CO_2 flux and seasonal variability in the turbidity maximum zone and surrounding area in the Changjiang River estuary

The turbidity maximum zone(TMZ) is one of the most important regions in an estuary.However,the high concentration of suspended material makes it difficult to measure the partial pressure of CO_2(pCO_2) in these regions.Therefore,very little data is available on the pCO_2 levels in TMZs.To relatively accurately evaluate the CO_2 flux in an example estuary,we studied the TMZ and surrounding area in the Changjiang(Yangtze) River estuary.From seasonal cruises during February,August,November 2010,and May 2012,the pCO_2 in the TMZ and surrounding area was calculated from pH and total alkalinity(TA)measured in situ,from which the CO_2 flux was calculated.Overall,the TMZ and surrounding area acted as a source of atmosphere CO_2 in February and November,and as a sink in May and August.The average FCO_2was-9,-16,5,and 5 mmol/(m^2·d) in May,August,November,and February,respectively.The TMZ's role as a source or sink of atmosphere CO_2 was quite different to the outer estuary.In the TMZ and surrounding area,suspended matter,phytoplankton,and pH were the main factors controlling the FCO_2,but here the influence of temperature,salinity,and total alkalinity on the FCO_2 was weak.Organic carbon decomposition in suspended matter was the main reason for the region acting as a CO_2 source in winter,and phytoplankton production was the main reason the region was a CO_2 sink in summer.

Heavy metals in suspended matters during a tidal cycle in the turbidity maximum around the Changjiang(Yangtze) Estuary

In order to discuss the content distributions and fluxes of heavy metals in suspended matters during a tidal cycle in the turbidity maximum around the Changjiang （Yangtze） Estuary, the contents of heavy metals （Zn, Pb, Cd, Co and Ni） have been analyzed. During a tidal cycle, the average contents of heavy metals are in the order of Zn〉Ni〉Pb〉Co〉〉Cd. The average contents in ebb tide are generally higher than that in flood tide. However, at the inshore Sta. 11, influenced by the contamination from the nearby waste treatment plant, the average contents of Zn and Ni in flood tide are higher than those in ebb fide and at the offshore Sta. 10, the content of Cd in flood tide higher than that in ebb tide due to marine-derived materials. The five heavy metals, mainly terrigenous, are transported towards east-northeast, and settle down with suspended matters in the area between Sta. 11 and Sta. 10. Influenced by marine-derived materials, the flux value of Cd does not alter significantly with obviously changing in flux direction towards northwest. The source of heavy metals, the salinity of water and the concentration of suspended matters are the main factors controlling the content distributions of heavy metals during a tidal cycle. There is a positive correlation between the contents of heavy metals （Zn, Pb, Co and Ni） and the salinity of water, while the opposite correlation between the contents and the concentrations of suspended matters. Because of marine-derived materials, the content of Cd is not correlated with the concentration of suspended matters and the salinity of water.

Changes over flood season in turbidity maximum zone in a mountainous macrotidal estuary from 1986 to 2020

The construction of channel regulation projects,reservoirs,and other human activities have led to significant changes in channel geometry and hydrodynamic conditions in mountainous macrotidal estuaries.However,their impact on the long-term evolution of the turbidity maximum zone(TMZ)in these estuaries is still unclear.Therefore,the Minjiang Estuary(ME)was selected as the study area and using the Gabor filter and surface suspended sediment concentration(SSSC)data retrieved from GF PMS/WFV and Landsat-TM/ETM+/OLI images in the flood season from 1986 to 2020,the flow direction of Chuanshi Waterway,the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of TMZ in the ME,and the influence of human activities on these were analyzed.The results indicate that during flood tides in the past 35 years,the TMZ was mainly distributed in sections from the Changmen to the Chuanshi and Meihua waterways.The construction of the Shuikou Reservoir caused the SSSC to decrease by 65 mg/L at the Chuanshi Tidal Gauge Station in the ME.The TMZ in the ME waterway channel notably migrated toward the sea due to the waterway regulation project,with the landward and seaward boundaries moving by 2.5 km and 3 km seaward,respectively.The main distribution area moved from Jinpaimen to the section from Chuanshi Waterway to the mouth of the ME.These variation characteristics were basically consistent with the annual average TMZ in the flood season.Through the interactions between nature and human interventions,the flow regime of the ME tended to converge in the flood season.Therefore,human activities have significantly impacted the long-term evolution of the TMZ in the ME.

