Mechanism of adjusting bypass ratio by front variable area bypass injector for a variable cycle engine

The Front Variable Area Bypass Injector(FVABI)is a key to bypass ratio adjustment for a Variable Cycle Engine(VCE).In order to study the role of the FVABI with the Core Driven Fan Stage(CDFS)duct,firstly,the engine bypass with the CDFS duct model and the equivalent engine bypass without the CDFS duct model are designed using the concept of a jet boundary line.By comparing the difference between airflow driving forces in the two engine bypass models,the quantitative effects of the injection from the CDFS duct on the mass flow rate of the engine bypass airflow are obtained under different combinations of pressure difference and area ratios.Then,the CDFS duct injection characteristic map is obtained through the typical experiment of the FVABI.Based on this map,the performance model of the FVABI is developed.Finally,the turbofan engine model with the Variable Inlet Guide Vane(VIGV),the First Variable Cycle Engine model(VCE1)with the CDFS duct and without the VIGV,and the Second Variable Cycle Engine model(VCE2)with the CDFS duct and VIGV are built.The gain on the engine bypass ratio adjustment range caused by the injection from the CDFS duct is clarified by comparing the three engine models.It is concluded that the bypass ratio adjustment range of the variable cycle engine with the FVABI is about twice that of the traditional turbofan engine.

Integration of high-fidelity model of forward variable area bypass injector into zero-dimensional variable cycle engine model

Forward Variable Area Bypass Injector(FVABI)is one of key components which contributes to modulate the cycle parameters of Variable Cycle Engine(VCE)under various operation conditions.The modeling method of zero-dimensional FVABI was reviewed and its deficiency was analyzed based on FVABI flow characteristic.In order to improve the accuracy of VCE performance simulation,the high-fidelity modeling method of FVABI was developed based on its working characteristics.Then it was coupled with the zero-dimensional VCE model and the multi-level VCE model was built.The results indicate that the geometric and aerodynamic parameters can affect the interaction between the two airflows and the zero-dimensional FVABI model is too simple to predict the component performance accurately,especially when the FVABI inner bypass is chocked.Based on the performance curves for single bypass mode and the regression model of multi-scale support vector regression for double bypass mode,the high-fidelity model can predict FVABI performance accurately and rapidly.The integration of high-fidelity FVABI model into zerodimensional VCE model can be done by adjusting iterative variables and balance equations.The multi-level model has good convergence and it can predict VCE performance when the FVABI inner bypass is chocked.

Designing method of acceleration and deceleration control schedule for variable cycle engine

Studies show that different geometries of a Variable Cycle Engine(VCE)can be adjusted during the transient stage of the engine operation to improve the engine performance.However,this improvement increases the complexity of the acceleration and deceleration control schedule.In order to resolve this problem,the Transient-state Reverse Method(TRM)is established in the present study based on the Steady-state Reverse Method(SRM)and the Virtual Power Extraction Method(VPEM).The state factors in the component-based engine performance models are replaced by variable geometry parameters to establish the TRM for a double bypass VCE.Obtained results are compared with the conventional component-based model from different aspects,including the accuracy and the convergence rate.The TRM is then employed to optimize the control schedule of a VCE.Obtained results show that the accuracy and the convergence rate of the proposed method are consistent with that of the conventional model.On the other hand,it is found that the new-model-optimized control schedules reduce the acceleration and deceleration time by 45%and 54%,respectively.Meanwhile,the surge margin of compressors,fuel–air ratio and the turbine inlet temperature maintained are within the acceptable criteria.It is concluded that the proposed TRM is a powerful method to design the acceleration and deceleration control schedule of the VCE.

