Comparative Study on the Acid-Base Indicator Properties of Natural Dye, Turmeric Rhizome (Curcuma longa) and Synthetic Dyes

Acid-Base Indicator, Turmeric Rhizome (Curcuma longa) was extracted from the root of a turmeric plant. The turmeric was peeled, washed and dried in an oven at 60°C. It was ground into powder and soaked in hot and cold ethanol for the extraction. The extract was filtered and part of it was concentrated to yield a reasonable quantity of turmeric indicator. On standardization of acid with a base, 0.05 M base respectively of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and Disodium borate (B4Na2O7) were used. Hot and cold extracts of turmeric were used as indicators and were compared with methyl orange and phenolphthalein. On the preliminary test carried out, hot and cold turmeric indicator showed yellow colour in acid medium and orange colour in the base. Methyl orange showed red colour in acid but yellow in the base, phenolphthalein was colourless in acid but pink in the base. During titration there were colour changes at the end points in the entire test carried out. The average volumes at ends points were calculated, the molar concentrations and mass concentrations of the acids used were also determined. The results showed that there was no difference between the natural indicators used and the existing synthetic indicators which are toxic to our environment.

Fermented Black Turmeric Designed by Lactobacillus Rearranged Leukocyte Subsets and Anti-Oxidative Activity

A plant fermentation was carried out by Yeast and Lactobaccilli against fermented black turmeric, Kaempferia parviflora (FBT). These materials were proved by as safe in animal safety experiment. We tried to investigate changes of immune-competent cells that commonly utilized FBT, including after administration of immno-suppressed animals, the effects by FBT on the regulated effect on the cells were evaluated. Our results showed that FBT augmented the level of lymphocytes in number, while FBT regulated the level of granulocytes in both number and function. In our clinical study with 20 healthy volunteers, granulocyte and lymphocyte ratio suggesting their constitution as neutral in peripheral blood were increased significantly 30 days after the administration of FBT in rodents, and compromised host was prepared with cancer chemotherapeutic agent (Mytomycin-C). Our observations showed against intracellular parasite, and that FBT augmented intercellular pathogen through humoral immunity. We discussed the significance and mechanism of FBT on the level of leukocyte subsets in number and function that were considered to be potential indicators for the activation of the compromised host. We also proposed an idea that FBT exhibited tonic effects via activating complement components. The evidences were shown by immune-electrophoretic method. Moreover, we tried to access further to the anti-oxidative activities of this FBT. This modification brought to the significant lift up for antibody producing cells and anti-oxidative activity for phagocytic cells.

Network pharmacology and molecular docking reveal zedoary turmeric-trisomes in Inflammatory bowel disease with intestinal fibrosis

BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) is a complex chronic IBD that is closely associated with risk factors such as environment, diet, medications and lifestyle that may influence the host microbiome or immune response to antigens. At present, with the increasing incidence of IBD worldwide, it is of great significance to further study the pathogenesis of IBD and seek new therapeutic targets. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) treatment of diseases is characterized by multiple approaches and multiple targets and has a long history of clinical application in China. The mechanism underlying the effect of zedoary turmerictrisomes on inducing mucosal healing in IBD is not clear.AIM To explore the effective components and potential mechanism of zedoary turmeric-trisomes in the treatment of IBD with intestinal fibrosis using network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques.METHODS The chemical constituents and targets of Rhizoma zedoary and Rhizoma sanarum were screened using the TCMSP database. The GeneCards database was searched to identify targets associated with intestinal fibrosis in IBD. The intersection of chemical component targets and disease targets was obtained using the Venny 2.1 online analysis platform, and the common targets were imported into the STRING 11.0 database to construct a protein interaction regulatory network. A “zedoary turmeric-trisomes-chemical composition-target-disease” network diagram was subsequently constructed using Cytoscape 3.7.2 software, and the topological properties of the network were analyzed using the “Network Analysis” plug-in. Gene Ontology(GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) enrichment analyses of the common targets were performed using the DAVID 6.8 database to elucidate the mechanism of zedoary turmeric-trisomes in the treatment of IBD. Subsequently, molecular docking of the compounds and targets with the highest intermediate values in the “zedoary turmeric-trisomes-chemical composition-target-disease” network was performed using Sybyl-x 2.1.1 software.RESULTS A total of 5 chemical components with 60 targets were identified, as well as 3153 targets related to IBD and 44 common targets. The protein-protein interaction network showed that the core therapeutic targets included JUN, MAPK14, CASP3, AR, and PTGS2. The GO enrichment analysis identified 759 items, and the KEGG enrichment analysis yielded 52 items, including the cancer pathway, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, hepatitis B, and the calcium signaling pathway, reflecting the complex biological processes of the multicomponent, multitarget and multipathway treatment of diseases with zedoary turmeric-trisomes. Molecular docking showed that the compound bonded with the target through hydrogen bond interactions and exhibited good docking activity.CONCLUSION This study identified the potential mechanism of action of zedoary turmeric-trisomes in the treatment of inflammatory bowel fibrosis using network pharmacology and molecular docking technology, providing a scientific basis for further expansion of their clinical use.