Suspended sediment load in the turbidity maximum zone at the Yangtze River Estuary： The trends and causes

Based on the analysis of suspended sediment elements at estuaries, influence of human activities and estuarine regulation projects on the turbidity maximum zone was studied according to the measurement data between 1959 and 2011. It was found that human activi- ties had little effect on the seaward water while the sharp decrease of sediment volume and concentration in runoff led to the sharp decrease of turbidity maximum zone in the estuary. The concentration at outside sea and Hangzhou Bay did not change, and that along the Subei coast also decreased a little, which had no influence on the turbidity maximum zone. Com- pared with the concentration between 1959 and 1999, the peak of concentration moved up- stream in the estuary, and the concentration in 2000-2009 decreased by about 24.73% with a narrower variation range along the river to the sea. The suspended sediment concentration in North Passage was low in upstream and downstream because of the decrease of seaward sediment and coarsening of bed material, while it was relatively high in the middle due to the influence of sediment cross the north jetty.

长江口南槽最大浑浊带潮周期内悬沙变化规律及其影响因素

最大浑浊带水体悬沙时空变化过程是河口沉积动力学研究的核心内容之一。利用2013年6月16—24日在长江口南槽最大浑浊带自小潮至大潮连续9天的逐时定点水文及悬沙观测资料,分析南槽最大浑浊带悬沙垂向变化特征及影响机制,由此加深对长江口最大浑浊带形成及变化的理解。主要结果包括:(1)南槽最大浑浊带悬沙平均粒径为3.52~18.84μm。从小潮到大潮、从表层水体到底层水体,悬沙粒径逐渐增大,水体含沙量逐渐增大,含沙量为0.12~2.29 g/L。(2)水体流速呈现自下而上、自小潮到大潮逐渐增大的态势,与悬沙粒径的关联度较好;而水体盐度呈现自上而下、自小潮到大潮逐渐增大的态势,与悬沙含量的关联度较好。(3)南槽最大浑浊带水体悬沙垂向变化涵括两种控制机制:涨落潮作用引起的底沙再悬浮控制水体悬沙约7 h的周期性变化;涨潮流挟带的口外泥沙絮凝形成的絮团在涨潮流和重力作用的影响下引起水体悬沙出现约14 h的周期性变化特征。

长江口南槽最大浑浊带表层沉积物动态变化研究

河口最大浑浊带表层沉积物的动态变化在很大程度上反映径潮流交汇作用影响的悬底沙交换过程,直接关联最大浑浊带区域的拦门沙冲淤整治。利用2013年6月在长江口南槽最大浑浊带小潮至大潮期间定点持续采集的共9 d逐时水文资料及表层沉积物等数据,分析了南槽最大浑浊带表层沉积物沉积动力过程。主要结果包括:(1)南槽最大浑浊带表层沉积物颗粒较细,以粉砂为优势粒级,沉积物分选性较差,平均粒径、分选系数及偏态自小潮到大潮呈逐渐减小的特征。落潮时水体悬浮泥沙易发生絮凝沉降,表层沉积物较细,以极细粉砂为主;涨潮期间,受涨潮顶托作用,以细砂为主的水体粗颗粒泥沙易于沉降,表层沉积物较粗。(2)沉积物组分存在2种变化模式:主要模式为潮流作用及盐水絮凝引起细颗粒悬沙沉降,以粗黏土及极细粉砂为主的沉积模式;次要模式为径流作用下,细颗粒泥沙被冲刷,细砂比重增加,导致表层沉积物变粗,以中粉砂为主的沉积特征;其中径流主导了表层沉积物的短时间内变化,而盐度的变化决定了表层沉积物整体的粗细转换。

Relationship between nutrients and plankton biomass in the turbidity maximum zone of the Pearl River Estuary