A multi-fidelity simulation method research on front variable area bypass injector of an adaptive cycle engine

Front Variable Area Bypass Injector(Front-VABI) is a component of the Adaptive Cycle Engine(ACE) with important variable-cycle features. The performance of Front-VABI has a direct impact on the performance and stability of ACE, but the current ACE performance model uses approximate models for Front-VABI performance calculation. In this work, a multi-fidelity simulation based on a de-coupled method is developed which delivers a more accurate calculation of the Front-VABI performance based on Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) simulation. This simulation method proposes a form of Front-VABI characteristic and its matching calculation method between it and the ACE performance model, constructs a coupling method between the(2-D) Front-VABI model and the(0-D) ACE performance model. The result shows, when ACE works in triple bypass mode, the approximate model cannot account for the effect of FrontVABI pressure loss on Core Driven Fan Stage(CDFS) design pressure ratio, and the calculated error of high-pressure turbine inlet total temperature is more than 40 K in mode transition condition(the transition operating condition between triple bypass mode and double bypass mode). In double bypass mode, the approximate model can better simulate the performance of FrontVABI by considering the local loss of area expansion. This method can be applied to the performance-optimized design of Front-VABI and the ACE control law design during mode transition.

Analytical redundancy of variable cycle engine based on variable-weights neural network

In this paper, variable-weights neural network is proposed to construct variable cycle engine’s analytical redundancy, when all control variables and environmental variables are changing simultaneously, also accompanied with the whole engine’s degradation. In another word,variable-weights neural network is proposed to solve a multi-variable, strongly nonlinear, dynamic and time-varying problem. By making weights a function of input, variable-weights neural network’s nonlinear expressive capability is increased dramatically at the same time of decreasing the number of parameters. Results demonstrate that although variable-weights neural network and other algorithms excel in different analytical redundancy tasks, due to the fact that variableweights neural network’s calculation time is less than one fifth of other algorithms, the calculation efficiency of variable-weights neural network is five times more than other algorithms. Variableweights neural network not only provides critical variable-weights thought that could be applied in almost all machine learning methods, but also blazes a new way to apply deep learning methods to aeroengines.

Flow control of double bypass variable cycle engine in modal transition

To study the change mechanism and the control of the variable cycle engine in the process of modal transition,a variable cycle engine model based on component level characteristics is established.The two-dimensional CFD technology is used to simulate the influence of mode selection valve rotation on the engine flow field,which improves the accuracy of the model.Furthermore,the constant flow control plan is proposed in the modal transition process to reduce the engine installed drag.The constant flow control plan adopts the augmentation linear quadratic regulator control method.Simulation results indicate that the control method is able to effectively control the bypass ratio and demand flow of the variable cycle engine,and make the engine transform smoothly,which ensures the stable operation of the engine in modal transition and the constant demand flow of the engine.

基于冷气射流的涡轮流动主动控制数值模拟

针对变循环发动机在工作过程中进行涡轮流量调节的需求,以某涡轮的第一级作为研究对象,采用三维数值模拟的方式,对在导叶上不同射流位置、射流角度、射流流量的流场进行计算。结果表明:涡轮流量调节量对于射流位置十分敏感,在喉部上游附近的流量调节量最大;加入射流后涡轮损失增加,损失主要发生在射流于壁面上的流动区域;加入射流后,沿径向的大部分导叶出口气流角增大,从轮缘至轮毂导叶出口气流马赫数先增大后减小;涡轮流量调节效果与射流角度、射流流量成正比,当射流位于喉部附近、射流角度为90°、相对射流量为5%时,涡轮进口流量改变量达到13.03%,说明利用叶片表面射流,可以达到调节涡轮流量的目的。

涡轴-涡扇变循环发动机方案及性能匹配设计研究

针对旋转机翼式垂直起降高速巡航飞行器,提出了一种新概念结构形式的涡轴-涡扇变循环(TSFVCE)发动机,能够分别在涡轴和涡扇两种模态工作。首先对涡轴-涡扇变循环发动机的结构及工作模式进行了介绍,并建立基于变比热的部件级性能仿真模型;然后通过循环分析,确定发动机第二涵道比为3,Flade外涵风扇压比为1.98,第一涵道比为0.11,完成发动机设计点性能方案设计;最后分析了核心机驱动风扇(CDFS)可调机构对发动机性能影响机理,得出CDFS放气阀对发动机涡扇模态下的推力与涡轴模态下的功率影响较大,对涡扇模态的推力影响最大为61.5%,对涡轴模态的功率影响最大为33.3%,可利用此特性实现发动机在涡扇和涡轴模态下推力和功率输出的匹配。

