Quality Synthetic Evaluation of Urea Formaldehyde Foam Substrate in Turf Establishment

[Objective]The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of three kinds of urea formaldehyde foam substrate in tall fescue establishment as well as to study on evaluation of turf quality.[Method]The visual estimates,ecological quality estimates and utility quality estimates were used as the 1st level indicators,and the density,color,texture,uniformity,green period,cover degree,biomass,emergence energy,growth rate and turf-forming time were used as the corresponding 2nd level indicators.With T.L.Satty＇s method Analytic Hierarchy Process（AHP） and the fuzzy synthesis evaluation method,the weight ratio of matrix was obtained and the synthetic evaluation result was accorded with facts,then it could be regarded as the satisfying value of weight.[Result]The quality of three covering soil treatments was better than that of uncovering treatment and conventional treatment,the quality synthetic evaluation of F1 was the best,which was about 0.770.[Conclusion]Urea formaldehyde foam substrate showed high quality for turf establishment,which could be further spread and applied.

Occurrence and Pathogenic Identification of Puccinia coronata var.coronata Corda on Perennial Ryegrass in Jiangsu Regions

[Objective] Pathogen identification and disease regularity of perennial ryegrass rust in Jurong area of Jiangsu Province was conducted.[Method] Perennial ryegrass rust occurred in Science and Technology Demonstration and lawn greening band of campus in Jiangsu Polytechnic College of Agriculture and Forestry in Jurong region of Jiangsu Province were randomly investigated and their incidence laws were observed.[Result] Perennial ryegrass rust had the most serious occurrence in June each year in Jurong area of Jiangsu Province,the tender perennial ryegrass sowed this year were more susceptible to the disease than the perennial ryegrass with two years generation;Puccinia coronata var.coronata Corda was confirmed to be the pathogen of perennial ryegrass rust;when the temperature was about 25 ℃,it was the best condition for the occurrence of rust disease,when the temperature was over 35 ℃,the disease would reduce or stop.[Conclusion] Perennial ryegrass rust was first reported in Jiangsu Province.

Mutagenic Effect of ^(60)Co γ-rays Irradiation on Turf Characteristics of Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the mutagenic effect of 60 Co γ-rays irradiation on turf characteristics of Buchloe dactyloides （Nutt.） Engelm. [Method] Buffalo grass were irradiated with 60 Co γ-rays at five different radiation intensities （1 200, 1 400, 1 600, 1 800, 2 000 Gy） to determine the related turf characteristics and analyze the mutagenic effect of 60 Co γ-rays at different radiation intensities on buffalo grass. [Result] Germination rates of buffalo grass irradiated by different radiation intensities of 60 Co γ-rays varied inconsistently, and the root length and bud length were shorter than the control; compared with the control, the height of irradiated seedlings was significantly reduced, and the number of tillers, plant height, leaf length and leaf blade width were smaller than the control; however, the stolon length, stolon diameter and number of stolon nods had no significant difference compared with the control. [Conclusion] This study laid foundation for determining the appropriate radiation intensity of 60 Co γ-rays and selecting useful mutants of buffalo grass.

Raising medium function of environmental engineering by using life rubbish to produce carpet turf

Abundant material with low cost was utilized to raise medium function of producing carpet turf by life rubbish. The results showed that the material used could strikingly raise water retentiveness and ventilating of medium. Through the determination of the effect of each growth index of several turfgrass, emergence density, plant height, root growth and individual plant′s net primary production were all positively related to the material′s amount mixed, showing that the mixture of material could promote turfgrass growth, further proving that the material used raised medium function of producing carpet turf by life rubbish and made most use of life rubbish resources. It provided a scientific base is for application of environmental engineering by using life rubbish to produce carpet turf. So the study had both important theoretic meaning and applied value.

基于Vue+OpenLayers+Turf的河段洪水预报动态可视化展示设计

传统河段洪水预报结果展示普遍为预报时间、预报值以及过程曲线,静态展示的是预报断面预报洪水过程,洪水到达前当前洪峰所在位置并不明确。为此,基于Vue框架和OpenLayers客户端,结合洪水预报结果和区间河道经纬度坐标集,使用Turf进行洪峰位置实时坐标更新计算,提出一种新的河段洪水预报动态可视化展示设计。通过利用该设计对大渡河丹巴水文站至猴子岩水电站河段进行预报模拟,实现了预报洪峰“动起来”的效果。结果表明,该设计能够更直观地可视化展示预报洪水传播情况。