Nutrients,dissolved and particulate organic carbon and plankton（bacterio-,phyto-and zoo-）were compared in the turbidity maximum zone（TMZ） and adjacent areas（non-TMZ） in the Pearl River estuary.Our results showed that high levels of suspended substances had marked effect on dynamics of nutrients and plankton in the TMZ.Based on the cluster analysis of total suspended solids（TSS） concentrations,all stations were divided into two groups,TMZ with average TSS of 171 mg/L and non-TMZ of 45 mg/L.Suspended substances adsorbed PO^（3-）_4 and dissolved organic carbon,resulting in higher particulate phosphorus and organic carbon（POC）and lower PO^（3-）_4 and DOC in the TMZ,compared to the non-TMZ.However,suspended substances had limited effect on nitrogenous nutrients.Phytoplankton growth was light-limited due to high concentrations of suspended substances in the TMZ and a peak of phytoplankton abundance appeared in the non-TMZ.In contrast,the highest bacterial abundance occurred in the TMZ,which was likely partly responsible for low DOC levels.Two peaks of zooplankton abundance observed in the TMZ and non-TMZ in the Pearl River estuary were primarily supported by bacteria and phytoplankton,respectively.Our finding implied that high levels of suspended solids in the TMZ affect the trophic balance.

氧18示踪法在浮游植物生产力监测中的应用

浮游植物光合和呼吸作用是调节河口碳交换的重要过程。本文在模拟实验基础上,采用重氧水(H 218 O)加富法培养海水,用四极杆质谱精确测定溶氧的变化和重氧(18 O 16 O)的生物富集速率,同步测定总生产力(Gross primary production,GPP)与净群落生产力(Net community production,NCP),估测长江口最大浑浊带、锋面地带和冲淡水延伸区域(舟山海域)的水柱积分GPP和NCP。结果表明,受光限制影响,最大浑浊带水柱积分GPP低(6.11 mmol·m^(-2)·d^(-1)),呼吸作用造成NCP为负值,呈异养状态;锋面水柱积分GPP和NCP分别为164.87和135.91 mmol·m^(-2)·d^(-1),主要由表层水体的硅藻贡献,周转效率高达0.82;舟山海域水柱积分GPP和NCP分别为235.44和180.75 mmol·m^(-2)·d^(-1),主要由0~15 m水体的甲藻贡献,周转效率为0.77。

长江口最大浑浊带浮游植物的生态研究

研究海区浮游植物数量的时空变化具有相当明显的潮汐节律特征。具体表现为：１．洪、枯水期均为大潮的数量高于小潮的数量，洪季前者为后者的６．８倍；枯季前者为后者的６．１倍。２．洪、枯期的大小潮期，基本上都以涨憩的数量高于落憩的数量。３．洪、枯季均为大潮期的数量空间分布不均，疏密分布（斑块）现象明显。此外，１９８８年枯季的大小潮期的数量均要比洪季的数量为高。此一现象与调查区外侧的浮游植物的空间分布状况密切相关。种类组成较为单纯，在数量上以骨条藻和圆筛藻等低盐沿岸性种占绝对优势。粗根管藻和距端根管藻等高盐外海暖流性种在洪季所占比例也相当大，是一种较为特殊的现象。

长江口最大浑浊带及邻近水域营养盐的分布特征

根据2003年11月-2004年8月4个航次的调查数据，探讨了长江口最大浑浊带及邻近水域营养盐的分布特征。结果表明，营养盐浓度一般随盐度的增加而减小，不同营养盐表现出不同的平面分布和季节变化特点。最大浑浊带所处地理位置、水动力状况、高悬浮体含量以及生物活动等决定了营养盐分布不同于整个调查水域。与整个调查水域相比，最大浑浊带营养盐浓度更高；无机N的硝化作用进行得更为充分；高的DIN／PO4—P和SiO3-Si／PO4-P比（远高于Redfield比），相对低的SiO3-Si／DIN比等。透明度是最大混浊带浮游植物生长的主要限制因素。营养盐在河口的转移除了海水稀释作用外，还有部分的生物转移以及受悬浮体一沉积物系统的影响，特别是PO4-P。在最大浑浊带，富营养化现象更为严重。

