Numerical study of the near-wall vortical structures in particle-laden turbulent flow by a new vortex identification method-Liutex

This study investigates turbulent particle-laden channel flows using direct numerical simulations employing the Eulerian-Lagrangian method.A two-way coupling approach is adopted to explore the mutual interaction between particles and fluid flow.The considered cases include flow with particle Stokes number varying from St=2 up to St=100 while maintaining a constant Reynolds number of Reτ=180 across all cases.A novel vortex identification method,Liutex(Rortex),is employed to assess its efficacy in capturing near-wall turbulent coherent structures and their interactions with particles.The Liutex method provides valuable information on vortex strength and vectors at each location,enabling a detailed examination of the complex interaction between fluid and particulate phases.As widely acknowledged,the interplay between clockwise and counterclockwise vortices in the near-wall region gives rise to low-speed streaks along the wall.These low-speed streaks serve as preferential zones for particle concentration,depending upon the particle Stokes number.It is shown that the Liutex method can capture these vortices and identify the location of low-speed streaks.Additionally,it is observed that the particle Stokes number(size)significantly affects both the strength of these vortices and the streaky structure exhibited by particles.Furthermore,a quantitative analysis of particle behavior in the near-wall region and the formation of elongated particle lines was carried out.This involved examining the average fluid streamwise velocity fluctuations at particle locations,average particle concentration,and the normal velocity of particles for each set of particle Stokes numbers.The investigation reveals the intricate interplay between particles and near-wall structures and the significant influence of particles Stokes number.This study contributes to a deeper understanding of turbulent particle-laden channel flow dynamics.

Numerical Analysis of the Effects of Periodic Gust Flow on the Wake Structure of Ventilated Supercavities

A computational model is established to investigate the effects of a periodic gust flow on the wake structure of ventilated supercavities.The effectiveness of the computational model is validated by comparing with available experimental data.Benefited from this numerical model,the vertical velocity characteristics in the entire flow field can be easily monitored and analyzed under the action of a gust generator;further,the unsteady evolution of the flow parameters of the closed region of the supercavity can be captured in any location.To avoid the adverse effects of mounting struts in the experiments and to obtain more realistic results,the wake structure of a ventilated supercavity without mounting struts is investigated.Unsteady changes in the wake morphology and vorticity distribution pattern of the ventilated supercavity are determined.The results demonstrate that the periodic swing of the gust generator can generate a gust flow and,therefore,generate a periodic variation of the ventilated cavitation numberσ.At the peakσ,a re-entrant jet closure appears in the wake of the ventilated supercavity.At the valleyσ,a twin-vortex closure appears in the wake of the ventilated supercavity.For the forward facing model,the twin vortex appears as a pair of centrally rolled-up vortices,due to the closure of vortex is affected by the structure.For the backward facing model,however,the twin vortex appears alternately as a pair of centrally rolled-up vortices and a pair of centrally rolled-down vortices,against the periodic gust flow.

Tomographic PIV investigation on coherent vortex structures over shark-skin-inspired drag-reducing riblets

Nature has shown us that the microstructure of the skin of fast-swimming sharks in the ocean can reduce the skin friction drag due to the well-known shark-skin effect.In the present study,the effect of shark-skin-inspired riblets on coherent vortex structures in a turbulent boundary layer（TBL） is investigated.This is done by means of tomographic particle image velocimetry（TPIV） measurements in channel fl ws over an acrylic plate of drag-reducing riblets at a friction Reynolds number of 190.The turbulent fl ws over drag-reducing riblets are verifie by a planar time-resolved particle image velocimetry（TRPIV） system initially,and then the TPIV measurements are performed.Two-dimensional（2D） experimental results with a dragreduction rate of around 4.81% are clearly visible over triangle riblets with a peak-to-peak spacing s＋of 14,indicating from the drag-reducing performance that the buffer layer within the TBL has thickened;the logarithmic law region has shifted upward and the Reynolds shear stress decreased.A comparison of the spatial topological distributions of the spanwise vorticity of coherent vortex structures extracted at different wall-normal heights through the improved quadrant splitting method shows that riblets weaken the amplitudesof the spanwise vorticity when ejection（Q2） and sweep（Q4） events occur at the near wall,having the greatest effect on Q4 events in particular.The so-called quadrupole statistical model for coherent structures in the whole TBL is verified Meanwhile,their spatial conditional-averaged topological shapes and the spatial scales of quadrupole coherent vortex structures as a whole in the overlying turbulent fl w over riblets are changed,suggesting that the riblets dampen the momentum and energy exchange between the regions of near-wall and outer portion of the TBL by depressing the bursting events（Q2 and Q4）,thereby reducing the skin friction drag.

