Novel Method for Evaluating the Aging of Aviation Turbine Engine Oils via High-Temperature Bearing Deposit Tests

Aviation turbine engine oils require excellent thermal-oxidative stability because of their high-temperature environments.High-temperature bearing deposit testing is a mandatory method for measuring the thermal-oxidative performance of aviation lubricant oils,and the relevant apparatus was improved in the present study.Two different commercial aviation turbine engine oils were tested,one with standard performance(known as the SL oil)and the other with high thermal stability,and their thermal-oxidative stability characteristics were evaluated.After 100 h of high-temperature bearing testing,the SL oil was analyzed by using various analytical techniques to investigate its thermal-oxidative process in the bearing test,with its thermal-oxidative degradation mechanism also being discussed.The results indicate that the developed high-temperature bearing apparatus easily meets the test requirements of method 3410.1 in standard FED-STD-791D.The viscosity and total acid number(TAN)of the SL oil increased with the bearing test time,and various deposits were produced in the bearing test,with the micro-particles of the carbon deposits being sphere-like,rod-like,and sheet-like in appearance.The antioxidant additives in the oil were consumed very rapidly in the first 30 h of the bearing test,with N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine being consumed faster than dioctyldiphenylamine.Overall,the oil thermal-oxidative process involves very complex physical and chemical mechanisms.

Sand deposit-detecting method and its application in model test of sand flow

Against the background of the sand-flow foundation treatment engineering of Guangzhou Zhoutouzui variable cross-section immersed tunnel, a kind of sand deposit-detecting method was devised on the basis of full-scale model test of sand-flow method. The real-time data of sand-deposit height and radius were obtained by the self-developed sand-deposit detectors. The test results show that the detecting method is simple and has high precision. In the use of sand-flow method, the sand-carrying capability of fluid is limited, and sand particles are all transported to the sand-deposit periphery through crater, gap and chutes after the sand deposit formed. The diffusion range of the particles outside the sand-deposit does not exceed 2.0 m. Severe sorting of sand particles is not observed because of the unique oblique-layered depositing process. The temporal and spatial distributions of gap and chutes directly affect the sand-deposit expansion, and the expansion trend of the average sand-deposit radius accords with quadratic time-history curve.

Numerical investigations on mechanical characteristics and failure mechanism of outwash deposits based on random meso-structures using discrete element method

Outwash deposit is a unique type of geological materials, and its features such as heterogeneity, discontinuity and nonlinearity determine the complexity of mechanical characteristics and failure mechanism. In this work, random meso-structure of outwash deposits was constructed by the technique of computer random simulation based on characteristics of its meso-structure in the statistical sense and some simplifications, and a series of large direct shear tests on numerical samples of outwash deposits with stone contents of 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% were conducted using the discrete element method to further investigate its mechanical characteristics and failure mechanism under external load. The results show that the deformation characteristics and shear strength of outwash deposits are to some extent improved with the increase of stone content, and the shear stress–shear displacement curves of outwash deposits show great differences at the post-peak stage due to the random spatial distribution and content of stones. From the mesoscopic view, normal directions of contacts between "soil" and "stone" particles undergo apparent deflection as the shear displacement continues during the shearing process, accompanying redistribution of the magnitude of contact forces during the shearing process. For outwash deposits, the shear zone formed after shear failure is an irregular stripe due to the movements of stones near the shear zone, and it expands gradually with the increase of stone content. In addition, there is an approximately linear relation between the mean increment of internal friction angle and the stone content lying between 30% and 60%, and a concave nonlinear relation between the mean increment of cohesion and stone content, which are in good agreement with the existing research results.

