joint rotation are also discussed.

成都平原浅层天然气高瓦斯隧道抽排性能评价

针对浅层天然气工区高瓦斯隧道盾构施工难的问题,借助工程实例,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验的方法,分析了成都平原浅层天然气抽排性能的影响因素,确定了研究区的有效抽排半径和抽排时间。结果表明,当裂隙渗透率为39 mD、瓦斯压力为0.31 MPa时,研究区浅层天然气高瓦斯工区的有效抽排半径为5 m、抽排时间为60 min,与煤层瓦斯的抽排参数差异巨大;抽排负压对抽排流量影响较大,对有效抽排半径影响较小;抽排流量和有效抽排半径与地层初始渗透率的变化呈现正相关关系。

盾构隧道管片接缝内外双道密封垫防水性能试验研究

为探究螺栓孔防水对内外双侧布置双道密封垫防水体系的影响,依托某超大直径盾构隧道工程,自主设计新型双道密封垫防水性能测试装置,开展考虑螺栓孔构造的内外双道密封垫防水体系耐水压测试。研究结果表明:1)螺栓孔对内外双侧布置双道密封垫的整体防水性能具有一定的控制作用,当螺栓孔防水能力不足时,其存在将成为内外双道密封垫防水体系的薄弱环节,可能早于内道密封垫发生渗漏,由此降低内外双道密封垫防水性能较单道密封垫的提升水平;2)当螺栓孔防水性能达到要求后,与单道密封垫相比,内外双侧布置双道密封垫防水体系的防水能力大幅提升;3)对于超大直径盾构隧道,当管片接缝采用内外双侧布置双道密封垫时,应确保螺栓孔防水性能满足双道密封垫间的协同防水要求。

格构技术在高铁隧道拱部防水板切割衬砌混凝土缺陷整治中的应用

[目的]许多与高铁隧道衬砌相关的缺陷随着高铁建成年限的增加逐渐凸显,防水板切割衬砌混凝土是其中较为严重的一种缺陷。为了减少结构扰动、降低对线路运行的影响,需采用新技术对高铁隧道拱部防水板切割衬砌缺陷进行整治。[方法]以我国西南地区某设计速度为200 km/h的高铁双线隧道为案例,对其发生拱部防水板切割衬砌混凝土后可采用的2个整治方案(现浇套拱、格构技术)进行了详细分析,并进行了结构的安全性、经济性对比评估。对格构技术缺陷整治方案的施工组织、工艺流程、防护措施及施工效果进行了重点论述。[结果及结论]与其他方案相比,格构技术整治方案充分利用了既有结构的承载能力,仅在局部区域修复隧道,对既有衬砌结构影响较小,对高铁线路的运营影响也较小。该方案能明显降低结构的主应力,减少结构位移,使缺陷衬砌的承载能力满足设计要求。

深埋岩溶隧道爆破开挖对围岩损伤及渗流特性的影响

深埋岩溶隧道开挖会造成围岩特殊的损伤破坏形式,并且损伤区也会影响围岩渗流场及隧道边界的涌水状况,对深埋岩溶隧道爆破开挖作用下围岩的损伤及渗流特性有重要的研究意义。为了研究爆破开挖对深埋岩溶隧道围岩损伤及渗流的影响规律,基于COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立数值模型并嵌入应力-渗流-损伤耦合方程式进行计算,采用解析法计算了简化条件下岩溶隧道开挖时围岩的应力分布,并与数值计算结果进行比较。结果表明:解析法与数值法计算的围岩应力分布有一致性,爆炸荷载使靠近溶洞侧隧道肩部及脚部区域会产生较大的拉应力;爆破后会在隔水岩柱形成“齿”状损伤区,同时引起肩部及脚部区域流速的增加,其可作为判断溶洞方位的参考依据;溶洞净距减小、洞径及水压增加会引起“齿”延伸倾角及最大涌水位置变化、隧道边界涌水量的增加,可根据“齿”延伸方向判断损伤区检测的合理方位,根据最大涌水位置变化、隧道边界涌水量的变化,合理调整涌水防治措施强度及重点防治部位。研究成果可为溶洞位置判定、隧道损伤区检测以及边界涌水防治措施提供参考。

贵州公路隧道洞内排水系统改进与应用实践

针对贵州早期建设的公路隧道洞内排水系统不合理,导致隧道排水不畅、渗漏水病害频发等问题,采用回顾分析方法,对不同时期贵州公路隧道的洞内排水系统特点进行了探讨和总结。结果表明:1)早期的“圆形中心排水沟+Ω形路侧边沟”排水系统中心水沟断面小,预制安装施工易出现接头错位、纵坡起伏等缺陷,Ω形路侧边沟易发生碾压破损;2)首次改进的“矩形中心排水沟+U形路侧边沟”排水系统加大了中心水沟断面,现浇施工能保证中心水沟断面和坡度顺直,改善了中心沟的排水能力,U形路侧边沟能避免被车轮碾压破损,但该排水系统仍存在横向排水路径较长、易发生淤堵、不便于检查维修及渗漏水病害处治等不足;3)再次改进的“三沟排水+梯形路侧边沟”排水系统缩短了横向排水路径,降低了横向导水管淤堵风险,增设的路侧排水暗沟能有效汇集围岩地下水,便于隧道渗漏水病害处治,更适合贵州地形地质复杂、降雨丰富、地下水易结晶等建设条件;4)在隧道排水系统改进和实践基础上,提出的可维护性排水系统设计构想增加了排水管和中心排水沟的可维护性,可为后续公路隧道的建设提供指导和借鉴。