Varietal Performance of Turmeric under Mango Based Agroforestry System

An experiment was carried out at the Agroforestry and Environment Research Farm, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh, during April, 2014 to January 2015. The experiment was laid out in two factors Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Among the two factors, one factor like A was two production systems: S1 = Mango + Turmeric and S2 = Turmeric (sole crop);another factor like B was three turmeric variety: V1 = BARI Holud-1, V2 = BARI Holud-2 and V3 = BARI Holud-3. So, the treatment combinations were: S1V1 = Mango + BARI Holud-1, S1V2 = Mango + BARI Holud-2, S1V3 = Mango + BARI Holud-3, S2V1 = sole cropping of BARI Holud-1, S2V2 = sole cropping of BARI Holud-2 and S2V3 = sole cropping of BARI Holud-3. The result of the experiment revealed that interaction effect of production systems and variety was found significant on plant height, number of leaf per plant, length of leaf blade, breadth of leaf blade, number of finger per rhizome, fresh and dry yield per hectare. The higher fresh yield of turmeric (34.75 t/ha) and dry yield (6.10 t/ha) was found from S1V1 treatment (Mango + BARI Holud-1). Whereas the lowest fresh yield (33.41 t/ha) and dry yield (4.93 t/ha) was found from S2V2 treatment (sole cropping of BARI Holud-2). However, the suitability of the cultivation of different turmeric variety under mango based agroforestry systems may be ranked as S1V1 > S2V1 > S1V3 > S2V3 > S1V2 > S2V2. Finally it may be concluded that, BARI Holud-1 would be the best variety to be grown under mango based agroforestry.

A Comparison of the Antioxidative and Anti-Diabetic Potential of Thermally Treated Garlic, Turmeric, and Ginger

Spices have been used for centuries for food preservation, flavors, and medicinal properties. Research suggests that garlic, turmeric, and ginger contain potent antioxidants that may prevent and/or delay chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Heat treatment of spices may potentially increase antioxidative activity by modifying the inherent chemical structure of potent antioxidative compounds within spices. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of thermal treatment of garlic, ginger, and turmeric on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), trolox activity (TEAC), lipase, a-amylase, and a-glucosidase inhibition. Conventional stovetop heating of selected spices was performed followed by methanolic and aqueous extractions (1 - 5 minutes;70°C - 130°C). Overall methanolic extracts had higher phytochemical, antioxidative, and anti-diabetic potential. However, aqueous garlic extracts exhibited higher phytochemical and antioxidative potential over methanolic garlic extracts. The highest TPC for aqueous garlic extracts was observed at 1 minute (14.11 mg GAE/g) while methanolic garlic extracts at 1 minute were significantly lower (1.72 mg GAE/g). Methanolic turmeric extracts had highest TPC at 5 minutes (28.55 mg GAE/g). Time and temperature influenced antioxidant activity in the spices. Turmeric and ginger (methanolic extracts) resulted in higher percent inhibition of DPPH radical with an increase in time (5 minute) turmeric (86.9%) and ginger (79.09%) at 7.9 mg/mL concentration. The results of this study revealed both solvent and time for thermal treatment of spices influenced antioxidative potential as determined using DPPH and FRAP assays. Therefore, the use of thermal application on spices presents promise in potentiating the antioxidant content and thereby their potential health promoting properties. Spices are utilized in the U.S. food industry and increasing their use as a natural antioxidant preservative and flavoring agent may have beneficial impact in food product development.