Numerical simulation of direct shear tests on mechanical properties of talus deposits based on self-adaptive PCNN digital image processing

The macro mechanical properties of materials with characteristics of large scale and complicated structural composition can be analyzed through its reconstructed meso-structures.In this work,the meso-structures of talus deposits that widely exist in the hydro-power engineering in the southwest of China were first reconstructed by small particles according to the in-situ photographs based on the self-adaptive PCNN digital image processing,and then numerical direct shear tests were carried out for studying the mechanical properties of talus deposits.Results indicate that the reconstructed meso-structures of talus deposits are more consistent with the actual situation because the self-adaptive PCNN digital image processing has a higher discrimination in the details of soil-rock segmentation.The existence and random distribution of rock blocks make the initial shear stiffness,the peak strength and the residual strength higher than those of the "pure soil" with particle size less than 1.25 cm apparently,but reduce the displacements required for the talus deposits reaching its peak shear strength.The increase of rock proportion causes a significant improvement in the internal friction angle of talus deposit,which to a certain degree leads to the characteristics of shear stress-displacement curves having a changing trend from the plastic strain softening deformation to the nonlinear strain hardening deformation,while an unconspicuous increase in cohesion.The uncertainty and heterogeneity of rock distributions cause the differences of rock proportion within shear zone,leading to a relatively strong fluctuation in peak strengths during the shear process,while movement features of rock blocks,such as translation,rotation and crossing,expand the scope of shear zone,increase the required shear force,and also directly lead to the misjudgment that the lower shear strength is obtained from the samples with high rock proportion.That,however,just explains the reason why the shear strength gained from a small amount of indoor test data is not consistent with engineering practice.

Study on the mechanical properties of outwash deposits with random structure method

Outwash deposit is one of the major threats to the safety and stability of railway transit engineering in the Sichuan–Tibet area.In this paper,different samples of outwash deposits were prepared based on the random structure method,and a series of large-scale direct shear tests were carried out under different normal stresses.The influence of stone content and the spatial distribution of stone blocks on the physical and mechanical properties of outwash deposits were studied.The results show that with the increase of stone content,the shear stress-displacement curve changs from strain softening to strain hardening.The shear zone is larger,and its shape is more tortuous due to the movement and rotation of stone blocks.The internal frictional angle increases linearly while the cohesion diseases with the increase of stone content.The main influence of the spatial distribution of stone blocks on the mechanical properties of outwash deposits is the peak stress.The shear zone is mainly determined by the distribution of the stone blocks near the shear zone.

黏土中筒型基础竖向承载影响深度研究

开展筒型基础在上黏下砂成层土中模型试验,提出“砂层下探法”确定竖向荷载影响深度。分析结果发现:均质黏土中,宽浅式筒型基础竖向承载影响深度约为筒端以下0.5倍筒径,随着长径比的增加,竖向承载影响深度缓慢增加;在强度随深度线性增长的黏土中,竖向承载影响深度与土体不均匀系数呈反比。

粉煤灰堆积体大断面连拱隧道失稳破坏模式及施工力学研究

国内目前并无在粉煤灰堆积体中采用暗挖法修建大断面连拱隧道的先例,给隧道的设计和施工带来了巨大挑战。依托盐坪坝隧道工程,开展了室内相似模型试验,探讨了该地层下大断面连拱隧道塌落拱演化规律及开挖施工力学行为。研究结果表明:连拱隧道在粉煤灰堆积体中开挖极易发生失稳,将失稳过程划分为4个演化阶段,破坏模式具有突发性、剧烈性、对称性、同步性特征;塌落拱高度约为隧道开挖跨度的40%。采用单侧壁导坑法开挖时粉煤灰堆积体承载力严重不足,根据相似换算关系左、右洞拱顶沉降分别为16.86,14.91cm,需对地层实施注浆加固;地层沉降呈对称“双峰状”,先行洞相较于后行洞受开挖影响较大,中隔墙的承载作用能够有效降低地层位移,单洞压力拱向双洞压力拱转换过程中,中隔墙受到偏压作用容易向先行洞侧偏转,建议在先行洞开挖时中隔墙添加支撑物。

有机工质向心透平气动设计与性能优化研究

为提升有机工质向心透平的效率与性能,对400 kW有机工质向心透平进行了一维气动设计。在一维气动设计结果的基础上进行建模,并结合三维数值模拟预测了有机工质向心透平在设计工况下的性能。以向心透平等熵效率为目标,采用均匀试验法对动叶轮的子午流道进行优化设计。结果表明:与原始向心透平相比,优化后的向心透平流场压力分布层次更加分明,整体熵增减小,产生的摩擦损失、尾迹损失明显减小,叶片做功能力增大,向心透平内部的流动情况得到了改善,等熵效率由原来的82.33%提高到85.92%,输出功率也增大了18.04 kW。