长江口最大浑浊带悬移质、底质微量金属形态分布

本文用Ｔｅｓｓｉｅｒ分离方法分析了长江口最大浑浊带洪、枯季悬移质和表层底质样品中Ｃｄ，Ｃｕ：，Ｐｂ和Ｚｎ的形态分布，结果表明：Ｃｄ主要以非残渣态存在，占总量９０％左右，其中铁锰氧化物结合态占多数，其次为碳酸盐结合态和离子交换态；Ｐｂ在非残渣态中比例约有７４％，其中铁锰氧化物结合态占近一半，Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ约有６０％以非残渣态存在。其中有机态Ｃｕ比例较高。离子交换态的Ｃｕ和Ｐｂ接近为零．悬移质中微量金属不仅存在洪、枯季变化，而且存在空间变化，涨憩时南槽高于北槽，而落憩时则相反。表层悬移质微量金属含量沿南，北槽向海有递减趋势。总量变化与非残渣特别是铁锰氧化态和有机态的变化有良好的相关性。

黄河口有机碳的时空输运特征及其影响因素分析

通过2004年4月,2004年9月,2005年9月,2006年4月4个航次,结合2003年8月对河道感潮带的连续同步观测,对低流量下黄河口有机碳的输运特征进行了考察。结果发现:黄河输入至河口的悬浮物中颗粒有机碳(POC)含量约为0.51%,主要以陆源输入为主,几乎不受季节变化影响,由于大量POC含量低的陆源泥沙的稀释作用,浮游植物对总颗粒有机碳的贡献只有在悬浮物含量(TSS)<200 mg/L时才能显现出来;黄河口TSS超过455 mg/L时,有机碳入海以颗粒有机碳为主;反之,以溶解有机碳为主。黄河口悬浮物在低盐度区沉降作用前后的中值粒径降低,Φ>16μm的悬浮物的沉降作用比Φ<16μm的悬浮物更为剧烈,POC含量随悬浮物粒径的降低而升高,黄河携带的颗粒有机碳80%以上集中在Φ<16μm的TSS中;低流量下,黄河口最大混浊带对POC的过滤效率为65%,混浊带对POC的过滤效应能造成黄河口POC的有效通量被高估;由于受黄河口沉积物向水体解析DOC的影响,在盐度小于10时,DOC几乎不受海水稀释作用的影响,但在盐度大于10的区域DOC与盐度表现出良好的负相关关系,黄河口枯、丰水期淡水端溶解有机碳的有效浓度分别高于实测最高值20%和10%左右,从而造成黄河口DOC有效通量被低估。

河口最大浑浊带形成的动力模式和数值试验

应用改进的ECOM模式,耦合泥沙输运模型,研究理想河口最大浑浊带形成的动力机制。河口最大浑浊带位于滞流点处,上下游余流均向该处输运泥沙,造成该处泥沙汇合,而由流场辐合产生的上升流又使该处的泥沙不易落淤。南岸(河口东向)的泥沙浓度比北岸高,最大浑浊带位于南岸,这是由于盐水入侵带来的高盐水位于北岸的底层,其斜压效应使底层的环流由北向南流动,把底层高浓度的泥沙向南岸平流,聚集于南岸底层。除上游河流泥沙来源外,强大的涨落潮流冲刷床面,使沉降于床面的泥沙再次悬浮,成为余流输运泥沙的来源之一。

长江口枯季悬沙粒度与浓度之间的关系

2003和2004年枯季在长江口采集水样并作水文观测,对所获水样进行过滤和粒度分析,以计算悬沙浓度和悬沙粒度分布。结果表明,2003年11月小潮期间,悬沙中值粒径与悬沙浓度存在着显著的指数关系,在大潮期间没有显著关系;在2004年2月小潮期间,两者之间没有显著关系,但在大潮期间存在着显著的指数关系。枯季水体悬沙以粉砂组份为主,并且随着向口外的推移,细颗粒组份逐渐增加,但在拦门沙最大浑浊带附近,由于絮凝作用,沉积物粒度变幅较大,可产生粒径粗化的现象。小潮期间,砂含量较低,但与悬沙浓度之间有显著相关关系;大潮期间,悬沙粒径粗化,但砂含量与悬沙浓度之间的关系不显著。上述分布趋势与沉积物来源、当地的水动力条件和絮凝作用等因素有密切关系。