Further Recognition of Interventional Medicine

Subtle changes have occurred in China, and interventional radiology has gradually become an independent specialty, separated from diagnostic radiology. This has been called "Interventionalogy", "interventional medicine(IM)", or simply Intervention by our team,and "Interventional Radiology" is used no more. It has even been given the name "Third clinical Medicine" by us. Chinese intervention has established an independent association for interventional doctors, as well as independent interventional societies in many provinces. The national interventional society will likely be set up at some point in time. Chinese interve ntion has set up their own clinical wards, with much attention paid to a clinical, professional, and normalized direction for development, and established special nursing units. According to us, turf battle is meaningless. "The Third clinical Medicine" belongs to all human beings. It could also be predicted that interventional history will follow the same evolutionary rule as other disciplines, i.e., "long divided, must unite; long united, must divide".

The effects of artificial surface temperature on mechanical properties and player kinematics during landing and acceleration

Background: Artificial turf is considered a feasible global alternative to natural turf by many sports governing bodies. Consequently, its ability to provide a safe and consistent playing surface regardless of climate becomes essential. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of artificial surface temperature on:(1) mechanical properties of the turf and(2) the kinematics of a turf-sport related movement.Methods: Two identical artificial turf pitches were tested: one with a cold surface temperature(1.8°C–2.4°C) and one with a warm surface temperature(14.5°C–15.2°C). Mechanical testing was performed to measure the surface properties. Four amateur soccer players performed a hurdle jump to sprint acceleration movement, with data(contact time, step length and hip, knee and ankle kinematics) collected using CODASport(200 Hz).Results: The temperature difference had a significant influence on the mechanical properties of the artificial turf, including force absorption,energy restitution, rotational resistance, and the height where the head injury criterion was met. Both step length(p = 0.008) and contact time(p = 0.002) of the initial step after the landing were significantly longer on the warm surface. In addition, significant range of motion and joint angular velocity differences were found.Conclusion: These findings highlight different demands placed on players due to the surface temperature and suggest a need for coaches,practitioners, and sports governing bodies to be aware of these differences.

Effect of turf on the cutting movement of female football players

Purpose： The globalisation of artificial turf and the increase in player participation has driven the need to examine injury risk in the sport of football. The purpose of this study was to investigate the surface--player interaction in female football players between natural and artificial turf. Methods： Eight university level female football players performed an unanticipated cutting manoeuvre at an angle of 30° and 60°, on a regulation natural grass pitch （NT） and a 3G artificial turf pitch （AT）. An automated active maker system （CodaSport CXS System, 200 Hz） quantified 3D joint angles at the ankle and knee during the early deceleration phase of the cutting, defined from foot strike to weight acceptance at 20% of the stance phase. Differences were statistically examined using a two-way （cutting angle, surface） ANOVA, with an α level of p 〈 0.05 and Cohen＇s d effect size reported. Results： A trend was observed on the AT, with a reduction in knee valgus and internal rotation, suggesting a reduced risk of knee injury. This findings highlight that AT is no worse than NT and may have the potential to reduce the risk of knee injury. The ankle joint during foot strike showed large effects for an increase dorsiflexion and inversion on AT. A large effect for an increase during weight acceptance was observed for ankle inversion and external rotation on AT. Conclusion： These findings provide some support for the use of AT in female football, with no evidence to suggests that there is an increased risk of injury when performing on an artificial turf. The ankle response was less clear and further research is warranted. This initial study provides a platform for more detailed analysis, and highlights the importance of exploring the biomechanical changes in performance and injury risk with the introduction of AT.

Coastal geomorphic evolution at the Denglou Cape, the Leizhou Peninsula

The Denglou Cape, southwest of the Leizhou Peninsula, is the most typical tropical coast in the continent of China.The coastal geomorphic development basics of the geology and Quaternary environment change are discussed. Aerial photograph interpretation with fieldwork is applied to draw the outlines of geomorphic types. Based on the investigative data, the exogenic forces and marine organism conditions concerning tropical coast development in the area are expounded, and coastal dynamo-deposition geomorphic bodies are analysed, mainly with sea cliff-abrasion platform,barrier-lagoon system, modern beach, coral reef and mangrove tidal flat, and the general process of coastal evolution at this area, as well as coastline changes since middle Holocene transgression.