黑龙江干流黑河市城区段河床演变研究

黑龙江黑河市城区河段河道受自然及人为因素影响,河床演变复杂。采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和双累积曲线法分析了水沙变化趋势。基于实测水文和泥沙资料,对河床稳定性及冲淤变化进行了定量研究。研究结果表明,该河段属于少沙河流,结雅河口以上年径流和输沙量随时间呈减小趋势,结雅河口以下年径流没有明显的趋势性变化,年输沙量呈减小趋势。自然状态下,河段岸线和深泓线位置基本稳定,河床冲淤变化不大,以约10年为一个周期,基本可以达到冲淤平衡。在人类活动及支流汇入影响下,黑河水位站至长发岛段纵向不稳定,预测会引起该段未防护岛屿洲滩的岸线变迁。

透平试验件对试验台横振不平衡响应的影响

重型燃气轮机透平试验台系统由试验台和试验件两部分构成。对于已经建成的试验台,需要考虑不同试验件对试验台横振不平衡响应的影响。本文利用机械阻抗综合法的阻抗匹配原理,将未知试验件的动力学特性模化为交界面上的机械阻抗,来确定试验件对试验台横振不平衡响应的影响,得出未知试验件的设计限制范围。同时,建立了某个试验件和试验台的动力学模型,分析了该系统的横向振动不平衡响应,验证了试验件不平衡响应的设计限制范围的有效性。

基于GUM法的风电叶片结构试验方法不确定度研究

针对风电叶片全尺寸结构试验方法,首先分析试验过程中所需测量物理量的不确定度因素来源;其次利用GUM法建立不确定度数学模型,然后评定各部分输入量的标准不确定度;最后分析得到叶片结构试验各测试物理量的合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度,从而建立风电叶片试验不确定度的系统评价方法。

汽轮发电机定子线圈温差故障分析和处理实例

文章基于国外某电厂300 MW等级水氢氢汽轮发电机定子线圈温差故障分析和处理实例,阐述了因铜氧化物沉积堵塞引起的定子线圈温差现象及独特的温度波动现象,介绍了铜腐蚀及铜氧化物的沉积现象和原理。针对定子线圈堵塞的情况,提出了一种在发电机不抽转子情况下进行定子线圈单支路吹扫的方法,同时提出了一种用以解决定子线圈鼻端接头漏水问题的注胶封堵方法。

Large-scale wind turbine blade design and aerodynamic analysis

Incorporating controlled elitism and dynamic distance crowding strategies, a modified NSGA-II algorithm based on a fast and genetic non-dominated sorting algorithm is developed with the aim of obtaining a novel multi-objective optimization design algorithm for wind turbine blades. As an example, a high-performance 1.5 MW wind turbine blade, taking maximum annual energy production and minimum blade mass as the optimization objectives, was designed. A 1/16-scale model of this blade was tested in a 12 m × 16 m wind tunnel and the experimental results validated the high performance. Moreover, both the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method and a free-vortex method (FVM) were applied to calculating the aerodynamic performance, which was consistent with the experimental data. For completeness, the CFD and FVM were used to analyze the wake structure, and good and consistent results were obtained between them.

不同雾化方式喷雾场的数值分析与试验验证

为了研究植保雾化喷头的雾化效果,基于CFD中拉格朗日粒子跟踪气液两相流模型,分别结合压力雾化和空气雾化模型对不同风速下的雾滴粒径、运动速度、质量浓度分布规律进行了对比计算.计算结果表明:压力雾化模型中,雾滴粒径小于100μm的占比小于2%,粒径175μm的细雾滴占比约为25%,近喷雾口处雾滴速度更高,约是空气雾化模型的5倍;雾滴质量浓度分布更均匀;当风速达到4 m/s时,细雾滴分布比例增加,雾滴会出现二次破碎.空气雾化模型,中等雾滴粒径分布在400~600μm,占比约为20%,雾滴速度衰减慢,喷雾口附近雾滴不易逆风运动;雾滴沉积范围小,喷幅较窄,大部分雾滴沉降在以喷头为中心的1.5 m范围内.此外,完成了低速风洞试验,收集雾滴沉积并进行卡方检验,结果表明2个雾化模型对于喷雾场中液滴沉积值均可信,但压力雾化模型计算值与试验值偏离度较小.