模态转换对变循环发动机多维度耦合模型性能影响研究

为研究模态转换过程中模态选择阀(Mode Select Valve,MSV)与发动机总体之间的耦合作用,以典型的双涵道变循环发动机(Variable Cycle Engine,VCE)作为研究对象,首先通过三维MSV模型的数值仿真,建立具有通用性的MSV高保真度特性图;随后在基于部件的发动机零维整机气动性能计算程序的基础上,将该高保真度特性图耦合进入发动机性能计算程序,建立了多维度耦合模型,研究模态转换过程中MSV对总体性能以及部件的耦合影响;并对比了多维度耦合模型和零维模型的计算结果。结果表明:相比零维模型,多维度耦合模型的推力最大时高出3.98%,单位推力耗油率高出0.79%;风扇压比最大时高出9.86%,风扇效率高出0.75%。这种差异的原因在于多维度耦合模型正确地评估了MSV在非线性工作段的节流损失,该损失向后传递并影响到前可变面积涵道引射器(Front Variable Area Bypass Injector,FVABI)的掺混总压损失,依靠参与求解共同工作方程组显著地减少了外涵的流量,使得涵道比迅速减小,在发动机部件共同工作规律的约束和影响下,引起发动机低压涡轮落压比增加和低压轴转速增加,发动机性能参数也随之发生变化。因此相较于零维模形,多维度耦合模型能够真实地反映出模态转换时MSV对VCE性能参数以及其他部件的影响。

变循环发动机模式转换对加减速性能的影响

变循环发动机具有单外涵与双外涵两种工作模式,根据使用场景或发动机性能匹配需求可能在加减速过程中进行模式转换。为了评估模式转换对加减速性能的影响,建立了可在加减速过程中进行模式转换性能模拟的过渡态性能计算模型,对比分析了引入模式转换后的加减速特性。结果表明:模式转换控制规律对风扇工作线和发动机加速性有影响,设计时应使风扇工作线变化平稳,同时在保证发动机稳定工作的前提下缩短模式转换时间;模式转换可使减速过程中的风扇最小喘振裕度从2%提高至15%,从而消除风扇喘振裕度对减速供油规律的限制,进而改善发动机减速性能。

高通流三外涵变循环发动机建模技术研究

高通流三外涵变循环发动机是航空发动机及燃气轮机基础科学中心提出的一种新的发动机概念构型。本文搭建了发动机部件级模型,采用了考虑容积效应的动态模型建模方法对发动机主要容腔进行建模。为保证建模的精度,考虑了第二外涵道中换热器与气体的动态换热,同时用总压恢复系数代替动量守恒方程,提升了模型计算的实时性。针对发动机在高空设计点情况下较高的涡轮前温度,引入了涡轮叶片的气膜冷却模型。仿真结果表明,经换热器换热后的高质量冷气可使涡轮的平均温降达到121 K;对比考虑容积效应的建模方法,传统建模方法在发动机过渡态的建模误差达到了17.1%。若要研究发动机的过渡态过程,容积效应一般不可忽略。

A versatile volume-based modeling technique of distributed local quadratic convergence for aeroengines

For advanced aero-engine design and research,modeling and simulation in a digital environment is indispensable,especially for engines of complicated configurations,such as var-iable cycle engines(VCE)and adaptive cycle engines(ACE).Also,in the research of future smart engines,reliable real-time digital twins are paramount.However,the 2 dominant methods that used in solving the simulation models,Newton-Raphson(N-R)method and volume-based method,are not fully qualified for the study requirements,because neither of them reaches the satisfactory balance of convergence rate and calculating efficiency.In this study,by deeply analyzing the mathematical principle of these 2 methods,a novel modeling and solving method for aero-engine simulation,which integrates the advantages of both N-R and volume-based methods,is established.It has distributed architecture and local quadratic convergence rate.And a novel modeling method for variable area bypass injectors(VABI)is put forward.These facilitate simulation of various configurations of aero-engines.The modeling cases,including a high bypass-ratio(BPR)turbofan and an ACE,illustrate that the novel technique decreases the iterations by about two-thirds comparing with volume-based method,while the success rate of convergence remains over 99%.This proves its superiority in both convergence and calculating efficiency over the conventional ones.This technique can be used in advanced gas turbine en-gine design and control strategy optimization,and study of digital twins.