Flow structure around high-speed train in open air

According to the analysis of the turbulent intensity level around the high-speed train, the maximum turbulent intensity ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 which belongs to high turbulent flow. The flow field distribution law was studied and eight types of flow regions were proposed. They are high pressure with air stagnant region, pressure decreasing with air accelerating region, low pressure with high air flow velocity region I, turbulent region, steady flow region, low pressure with high air flow velocity region II,pressure increasing with air decelerating region and wake region. The analysis of the vortex structure around the train shows that the vortex is mainly induced by structures with complex mutation and large curvature change. The head and rear of train, the underbody structure, the carriage connection section and the wake region are the main vortex generating sources while the train body with even cross-section has rare vortexes. The wake structure development law studied lays foundation for the train drag reduction.

Effects of mean shear on the vortex identification and the orientation statistics

This work compares the threshold applied to the swirling strength as well as the vortex orientation statistics in the total and fluctuating velocity fields using direct numerical simulations of compressible and incompressible turbulent channel flows.It is concluded that the difference in the swirling strength for vortex identification is minimal in the logarithmic region such that these two situations share the same threshold.Regarding the vortex orientation,the inclination angle remains similar.However,as the wall-normal distance increases,a more and more obvious distinction is noticed for its orientation with respect to the spanwise(z)direction.It is mainly due to their intrinsic differences and attendant contrasting preference for the vortex identification,i.e.,vortices rotating in the−z direction for the total velocity field and in the z direction for the fluctuating one.These observations function as a reasonable explanation for various remarks in previous studies.

Detached eddy simulation on the structure of swirling jet flow field

The improved delayed detached eddy simulation method with shear stress transport model was used to analyze the evolution of vortex structure,velocity and pressure fields of swirling jet.The influence of nozzle pressure drop on vortex structure development and turbulence pulsation was investigated.The development of vortex structure could be divided into three stages:Kelvin-Helmholtz(K-H)instability,transition stage and swirling flow instability.Swirling flow could significantly enhance radial turbulence pulsation and increase diffusion angle.At the downstream of the jet flow,turbulence pulsation dissipation was the main reason for jet velocity attenuation.With the increase of pressure drop,the jet velocity,pulsation amplitude and the symmetry of velocity distribution increased correspondingly.Meanwhile the pressure pulsation along with the axis and vortex transport intensity also increased significantly.When the jet distance exceeded about 9 times the dimensionless jet distance,the impact distance of swirling jet could not be improved effectively by increasing the pressure drop.However,it could effectively increase the swirl intensity and jet diffusion angle.The swirling jet is more suitable for radial horizontal drilling with large hole size,coalbed methane horizontal well cavity completion and roadway drilling and pressure relief,etc.

含有周期涡结构的湍流雷诺应力与平均速度梯度之间的迟滞效应

针对存在时空周期涡旋结构的湍流场,对湍流雷诺应力与平均速度梯度之间的空间迟滞效应进行了实验研究,发现二者流向相位差呈周期变化.在低速回流式水槽中,利用二维高时间分辨率粒子图像测速(TimeResolved Particle Image Velocimetry,TRPIV)技术,对Re=324的圆柱尾流流场进行测量.经过49个周期166个相位的8215个PIV瞬时流场,经过周期相位平均,得到一个周期内不同相位典型的湍流雷诺应力和平均速度梯度的空间分布.利用湍流雷诺应力相位平均图像和平均速度梯度图像在不同时间相位下的空间互相关函数最大值对应的流向空间距离,得到湍流雷诺应力与平均速度梯度之间沿流向的空间相位差,并绘制流向相位差随周期相位的演变过程.本文验证了湍流复涡黏模型的合理性,为建立符合周期涡旋结构物理机理的湍流模型研究提供了实验依据.

植物条件下明渠紊流拟序结构的可视化研究

运用数字图像处理及流动显示技术,对植物条件下明渠紊流拟序结构进行了初步研究。实验结果表明,植物改变了明渠的紊流结构,与无植物条件相比存在明显差异。根据拟序结构特性,流动可以划分为3个区域:植物内层区,弱猝发现象与类卡门涡街综合作用,尾流涡结构受植物直径及排列方式影响大;植物顶部附近区,紊流结构复杂、结构变化快,同时存在壁面边界层中的猝发现象及自由混合层中大涡配对现象,猝发周期与流速负相关,涡平均渗透深度与流速和淹没度正相关;植物外层区,与明渠外区类似,表现为涡体拉伸及紊流的间歇性。各区紊流拟序结构各不相同,但却相互作用、相互影响。

圆柱绕流涡系演变的DPIV测试

利用数字式PIV技术在阵风环境风洞中对Re=500时的圆柱绕流进行测量,给出了圆柱后2.2倍直径、圆柱两侧各一倍直径的区域内一系列瞬态的速度矢量场、涡量场和流线图。根据可视化图像和量化结果,着重分析了该区域的涡系结构和一个拟周期内旋涡的发展演化过程。