超深埋隧洞防渗排水措施与衬砌外水压力分布规律

高外水压力是制约超深埋水工隧洞建设的关键性难题之一,以排水孔为中心的综合堵排措施是降低外水压力的主要举措。为克服传统排水孔实体单元法整体网格划分难度大和计算效率较低的问题,首先,基于ABAQUS平台开发了两节点排水孔线单元模型,并验证其在隧洞工程数值模拟分析中的正确性和有效性;其次,建立了考虑防渗排水措施的围岩-衬砌三维有限元模型,研究多种防渗排水措施下的隧洞渗流场及衬砌外水压力分布规律;最后,探讨了防渗灌浆圈与排水孔设计参数对外水压力分布的影响,提出了防渗灌浆圈与排水孔间隔布置的原则。研究结果表明:所开发的两节点排水孔线单元具有较高的精度,在排水孔数目繁多的模型中具有极高效率;排水孔数目越多、深度越大、排距越小,衬砌外水压力越低;排水孔能够有效降低衬砌的外水压力,而防渗灌浆圈降外压能力有限;在排水孔末端间隔一定厚度围岩后再施作防渗灌浆圈,可更有效发挥两者的降压作用。

基于双粘型防水材料的高水压隧道新型堵水限排方案及设计方法

为解决高水压隧道渗漏水病害并减少治理成本,基于双粘型喷膜防水材料,提出一种由注浆加固圈、双粘型防排水系统和防水衬砌3部分组成的新型堵水限排方案。依托数值计算方法,揭示该方案的水压分布特征并论证其有效性,进而分析注浆圈及排水板各参数对隧道涌水量及衬砌水压力的影响规律;在此基础上,提出高水压隧道多级控制型限排方案的设计方法。研究结果表明:1)新型堵水限排方案可通过调节注浆圈及排水板参数使二次衬砌水压力降低到可接受范围;2)与传统高水压隧道主要依靠注浆圈来调节渗水量及衬砌水压力不同,新型限排方案可采用注浆圈+排水板多级调控方法,方案设计更加灵活,其中注浆圈占主导作用;3)注浆圈对降低隧道渗水量及衬砌外水压力均有利,其中渗透系数参数最为重要;4)仅当注浆圈渗透系数得到保障时,才存在合理的排水板间距使衬砌水压力与隧道渗水量控制在合理范围内。

大直径盾构隧道内高速列车振动下管片接缝变形与防水性能仿真分析

[目的]为防治大直径盾构隧道渗漏水病害,保障高速列车行驶安全与隧道正常运营,必须对高速列车振动下的隧道管片接缝变形与防水性能进行分析研究。[方法]依托湛江湾海底隧道工程,利用有限元软件建立地层-隧道三维模型与密封垫-沟槽二维精细化模型。首先以纵缝为例研究了大直径盾构隧道内高速列车振动下管片位移动力响应与管片接缝变形特征,然后基于最不利管片接头变形工况分析了一种密封垫防水性能。[结果及结论]单列高速列车振动下管片接缝位移响应过程分为变形增加、变形危险与变形消退3个阶段;变形危险阶段管片环上部与左右两端处接缝张开且错台量较大,邻近接缝受两侧管片挤压作用张开且错台变小;轨道道床下接缝几乎无变形,轨道道床会大大减弱列车振动对管片衬砌的影响;密封垫与密封垫间接触应力呈U形分布,密封垫与管片沟槽间接触应力由中间接触部位向两边逐渐减小;相较于密封垫与管片沟槽间接触路径,密封垫与密封垫间接触面更易发生渗漏水。在本工程的最不利工况下,提供的一种三角形开孔密封垫能满足本隧道防水要求。

铺设排水板的水工隧洞组合衬砌受力特性研究

为研究铺设排水板的水工隧洞组合衬砌结构受力特性,基于有限元软件ABAQUS建立围岩-组合衬砌整体三维数值模型,考虑围岩的约束作用、结构交界面接触非线性和自密实混凝土开裂非线性,研究内水压作用下组合衬砌钢管、自密实混凝土、管片、螺栓等结构的受力特征以及排水板材料属性对组合衬砌结构承载性能的影响。研究结果表明:衬砌充水运行时,钢管发生“横椭圆”膨胀变形,整体出现上抬趋势,排水板端部钢管处于弯剪受力状态,整体应力水平较低;自密实混凝土在排水板端部开裂后发生错动,环向分布多条贯穿裂缝;管片变形主要发生在无排水板铺设区域,环向以受拉为主,而环向螺栓有较大的安全裕度;排水板材料属性对组合衬砌承载性能影响显著,随着其弹性模量略微增加,钢管各部位内水压承载比明显降低,自密实混凝土底部发生开裂,管片环向拉应力持续增大,组合衬砌出现整体联合承载趋势,对管片受力较为不利,后期优化设计应以控制排水板弹性模量为主,建议其弹性模量取值不超过10 MPa,以保证衬砌结构安全运行。研究成果可为水工隧洞组合衬砌结构设计提供参考。