Numerical study of steady flow characteristics of a rear variable-area bypass injector with alternating area regulator

The mixing effectiveness of the airflow between the inner and outer bypass inlets of a Rear Variable-Area Bypass Injector(RVABI)is the key to the afterburner performance of variable cycle engines.This paper describes an optimized RVABI design based on an alternating area regulator to improve the velocity/temperature uniformity of the incoming flow at the afterburner.Compared with a classical RVABI,numerical simulations show that the proposed alternating RVABI performs better in terms of thermal mixing efficiency and total pressure loss in different variable cycle engine modes.Both the increasing air contact area between the inner and outer bypass of alternating structure RVABI,and a larger streamwise vortex in the inner bypass inlet due to the proposed alternating lobe structure in the RVABI contribute to the significantly increase of mixing effectiveness.Besides,the alternating regulator induces strong streamwise vortex,which helps to improve the airflow mixing with its vortex-induced velocity.The interaction between the streamwise vortex and azimuthal vortex further promises the velocity/temperature uniformity after the RVABI.With the increase of alternating lobe’s height ratio,the covering area of the streamwise vortex and the azimuthal vortex is enlarged,which further enhances the thermal mixing efficiency of the RVABI.This design gives an insight into the future design and optimization of RVABI.

核心机驱动风扇级气动特性及静子方案研究

核心机驱动风扇级(CDFS)是实现变循环发动机宽涵道比调节的关键部件之一,其在不同工作模式下出口气流角差异较大,造成CDFS与下游部件匹配困难。针对这一问题设计在CDFS转子后增设一排小弯角静子叶片的方案,优化CDFS与下游部件的匹配效果。使用NUMECA中的AutoGrid5软件包对CDFS进行网格划分和仿真计算。计算结果表明:在转子后增加静子会降低CDFS的效率,但能提高CDFS的稳定裕度,双涵道模式下小弯角静子方案的稳定裕度相对无静子方案提高4.4个百分点,且压比、效率均高于常规静子方案,是一种性能较优的CDFS静子方案。

不同开度可调涡轮导叶前缘气膜冷却效果研究

针对变循环发动机的可调低压涡轮导叶开展了不同开度下的前缘气膜冷却效果研究。采用数值仿真的方法,研究了5种典型导叶开度下的导叶表面压力系数分布规律,探究了开度与冷气吹风比对叶片前缘气膜出流特性和覆盖特性的影响规律。结果表明:导叶开度的减小导致前缘的气动驻点位置向压力面方向移动,造成前缘冷气射流更多地流向吸力面侧,使吸力面气膜冷却效率提高;此外,导叶开度的减小导致吸力面与压力面的冷气贴壁效果都有提高,但两者的具体机理不同。导叶开度的变化对前缘气膜孔最佳吹风比影响较小,不同开度下的最佳吹风比都在1.0附近。由于导叶开度为0°时滞止线位于气膜孔排4之上,堵塞效应显著,与开度为5°、−5°条件相比,面平均气膜冷却效率降低了13.6%。

变循环发动机后涵道引射器的研究现状与关键技术

变循环发动机是航空发动机的发展方向。相较于传统的航空发动机,变循环航空发动机在加力燃烧室中设置了后涵道引射器这一典型可调几何机构,以满足整机对气动匹配、推力和燃油经济性的需求。讨论了变循环发动机后涵道引射器的发展历程、布置位置、结构形式等,分析了后涵道引射器的结构特征和功能特点,点明了对加力燃烧室气动热力性能、结构尺寸的影响和对发动机推力、耗油率的影响。同时,结合后涵道引射器的发展历程和技术特征,指出了其在性能、结构和控制等方面需要深入研究的快速响应、精准控制和高可靠性等关键技术。通过对后涵道引射器的讨论和分析,以期为变循环发动机乃至未来涡轮基组合循环发动机的后涵道引射器性能和结构设计提供参考。