环帆伞稳降阶段织物透气性影响数值模拟

为研究织物透气性对降落伞气动性能的影响,将织物的透气性能用Ergun公式描述,建立了含织物透气性能附加源项影响的新型流场动量控制方程,对上述方程进行了数值求解,并和无织物透气性影响的传统模型的数值结果进行了对比。数值结果表明,新型流场动量方程能够得到织物透流速度,该速度明显低于周围有孔出流速度和绕流速度。伞衣尾部存在紧贴伞衣织物的第一尾涡区和尾部中心旋涡对组成的第二尾涡区,织物透气性使第一尾涡区变长,螺旋点增多,旋涡分布更均匀对称,而第二尾涡区尺寸则变小,整个尾涡区变短变窄,提高了伞衣的稳定性。其次,织物透气性使伞衣内侧压力有所降低,外侧负压有所升高,沿伞衣径向压差系数减小,阻力系数小于非透气性伞衣,更接近空投试验结果,该模型可以提高透气性伞衣流场计算的准确性。

圆管湍流近壁结构的DPIV实验研究

采用粒子数字图像测速 (DPIV)对充分发展的圆管湍流进行了研究 ,测量结果和直接数值模拟结果的比较 ,表明作者开发的DPIV技术可取得满意的精度。在此基础上通过瞬时脉动速度场对圆管湍流的近壁结构进行了研究 ,并在近壁结构中检测出涡诱导的喷发和扫掠、低速条带和流向涡结构等拟序结构 。

沙波附近紊流拟序结构特性初步研究

在底部为定床沙波的循环水槽中采用流场综合分析法将流动显示与计算机图像处理相结合进行系统实验研究 ,重点研究了紊流猝发形态和特性 .分析表明 :沙波床面对明渠紊流拟序结构的特性有重要影响 .水流在沙波坡顶分离 ,沙波周围高于沙波顶部的流区为自由紊流区 ,低于沙波顶部的流区为沙波紊流区 ;在自由紊流区典型的剪切混合层也有显著的以喷射和清扫为主要特征的猝发现象 ;在沙波紊流区的沙波迎水坡面上水流分离 ,在背水坡附近产生漩涡 ;自由紊流区与沙波紊流区之间的紊流拟序结构不同 ,它们相互作用的结果产生了特有的泡漩现象 ;

蜗壳式旋风分离器全空间三维时均流场的结构

采用激光多普勒测速系统 (LDV)对蜗壳式旋风分离器全空间内三维湍流的时均流场进行了实验测定与分析 ,重点讨论了灰斗、环形空间和排气管的流场特点 .分离空间内时均流场是外侧准自由涡与内侧准强制涡的典型结构 .环形空间的入口部位有多个纵向二次涡 ,其他大部分空间顶部出现纵向二次环流 ,切向速度和径向速度的分布呈现非轴对称性 ,入口气量沿高度分布不均匀 .灰斗的顶部也存在纵向二次环流 .排气管内轴向速度分布与分离空间内的分布形态迥异 .

平板气膜冷却孔下游湍流场的试验研究

利用二维粒子图像测速(PIV)技术,在吹风比为0.5和1.0、雷诺数为480时,对平板直冷却孔和弯曲冷却孔下游湍流场的流动结构进行了测量,得到了中心截面及射流下游4个流向横截面上的平均速度、涡量分布以及烟雾显示照片,并分析了弯曲冷却孔通道对下游涡结构沿流向演化过程的影响.结果表明:冷却孔射流具有较低的射流轨迹,可以增强气膜的贴附效果,有利于提高冷却效率;弯曲冷却孔能为气膜提供较强的横向动量,使其具有较高的横向扩展能力,从而改善气膜的侧向覆盖效果.

各种间隙比下水平圆柱绕流特性的实验研究

采用粒子图像测速仪（PIV）和超声测速仪（ADV）系统，对间隙比G为0．0～7．0（即为圆柱与底壁相接触时至圆柱与水面相接触时）浅水横流水平圆柱绕流流动进行了系统实验研究。根据所测结果，讨论了在各种间隙比情况下圆柱上、下游的紊动强度、雷诺应力沿水深的分布规律；分析了在各种间隙比情况下旋涡的生成、发展和演化的现象和规律；分析了瞬时数据时均化后的时均流场结构特性；比较了瞬时流场和时均流场的特点及差别。本文成果对具有类似流动特点的工程问题具有指导意义。