径流量和海平面变化对河口最大浑浊带的影响

应用改进的ECOM模式,耦合泥沙输运方程,研究径流量和海平面变化对河口最大浑浊带的影响.河口最大浑浊带位于滞流点处,底层上下游余流均向该处输运泥沙,造成该处泥沙汇合,而由流场辐合产生的上升流又使该处的泥沙不易落淤.由于盐水入侵带来的高盐水位于北岸的底层,其斜压效应使底层的横向环流由北向南流动,把底层高浓度的泥沙向南岸平流,使得最大浑浊带位于南岸.研究河口最大浑浊带现象必须使用三维泥沙输运模式.在径流量增大的情况下,与控制试验相比底层向陆的密度流减弱,滞流点下移,导致最大浑浊带也下移;因上游来沙量增加,在最大浑浊带中心和河口拦门沙处悬浮泥沙浓度趋于增加.在径流量减少的情况下,最大浑浊带的变化趋势与径流量增大情况的结果相反.在海平面上升的情况下,拦门沙区域底层向陆的密度流趋于增强,滞流点上移,最大浑浊带也相应向上游移动;最大浑浊带中心处泥沙浓度趋于增大,但口门拦门沙处泥沙浓度趋于减小.径流量和海平面变化对最大浑浊带影响明显.

闽江下游及河口悬浮物时空分布特征及其影响因素

为了解闽江下游及河口悬浮物的时空变化特征和影响因素,于2014~2015年采集了研究区4个季节的水样,并在河口进行了冬、春季2次加密采样。结果表明:从闽江水口水库经河口至外海,悬浮物浓度呈现"低→高→低"的分布特征,并具有春、夏季高于秋、冬季的季节变化特征;河口悬浮物浓度从涨潮至低潮阶段,总体呈现由河端向海端降低的特征,且其浓度冬季高于春季;河口冬季水体混合作用较强,盐度分层不明显;春季盐度分层显著,且涨潮和高潮时河口盐水楔活动影响悬浮物分布;河口最大浑浊带的规模呈现枯兴洪衰的趋势,其位置随潮汐的涨落上下摆动,通常秋、冬季偏上游,而春、夏季偏下游;闽江河口悬浮物时空分布受径流、潮流及盐度分布等影响显著,且强潮流、分支水道、盐水楔等因素对悬浮物的影响被放大,中小型河口更多地反映出各因素及其河口自身特征的综合影响;与中国其他河流相比,闽江河口悬浮物浓度远低于黄河河口,与长江河口相近,高于位于其南侧的珠江河口;闽江河口悬浮物的季节变化特征与其他河流相反;各河口悬浮物随潮周期的变化规律类似;闽江河口总体呈冲刷状态,水动力增强,悬浮物浓度呈上升趋势,对河口地貌、河口生态和港口航运等产生影响。

长江口最大浑浊带悬浮颗粒中有机重金属的异常

长江口悬浮颗粒中重金属的化学形态分析结果表明：从徐六径到口外海滨，悬浮颗粒中铅、铜、锌的有机态含量总趋势是逐步下降，但在最大浑浊带出现一个峰值；受潮流作用较强的南槽最大浑浊带比受径流作用较强的北槽最大浑浊带有机容重金属的含量高得多，这种现象洪季比枯季尤为显著；最大浑浊带内，南槽最大浑浊带钢、锌的有机态含量显著增加，与长江口其它河段有明显的差别．

河口最大浑浊带浮游植物生态动力过程研究进展

通过对近十几年来河口最大浑浊带浮游植物生态动力过程研究的报道进行综述 ,阐明该方面研究的最新进展。研究结果表明 ,河口最大浑浊带的湍流混合过程增大了浮游植物细胞光合作用的机会 ;重力环流致使浮游植物及其光合作用所需的物质能较长时间的停留 ;再悬浮过程使微型底栖藻类对最大浑浊带水体中叶绿素产生明显贡献 ;锋面强烈的辐合聚集作用则可使浮游植物在锋面附近出现高值现象。最后对河口最大浑浊带浮游植物生态动力过程的继续研究提出了几点看法。

九龙江河口湾区冬季海水二甲基硫浓度的分布特征

以九龙江河口湾区为研究区域探寻受人为干扰严重的河口湾区DMS排放规律 .2 0 0 1年冬季采样调查发现在九龙江河口和湾口区叶绿素、盐度和营养盐等环境因子呈现出区域差异 ,海水DMS也存在明显的空间分布特征 ,平均浓度分别为1 0 1 0和 2 4 2 1ng·L-1 .随着海水盐度从低到高 ,DMS浓度出现先降低后升高的现象 。