LES for Turbulent Flows through Ducts of Regular-Polygon Cross-Sections

In this study,a large eddy simulation(LES)for fully-developed turbulent flows through a duct of regular-polygon cross-section using the immersed boundary(IB)method is performed.In case of the turbulent flow through the square duct,though there are some disagreements of the mean quantities related with the streamwise velocity among the present LES,the previous direct numerical simulation(DNS)and the LES without the IB method,and the present LES can reproduce the secondary flow of the DNS and LES.The LES result for ten types of regular-polygon duct shows that the secondary-flow speed decreases as the number of sides of the regular polygon n increases and that the secondary flow in case of the regular icosagon duct disappears like the turbulent pipe flow.In case of low n,the behavior of the turbulent structures near the side center is different from that near the vertex.

NUMERICAL CALCULATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENT FLOW IN A DISTORTING DUCT

A Navier-Stokes procedure based on the Finite Volume Method (FVM) is developed to calculate three-dimensional duct flows with complex geometry. This method is applied to analyze the flow in a distorting duct, and the numercal results are in good a-greement with the experimental ones.

DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TURBULENT FLOW IN A STRAIGHT SQUARE DUCT AT REYNOLDS NUMBER 600

This article presents the direct numerical simulation results of the turbulent flow in a straight square duct at a Reynolds number of 600, based on the duct width and the mean wall-shear velocity. The turbulence statistics along the wall bisector is examined with the turbulent flow field properties given by streamwise velocity and vorticity fields in the duct cross section. It was found that the solutions of the turbulent duct flow obtained in a spatial resolution with 1.2×10^6 grid points are satisfactory as compared to the existing numerical and experimental results. The results indicate that it is reasonable to neglect the sub-grid scale models in this spatial resolution level for the duct flow at the particular friction Reynolds number.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE TURBULENT FLOW IN ROTATING DUCT

The SIMPLEC algorithm is adopted to simulate the turbulent flow in rotating duct, coupling with the RNG K-ε model in this paper. Comparison between computational results and experimental data shows good accuracy and convergence of the presentmethod. It is found from the computational results that increasing the rotational speed ordecreasing the inlet main stream velocity has a great influence on the main stream velocity. The cross pressure difference increases. The slow vefority field near the pressure surface is expanding and moving to the suction surface. And the location of the main streamvelocity peak tends to the suction surface.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THREE DIMENSIONAL TURBULENT FLOW IN SUDDENLY EXPANDED RECTANGULAR DUCT

In this paper,to simulate the three dimensional turbulent flow in suddenly expanded rectangular duct numerically,the SIMPLEC algorithm is employed to solve the incompressible Navier-Stckes equation with k-εturbulence model.The numerical resulis show well the three dimensional turbulent flow field in the rectangular duct behind the sudden expansion cross-section. and agree.fairly well with the experimental result of the length of the main circumfluence.The numerical method of this paper can be applied to numerical analysis of this kind of turbulent flow.

THE NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF DEVELOPING TURBULENT FLOW IN 3-D RECTANGULAR DUCTS

Comparisons are made between experimental data and numerical predictions based on the k-e turbulent model of low Reynolds number applicable to developing turbulent flow in rectangular ducts of arbitrary aspect ratio.The numerical procedure utilizes the separated-layers finite-analytical method.The merits of the k-e turbulent model of low Reynolds number and the computation procedure are assessed by means of comparison with results,referred to that of the length-scale model and the full-Reynolds-stress model used in recent years.

The dispersion of particles in turbulent semi-circular duct flows

The flow field in a semi-circular duct is simulated by Large Eddy Simulation(LES)and its particle field is simulated by Lagrange particle tracking method.Reynolds number Reb(based on bulk velocity and hydraulic diameter)is 80,000 and Ret(based on friction velocity and hydraulic diameter)is 3528.Particle diameter dpis chosen as 10,50,100,500 mm corresponding to St as 0.10,2.43,9.72,243.05.The results show that the intensity of the secondary flow near the ceiling is less than that near the floor because the ceiling is curved and able to inhibit the secondary flow.It is found that the difference between the semicircular duct and the square duct is that the secondary flow in a corner of the semi-circular duct is not symmetrical along the diagonal although they have the same generation mechanism.Regarding the particles,small particles(dp≤10 mm)are found to uniformly distribute in the duct,while large particles(dp≥50 mm)preferentially distribute in the corner and floor center.The maximum particles(dp=500mm)fall on the floor quickly and their dispersion mainly depends on the secondary flow near the floor.Particle deposition in the corner depends on particle size due to the effect of secondary flow and gravity.The effect of lift force on particles becomes more significant for 50 and 100 mm particles in comparison with other smaller particles.In the end,the effect of secondary flow is found to be more significant to dominate particle behavior than that of flow fluctuation.