结冰粘结特性评估与测试方法研究进展

近年来,全球气候变化加剧,极端天气频繁出现。极寒和结冰等自然灾害给风力机的安全高效运行带来严重影响。探明风力机叶片结冰机理,获得冰与材料之间的粘结特性,是研发经济高效防除冰技术的基础。该文针对目前结冰粘结性的粘结理论、评估指标和测试方法进行梳理,对比分析各种测试方法的特点,为风力机结冰机理研究与防除冰技术开发提供依据。

500 m级水头段冲击式水轮发电机组现场效率试验研究

以厄瓜多尔德尔西水电站1号水轮发电机组为例,按照IEC标准开展水轮机热力学法和发电机量热法现场效率试验,并对现场效率试验结果进行研究。结果表明:采用热力学法得到的水轮机加权平均效率为91.35%,采用总体损耗法得到的发电机加权平均效率为97.78%,采用分项损耗法得到的发电机加权平均效率为97.76%,效率试验结果均高于合同保证值,现场效率试验工况选择和加权因子对机组加权效率的影响比较明显,建议在现场效率试验前进行机组效率的演算预测,效率试验结果可为高水头冲击式水轮发电机组的经济运行提供参考和依据。

黔西北铅锌矿勘查技术方法试验与找矿模型构建——以猪拱塘铅锌矿为例

猪拱塘铅锌矿区位于扬子准地台西南缘、垭都-蟒硐断裂带北西端。本文在总结矿床地质特征的基础上,开展地物化遥勘查技术方法试验,结合找矿标志建立找矿模型。研究认为,沿断裂构造带分布的遥感信息异常多与铅锌矿化有关,音频大地电磁(AMT)测量圈定的低阻区域反映了铅锌矿体空间展布特征,金属活动态剖面以及有机烃异常与控矿断裂具有良好的对应性。归纳了地层岩性、构造、围岩蚀变、遥感蚀变信息、物探及化探等找矿标志,初步构建了找矿模型:成矿规律研究查明主控因素、预测找矿方向-遥感解译厘定构造格架,确定成矿远景区-化探异常结合成矿地质条件分析圈定找矿靶区-AMT等物探方法定位矿致异常空间位置-钻探工程验证圈定矿体。将该模型应用于猪拱塘外围找矿勘查,指导钻孔布设,于深部揭露铅锌矿体。

海上风电单桩基础累积变形简化计算方法

在海上风电单桩基础设计中,为获得可用于工程实践的单桩累积转角简化计算方法,开展室内模型试验,分别获得台风循环载荷和长期小幅值循环载荷情形下计算单桩累积转角的经验公式。在此基础上进一步建立单桩累积转角简化计算方法,并以南海北部近海海域的工程实例为例,详细说明海上风机单桩基础累积转角的计算流程,根据该海域的风浪特征确定计算公式中与场地相关的参数取值,得到适用于该地区的单桩累积转角计算公式。

液压油和汽轮机油相容性试验方法分析

随着机械设备技术的不断发展,润滑油的品牌和种类在不断更迭,且润滑油在使用过程中也要根据定期检查的结果进行换油或补加。由于设备维修保养要求,换油或补加中应尽量避免润滑油的混用。但考虑到成本问题,不同品牌、批次的润滑油混用不可避免,这就对润滑油的相容性提出了很高的要求。文章对国内外液压油和汽轮机油的相容性试验方法进行了介绍,并对相容性检测方法进行了对比分析,为后续液压油和汽轮机油的相容性试验方法的发展提供了借鉴。

水轮机空化现象智能识别的分类模型训练方法

目前国内暂无相关成熟的分类模型训练方法以支持机器自动识别水轮机初生空化现象,针对于此,提出了一种支持向量分类算法(SVCC)用于水轮机空化现象智能识别的分类模型训练,以解决现有技术中分类算法对非线性可分样本数据分类效果不佳的问题。对该分类模型的核函数和超参数选取等环节进行了优化,以更好地适应水轮机空化试验数据的特点。训练好后的分类模型已应用于东方电机有限公司水轮机模型试验台进行水轮机初生空化的识别。实际应用表明,该分类模型能够提高机器对水轮机初生空化现象的识别效率且其最终判别准确率可达80%。