单外涵变循环发动机变几何特性仿真

为了研究单外涵变循环发动机变几何性能收益,建立了一种单外涵变循环发动机总体性能仿真模型,并通过算例验证了仿真模型的计算精度。根据不同飞行状态的发动机控制规律和最优控制目标,模拟生成3种变几何方案最佳变几何参数以及最佳节流特性和高度-速度特性。结果表明:在设定的控制规律下,相对发动机常规变几何方案(方案1),尾喷管、混合器与低压涡轮导向器可调的变几何方案(方案3)使发动机地面节流状态耗油率降低1.7%~3.0%,超声速巡航推力增大14%~29%,亚声速巡航耗油率降低0.9%~3.1%,在3种变几何方案中性能收益最大;尾喷管与混合器可调的变几何方案(方案2)使发动机地面节流状态耗油率降低1.2%~2.2%,超声速巡航推力增大3%~17%,亚声速巡航耗油率降低0.9%~1.2%,在3种变几何方案中性能收益居中。发动机变几何方案的选择应综合考虑结构复杂度、可靠性、质量等方面的代价与基于特定任务需求的总体性能收益的平衡。

Matching mechanism analysis on an adaptive cycle engine

As a novel aero-engine concept,adaptive cycle aero-engines（ACEs） are attracting wide attention in the international aviation industry due to their potential superior task adaptability along a wide flight regime.However,this superior task adaptability can only be demonstrated through proper combined engine control schedule design.It has resulted in an urgent need to investigate the effect of each variable geometry modulation on engine performance and stability.Thus,the aim of this paper is to predict and discuss the effect of each variable geometry modulation on the matching relationship between engine components as well as the overall engine performance at different operating modes,on the basis of a newly developed nonlinear component-based ACE performance model.Results show that at all four working modes,turning down the high pressure compressor variable stator vane,the low pressure turbine variable nozzle,the nozzle throat area,and turning up the core-driven fan stage variable stator vane,the high pressure turbine variable nozzle can increase the thrust at the expense of a higher high pressure turbine inlet total temperature.However,the influences of these adjustments on the trends of various engine components＇ working points and working lines as well as the ratio of the rotation speed difference are different from each other.The above results provide valuable guidance and advice for engine combined control schedule design.

变幅水位影响下高填方岸坡框架码头结构承载特性研究

库区周期性变幅水位引起高填方岸坡土体抗剪强度参数发生弱化,进而导致框架码头结构稳定性降低,因此有必要开展变幅水位条件下高填方岸坡框架码头结构承载特性研究。首先,基于已建立的变幅水位下岸坡稳定性简化计算方法,考虑土体饱和度与水位循环次数对土体强度参数的影响规律,建立了考虑渗透力、土体饱和度及变幅水位循环次数综合影响下的码头结构承载特性简化分析方法。然后,借助ABAQUS有限元软件,建立了高填方岸坡框架码头结构三维有限元计算模型,并将建立的方法应用于某实际码头工程承载特性分析。结果表明:饱和度、变幅水位循环次数与渗透力的共同作用对岸坡框架码头竖向承载能力影响并不明显,然而饱和度及水位循环次数的增加略微增大了码头结构水平向极限承载能力,撞击荷载作用下,岸坡土体饱和度为90%比饱和度为14%时码头结构水平极限承载力增加了6.4%,水位循环100次比水位循环1次时水平极限撞击能力增加了3.3%;考虑渗透力后饱和度及水位循环次数的变化对岸坡土体位移影响较大,其中岸坡塑性贯通区及位移变化最大区域集中在坡顶挡土墙下方与岸坡第1排、第2排桩基土体周围。

变循环发动机自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波器设计

针对变循环发动机健康参数估计问题,设计了一种自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波器。该算法通过最大化后验密度函数来建立过程噪声协方差和测量噪声协方差的自适应更新方程,以改善传统无迹卡尔曼滤波器设计中先验参数需要根据经验来设置,进而导致滤波器性能受人为因素影响较大的问题。以带核心机驱动风扇级的变循环发动机为对象,进行了不可测参数估计仿真试验,对所设计的自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波器算法进行了仿真对比验证。结果表明:在单参数退化条件下,健康参数平均估计误差不大于2%;多参数退化条件下,健康参数平均估计误差不大于1.8%;该算法性能优于增广卡尔曼滤波器、传统无迹卡尔曼滤波器,相较于传统无迹卡尔曼滤波器性能提升9.5%。