Effects of finite-size heavy particles on the turbulent flows in a square duct

A parallel direct-forcing fictitious domain method is applied in fully-resolved numerical simulations of particle-laden turbulent flows in a square duct. The effects of finite-size heavy particles on the mean secondary flow, the mean streamwise velocity, the root-meansquare velocity fluctuation, and the particle concentration distribution are investigated at the friction Reynolds number of 150, the particle volume fraction of 2.36%, the particle diameter of 0.1 duct width, and the Shields number ranging from 1.0 to 0.2 Our results show that the particle sedimentation breaks the up-down symmetry of the mean secondary vortices, and results in a stronger secondary-flow circulation which transports the fluids downward in the bulk center region and upward along the side walls at a low Shields number. This circulation has a significant impact on the distribution of the mean streamwise velocity, whose maximum value occurs in the lower half duct, unlike in the plane channel case. The flow resistance is increased and the turbulence intensity is reduced, as the Shields number is decreased. The particles accumulate preferentially at the face center of the bottom wall, due to the effect of the mean secondary flow. It is observed that the collision model has an important effect on the results, but does not change the results qualitatively.

“Λ”型凸台对低隔道亚声速S弯进气道的流场控制研究

针对某无人机进气系统低隔道亚声速S弯进气道出口流场畸变较大的问题,研究一种利用隔道内置“Λ”型凸台生成反向涡抑制出口畸变的流场控制手段。通过数值仿真分析“Λ”型凸台结构对抑制流场畸变的作用机制,给出不同来流条件下凸台结构参数对进气道出口总压恢复系数和流场畸变的影响规律。研究表明:畸变控制效果与凸台几何尺寸密切相关,合理设计的凸台对出口畸变抑制效果明显。

Effect of turbulence-driven secondary flow on particle preferential concentration and clustering in turbulent square duct flows

In this study,the preferential concentration and clustering of inertial particles in fully developed turbulent square duct flows are studied using large eddy simulations combined with Lagrangian approach,where the Reynolds number is equal to Reτ=600(based on the mean friction velocity and duct full height),and the particle Stokes number ranges from 0.0007 to 1.16.The results obtained for duct flows are compared with those for channel flows under the same working conditions.Then,the effect of the secondary flow on the particle concentration in duct flows is investigated.The equation of particle motion is governed by the drag force,lift force,added mass force,pressure gradient force,and gravity.The inter-phase interaction that was considered includes one-way and two-way coupling.The simulations of a single phase are verified and in good agreement with the available literature data.For the discrete phase,particles in the duct flow are found to be more dispersed in the vertical direction compared with the channel flow.In near-wall regions,a small fraction of particles tends to accumulate in duct corners,forming stable particle streaks under the effect of the secondary flow.Meanwhile,most particles are likely to reside preferentially in the low-speed flow regions and form elongated particle streaks steadily in the middle region of duct or channel floors.The Voronoi diagram analysis shows that the near-wall secondary flows in the square duct could cause particle clusters to transfer from regions of high to low concentration,and this trend increases with particle size.In addition,two-way coupling is found to enhance the near-wall particle accumulation and to promote particles to form more elongated streaks than one-way coupling.Finally,the mechanism responsible for the particle preferential concentration in turbulent square duct flows is determined.

方形截面弯管二次流数值模拟

应用湍流大涡模拟方法对含有和不含导流叶片的方形截面 90°弯道的二次流动进行了数值模拟 ,同时给出了Taylor-Galerkin有限元离散格式。管道加装叶片后 ,形成了两对二次流 ,其强度较低且沿程变化不大 。

180°矩形弯管流场的LDV测量

采用激光多普勒测速仪（简称LDV）对180°矩形弯管内流场进行了测量，得到时均速度、湍流强度等数据。除靠近内壁r^＋=0．1位置，弯管纵截面上的切向速度沿轴向基本不变，但靠近弯管上下壁面的切向速度逐渐减小直至为零。在弯管的主流区域，0°～60°之间的纵截面上，内侧切向速度增大，外侧切向速度减小；60°～180°之间的纵截面上，内侧切向速度减小，外侧切向速度增大。在整个弯管段内，内侧切向速度总是大于外侧的切向速度。由于受到边界层分离和二次流的影响，90°～180°纵截面上r^＊ =0．1位置的切向速度产生明显的变化。轴向速度值远小于切向速度值，并且沿轴向变化不大。轴向速度的正、负之分，说明了二次流的存在，并且二次流的旋转中心从外壁向内壁移动。切向和轴向湍流强度的数量级一样，基本在0．1V。左右。切向湍流度在150°～180°纵截面r^＊ =0．1位置的变化很大；但是轴向湍流强度分布比较平稳，其值沿轴向和径向变化不大。