横流中有限宽窄缝射流的旋涡结构

本文应用PIV流动显示技术详细测量了有限宽度窄缝射流从底部射入横流的流场结构。在此基础上采用湍流数学模型及相应的混合有限分析方法,得到横流中有限宽窄缝射流的时均及瞬态流场、涡量场,以此来分析流场、涡量场特性,揭示各种具有拟序结构性质的复杂涡系的产生、发展及演化过程。实验观察到射流迎、背流剪切涡层卷起形成类开尔文涡列。本文还探讨了横流绕流分离旋涡的生成机理及其转向。另外,观测到射流喷口上游的马蹄涡系以及射流逆流区下游尾迹区旋涡的层状结构形式。通过拓扑分析的方法,给出了横流中有限宽窄缝射流旋涡近区流场的拓扑性质。

日本东北M_W9.0地震海啸在港池及邻近区域诱发的涡流危险性计算与评估分析

海啸造成的灾害与损失并非都与淹没有关,特别是港口中海啸诱导的强流会对船只及海事设施产生重要的影响及损害.由于海啸流观测数据稀缺及海啸诱导涡流机制的不确定性,过去60年海啸科学主要集中于对海啸波特征及淹没过程的研究与分析,海啸流模拟及验证工作开展较少,导致对海啸流基本特征及其造成灾害现象的曲解.开展海啸诱导的涡流研究及预警服务显得尤为重要及紧迫.考虑快速海啸预警需要,综合对比海啸诱导涡流的物理框架及模型方法,探索兼顾效率与计算精度的海啸流模拟方法是本文的核心工作及出发点.通过分析浅层湍流相干结构(TCS)产生的主要物理耗散机制,确定了考虑2D水平耗散机制的非线性浅水方程可用于海啸涡流的模拟分析.基于高精、高分辨率有限体积模型Geoclaw建立了三个精细化的港口海啸流模型,模型分辨率为5m.利用基于海啸浮标反演的海啸源模型作为初始条件,模拟分析了日本东北地震海啸在远场的海啸波流特征.海啸波流特征模拟结果与观测吻合较好,结果可信.对比发现:波驱动的自由表面流,小的位相或波幅误差就会导致大的流速误差,流的模拟和预报相对波幅来说更具挑战性.研究了海啸波流能量在港池中的分布特征,得到:港池入口及防波堤两端常被强流控制,具有极高的危险性;相对于波幅的空间变化,海啸流具有更强的空间敏感性;所建立的高分辨率海啸模型模拟再现了日本海啸在近场的涡旋结构,给出了与观测基本一致的涡流特征.最后,引入海啸流危险等级标准,分析了港口海啸流危险性等级分布、船只疏散的安全深度及回港的时间周期.针对港口、海湾同时考虑海啸波流特征的海啸预警与评估对于港口应急管理者科学决策具有重要意义.

流固耦合湍流驱动TATB造粒凝结涡旋

利用X射线微层析成像技术获得了水悬浮法湍流驱动TATB造粒结构的全三维信息,涡旋通过湍流和粘结剂凝结硬化保存下来,其结构排列及涡旋致密层的三维可视化解决了分析涡旋特征的难题。颗粒内部典型涡旋有单涡旋、双涡旋、多涡旋、涡中涡等,涡旋形态揭示了湍流发展的模式,致密层密度则揭示了湍流对TATB晶粒的传质作用。X射线微层析成像提供了无损侵入材料内部的分析方法,可实现探测很小尺寸范围的凝结涡旋及洞察湍动过程的涡旋凝结。

浸没式撞击流反应器流场涡特性的数值研究

利用大涡模拟(LES)方法研究了撞击流反应器内流场涡特性,分析撞击区域流体流动特征。改变进口速度、喷嘴间距,讨论流场速度、涡量和平面涡能量分布规律,并分析了流场流型、涡演化过程和涡核形式。在反应器内靠近撞击驻点的涡尺寸小、脉动性高,随着撞击距离的增加,流体速度逐渐减小,涡影响范围变大。平均涡量和平均涡能量随进口速度的增加,先增加后减小。结合Q判据分析了反应器内涡的演化过程和流体流型。根据径向射流涡的演变过程,得到径向射流两侧涡演化的周期,在0.15~0.20 s之间。撞击区的涡结构主要为马蹄涡和肋状涡,在出口位置存在涡环。研究结果为深入分析撞击流反应器流体运动规律和优化反应器提供了理论参考。

三维斜掠后台阶流动数值模拟

介绍了开源计算流体力学软件OpenFOAM(Open Field Operation and Manip-ulation)及面向对象编程技术,并利用其对三维斜掠后台阶流动进行了数值模拟.通过对无斜掠角度情况下用OpenFOAM计算得到的流场速度型和展向涡强度场分布与实验数据的对比研究,证明其具有良好的计算精度和可靠性.通过对不同斜掠角度台阶下游流线与压力分布的详细研究发现随着斜掠角度从0°增加到60,°回流区涡团结构和再附距离均发生了显著变化.其总体趋势是再附距离在30°后会急剧缩小,旋涡强度也会减弱.