Mowing Height and Mowing Frequency Interactions on Turf Performance of Kentucky Bluegrass

The mowing height and mowing frequency are the key factors that affect the turf quality and turfgrass growing ability. The purpose of this study was to reveal the alternative effcient interaction between mowing height and mowing frequency in Kentucky bluegrass turf management. The Kentucky bluegrass cultivar ＇Kenblue＇ （Poa pratensis L.） was used to evaluate the interactions of mowing heights （H1, H4 and H7） and mowing frequencies （F2, F5 and F8） on the performance of turfgrass and turf physiological responses under the feld condition. The results showed that the treatment of H7×F8 had perfect infuence on the turf texture, root elongation, and also enhanced soluble sugar and free proline content in plants. While, the turf quality, color, uniformity and the increasing tiller numbers were performed more superior in the treatment of H4×F5 than other treatments. In all the interacting treatments, the relation between leaf green index and number of shoots （dm2） was positively correlated, thus, it could be speculated that the proper mowing height with frequency had a strong impact on the increasing of turfgrass tillers. On the whole, the interaction of H4×F5 on turf quality was the most excellent treatment in this experiment.

Landscaping and performance of some aesthetic plant species in hot, arid conditions of India

Establishment of ornamental and aesthetic plants in hot, arid conditions of India is difficult due to the prevailing climatic, edaphic and biotic factors. Effect of turfgrass on the growth of ornamental plants in hot arid conditions has not been studied so far anywhere in the world. A study was conducted on the campus of Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur, India to assess the performance of a few ornamental plant spe- cies in combination with turfgrass and without turfgrass with respect to different soil tilling intervals. Growth of plants was better with turfgrass than without turfgrass. We suggest adopting a soil tilling interval of 30 days to achieve optimum growth of ornamental plant species in terms of height and crown diameter. Our results can help reduce labor costs and achieving better landscapes in fewer days in hot urban conditions of Indian sub continent.

Research Progress on Water Use Efficiency and Drought Resistance of Turfgrass

Improving turfgrass drought resistance and save-water features are very important to solve water deficiency in turfgrass production and management. This research did some surveys of systematic literature review about turfgrass drought tolerance morphological characteristics, physiological characteristics and water use efficiency, and provided the detailed information for enhancing turfgrass drought resistant and water use efficiency in the future.

Study on Genetic Diversity of Turf Bamboo Based on ISSR Marker

[ Objective ] This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of turf bamboo species by using ISSR molecular marker technology. [ Method] Excellent turf bamboo species imported from France and domestic ornamental turf bamboo species were used as experimental materials for ISSR analysis, cluster analysis was conducted on 10 species of turf bamboo materials based on the obtained ISSR molectfiar ma^kers. [ Result] A total of 201 clear bands with good repeatability and high polymorphism were amplified with 21 ISSR primers, with a polymorphism rate of 93.1% ; similarity coefficients between different turf bamboo species ranged from 0.275 to 0.571, with an average similarity coefficient of 0. 357 ; according to the results of ISSR markers, 10 different ornamental turf bamboo species were di- vided into three categories by using UPGMA cluster analysis method. [Conclusion] Turf bamboo with different sources had relatively high genetic diversity, this study had provided theoretical and technical basis for the breeding, cultivation and vromotion of ornamental turf bamboo.

Economic and Technical Analysis of the Construction and Maintenance of Professional Soccer Fields

The aim of this analysis is to compare and contrast the differences and similarities of the construction and maintenance of soccer fields, from both technical and economic points of view. Authors studied two samples： the first with totally modified top soil following the USGA （United States Golf Association） Specifications, all new top soil, as in USGA, called the Texas method; the second sample was natural soil mixed with ammendants and sand, in order to reduce compaction. This study compares the initial investments, performance during training and finally the cost of maintenance. The drainage system was the same for both samples.

Effects of Low Temperature-tolerant Microbial Inoculants from Municipal Solid Waste Compost on Turf Storage in Winter

Beneficial microorganisms were extracted from municipal solid waste compost and treated under low temperature stress to prepare complex microbial inoc- ulants. Turfgrass was inoculated with the prepared microbial inoculants to investigate the ecological effect of ~crobial inoculants on turf storage in winter. The re- suits showed that complex low temperature tolerant microbial inoculants significandy improved plant height and aboveground biomass of turfgrass. Compared with the non-inoculated control, plant height and biomass of the first batch of inoculated turfgrass were enhanced by 6.47% and 14.32%, respectively; and they were en- hanced by 6.94% and 17.41%, respectively, for the second batch of inoculated turfgrass. Under low temperature stress in winter, the reviving rate of inoculated tarfgrass was significandy higher than that of control, which was improved by 3.34% and 43.33% for the first and second batches of inoculated turfgrass respective- ly. After low temperature storage in winter, inoculated turfgrass revived in advance; specifically, the reviving date of the second batch of inoculated turfgrass was 3 d earlier than that of control. This low temperature tolerant microbial consortium was effective for turfgrass as an ecofriendly and acceptable technology to improve plant performance and development in winter and accelerate time to market of turf.