弯曲管段内流动的大涡模拟

本文应用湍流大涡模拟方法对三维空间的弯管流进行了数值模拟。计算中使用了隐含流线迎风耗散作用的具有三阶部分展开的 Taylor_ Galerkin离散格式 ,导出了经 Gauss滤波后的基本方程组的有限元列式。数值计算结果与实验结果符合较好 。

应用RNG k-ε湍流模式数值模拟90°弯曲槽道内的湍流流动

本文将Yakhot与Orszag提出的RNGk-ε湍流模式与壁面律相结合,应用于90°弯曲槽道湍流流动的数值模拟.计算在任意非正交曲线坐标系下进行.并采用非交错网格有限体积方法求解三维不可压N-S方程.文中给出了详细的计算结果,并与实验结果进行了比较,结果表明,RNG k-ε湍流模式能够有效地模拟有曲率影响的湍流流动.

折流杆换热器壳程湍流和传热的数值模拟

折流杆换热器壳程结构复杂,用理论方法难以获得壳程流体流动和强化传热机理。为了分析折流杆在换热器壳程中作用,采用数值方法研究了壳程流体的流动和换热状况。首先对壳程结构进行适当简化,提出了换热器壳程的“单元流道”模型用于研究纵流式换热器壳程流场和温度场的实际细观信息。针对三维几何模型和数学模型,数值模拟采用标准k-ε两方程湍流模型,用SIMPLE算法求解速度和压力的耦合关系,流道的固体边界采用壁面函数法,在不同进口流量下对单元流道进行模拟。结果表明,纵横交错布置的折流杆在单元流道中不断分割和剪切流道内流体,其扰流作用促进了流体湍流,减薄了液体边界层,减小了对流换热热阻,因而有效地提高了流体的对流换热强度。数值分析结果可为折流杆换热器的结构优化和性能提高提供理论依据。

用RNGK─ε模式数值模拟180°弯道内的湍流分离流动

将Ｙａｋｈｏｔ与Ｏｒｓｚａｇ新近提出的ＲＮＧＫ－ε湍流模式推广应用于１８０°强曲率弯道内的湍流分离流动的数值模拟，计算在任意曲线坐标下进行，并采用速度协变分量作为求解变量以保证计算的高度稳定性，控制方程的求解采用通常的控制容积法，文中给出了详细的数值计算结果，并与实验结果进行了比较，结果表明，ＲＮＧＫ－ε湍流模式能有效地模拟有强曲率影响的湍流分离流动。

三种湍流模式数值模拟直角弯管内三维分离流动的比较

采用有限体积法数值离散雷诺时均Navier Stokes方程,模拟了方形截面90°大曲率弯曲管道内的三维湍流流动.用3种湍流模式(标准k ε湍流模式、RNGk ε湍流模式、Realizablek ε湍流模式)求解该问题.给出了数学模型和计算结果,并与实验数据进行了比较.结果表明,采用RNGk ε湍流模式并结合两层壁面模型的处理,能有效准确地求解强曲率影响的管道内及近壁区湍流的流动.

90°弯管内流动的理论模型及流动特性的数值研究

从三维不可压缩雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程出发,对90°弯曲管道内湍流流动进行数值模拟。网格划分采用六面体网格,湍流模型为RNGk-ε模型,在近壁区采用两层壁面模型进行修正,流场的计算结果与实验数据吻合较好。在此基础上,本文数值研究了来流方向对流场结构和流动特性的影响。得出在弯管流场中发生了分离现象,且随着来流侧滑角的增大,分离区范围增大。此外,随着来流从同一侧滑角变换至同一攻角时,横截面的二次流图像中也从具有两个对称主涡变成只具有一个主涡的现象。

格栅对进气道的气动性能和电磁散射特性的影响

给出了在进气道内加装格栅对进气道的气动性能和电磁散射特性的影响。结果表明，格栅明显地降低了Ｓ弯进气道出口二次旋流，且使原始单涡旋流消失，出口流场畸变度减小，进气道的雷达散射截面值显著降低，但同时也降低了进气道出口截面上的平均总压恢复系数。还给出了格栅几何尺寸的影响，及设计中如何选择格栅尺寸。

航空发动机插板式进气压力畸变紊流度分布

根据试验的结果,插板式进气畸变脉动压力在发动机进口可分为未扰动区、掺混区和低压区。紊流的主要能量分布在掺混区内,具有低频和宽泛的幅值特征,基本服从正态分布。其主要能量分布在100 Hz以内,其幅值较低压区高6倍,是影响畸变度的主要区域。对其它两个区域的紊流分布也进行了分析,得到了其统计分析结果。还发现,随插板升高,特别是在发动机接近失稳时,脉动压力能量逐渐向一固定频段收敛,该低频段幅值大幅升高并充满畸变流场,并引起发动机失稳。初步分析认为:可能是进气道内的气流在强烈的紊流扰动下,出现了自激振荡现象。