Microplastic in an Arid Region: Identification, Quantification and Characterization on and Alongside Roads in Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Microplastic content was analyzed in road dust, soils alongside roads and stormwater run-offs in Al Ain City, Abu Dhabi. Apart from tire wear material, fibers and degradation products of meso- and macroplastics such as plastic bags and plastic bottle tops were found to be the most dominant plastic microparticles. Speed bumps and artificial turf/lawns were also evaluated as potential sources of microplastics on and alongside roads. It was found that in arid regions Aeolian transport of microplastics may be more important than transport by water.

751 Bauhaus Zone:The Turf of Designers

The mingling of the mod els＂ chic elegonce ond elusive style with the heovy presence of industriol icons creotes o bolonced ond rich polemic.

SUSTAINABLE PLAYING FIELDS 8 Steps to an Easy Field Facelift

According to the National Safe Kids Coalition,30 million young people play organized sports in the United States annually.One million of them are treated annually in an emergency room and 50%of those treated injuries are preventable.As more people are encouraged to be active in their daily lives to combat health issues and obesity,an increased demand on recreational and sport facilities and playing surfaces will increase the degradation of the playing surfaces and thereby increase the risk of sports related injuries.Continual maintenance and upkeep of playing surfaces can be become a sinkhole for budgeted dollars if a facility use plan and a maintenance plan are not in place for dealing with the increase in play on athletic fields and parks.So why do the statistics of athletic injury matter?As we manage sports fields,our jobs are to reduce the number of injuries on our playing surfaces.We need to make our fields as safe as we can.There are a number of agronomic practices that many times are overlooked or forgotten about when managing sports turf.“8 Steps to an Easy Field Facelift”is a list of the management practices we can employ that will sustain our fields safer for play for a longer period of time at minimal cost.

Field Study of HPTRM Combined with Vegetation and Anchor to Protect Newly Excavated Expansive Soil Slope

Anchor reinforced vegetation system(ARVS)comprises high performance turf reinforcement mats(HPTRM),vegetation and anchors.It is a new attempt to apply the system in expansive soil slope protection.The goal of this paper was to evaluate the effectiveness of ARVS in protecting newly excavated expansive soil slopes.The field tests on the bare slope,grassed slope and ARVS protective slope were carried out,including natural and artificial rainfall.During the test,the soil water content,soil deformation,and anchor axial force were monitored,and then the slope protection mechanism of ARVS was analyzed.It was found that ARVS can effectively protect expansive soil slopes compared with bare slopes and grassed slopes.The vegetation and HPTRM form a reinforced turf,and the anchors fix it to the slope surface,thus restraining the expansion deformation.The axial force on the anchor of ARVS includes frictional resistance and tensile force transmitted by HPTRM,which is maximum at the early stage of support.The neutral point of the anchor of ARVS moves deeper under atmospheric action,but the vegetation and HPTRM on the slope surface can limit this movement.

Identification of Festuca arundinacea Schreb Cat1 Catalase Gene and Analysis of its Expression Under Abiotic Stresses

Ablotlc stresses, such as drought, high salinity, and cold/freezing, lead plants to produce excess reactive oxygen species. Catalase, a unique hydrogen peroxide-scavenging enzyme, plays a very Important role In plants. To characterize the catalase involved In plant response to ablotlc stresses, we constructed a cDNA library from 4℃-treated Festuca arundinacea Schreb seedlings and isolated a catalase gene from this library. The cDNA （FaCat1, 1 735 bp） contained an open reading frame of 1 479 bp. BLAST analysis Indicated that the deduced amino acid sequence showed 96% Identity with that from wheat TaCat1 and 87% Identity with that from maize ZmCat2. Northern blotting analysis showed an obvious Increase of FaCat1 transcripts In leaves In contrast with roots. Time-course analysis of the expression of FaCat1 in F. arundinacea leaves showed that FaCat1 expression was upregulated in cold- and salt-stressed leaves, with the FaCat1 transcripts accumulat-Ing mostly at 4 or 2 h after cold or salt stress, respectively. No significant changes in FaCat1 transcription were observed in dried leaves and inhibition of FaCat1 transcription was found In absclsic acid （ABA）-treated leaves, Indicating that the FaCat1 gene is differentially expressed during cold, high salt, drought, and ABA treatment In F. arundinacea leaves.