Green Dyeing of Silk Fabric with Turmeric Powder Using Tamarind Seed Coat as Mordant

The current study is aimed to explore the sustainable dyeing approach of silk fabric with turmeric powder using tannin as mordant extracted from tamarind seed coat. For that, tamarind seed coat tannin was extracted and applied as natural mordant alone and in combination with metal mordant namely copper sulphate for dyeing silk fabric with the extract of turmeric powder. Dyeing parameters such as temperature, time and mordant concentration were varying for optimizing the process. The color strength, color coordinates, color fastness to wash, perspiration, water and rubbing were evaluated for examining dyeing performance. Firstly, tannin was extracted from tamarind seed coat and applying on the silk fabric at 95°C temperature for 45 min by varying concentration. Among them 15 g/l shows better results. Some samples were mordanted with both 15 g/l extracted tannin and 0.5% copper sulphate solution. The mordanted samples were dyed with turmeric dye by varying the time and temperature. By analyzing the test results, the sample mordanted with extracted tannin showed high color strength and good fastness properties dyeing at 80°C for 60 min. The application of 0.5% copper sulphate mordant enhanced sustainable wash fastness properties.

EFFECTS OF LIMONENE,SALVIA MILTIORRHIZA AND TURMERIC DERIVATIVES ON H-RAS ONCOGENE EXPRESSION AND GAP JUNCTION INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION IN HUMAN SOLID TUMOR CELL LINES

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Structural and magnetic properties of turmeric functionalized CoFe_2O_4 nanocomposite powder

The structural and magnetic properties of the synthesized pure and functionalized CoFe_2O_4 magnetic nanoparticles(NPs) are studied by analyzing the results from the x-ray diffraction(XRD), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), FT–IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry(TG), and vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM). To extract the structure and lattice parameters from the XRD analysis results, we first apply the pseudo-Voigt model function to the experimental data obtained from XRD analysis and then the Rietveld algorithm is used in order to optimize the model function to estimate the true intensity values. Our simulated intensities are in good agreement with the experimental peaks, therefore, all structural parameters such as crystallite size and lattice constant are achieved through this simulation. Magnetic analysis reveals that the synthesized functionalized NPs have a saturation magnetization almost equal to that of pure nanoparticles(PNPs). It is also found that the presence of the turmeric causes a small reduction in coercivity of the functionalized NPs in comparison with PNP. Our TGA and FTIR results show that the turmeric is bonded very well to the surface of the NPs. So it can be inferred that a nancomposite(NC) powder of turmeric and nanoparticles is produced. As an application, the anti-arsenic characteristic of turmeric makes the synthesized functionalized NPs or NC powder a good candidate for arsenic removal from polluted industrial waste water.

Investigation on the Trap Signature in Organic Semiconductor Turmeric Film Through Current-Voltage Analysis

The analytical description of the trap signature in the charge conduction process of turmeric dye-based organic semiconductor has been presented in this study.An analytical explanation of the built-in potential Ⅴx-Ⅴ graph that emphasizes the presence of trapping states has been provided.Differential analysis of current-voltage(Ⅰ-Ⅴ)characteristics has also been conducted to verify the trap signature of the carrier in the device.The non-monotonous decrement of the G(Ⅴ)-Ⅴ plot verifies the trap signature.The values of trap energy(Et)and trap factor(θ)have been derived from the logarithmic Ⅰ-Ⅴ relationship.From the analysis of the semilogarithmic Ⅰ-Ⅴ plot,the barrier height(ϕbi)of the device has also been determined.The overallⅠ-Ⅴcurve has been taken into account to examine the Richardson-Schottky and Poole-Frenkel effects on the trap-assisted charge conduction process.From the results of the experiment,the Schottky effect has been observed to be effective,which leads to a bulk-limited charge conduction process.

Molecular mechanism of Turmeric in the treatment of liver cancer based on network pharmacology

Objective:The aim of this study was to use network pharmacology to predict the targets and related signaling pathways of turmeric in the treatment of liver cancer.Methods:The active ingredients of turmeric turmeric and their corresponding targets were screened and collected through the traditional Chinese medicine components and systematic Chinese medicine pharmacology database and analysis platform(TCMSP)database.Through the online human Mendelian network(OMIM),the human genome annotation database(Genecards)and the GAD database,the targets related to liver cancer were collected and compared with the targets corresponding to the drug components,the common parts were screened out to obtain the potential target genes that overlap between turmeric and liver cancer.Cytoscape was used to construct the"compound-target"action network,and the protein interaction(PPI)network was constructed through STRING software to screen the key components and key targets of turmeric for the treatment of liver cancer,and the GO enrichment and KEGG enrichment analysis were conducted on the key targets to analyze their potential mechanism of action.Results:There were 15 active components and 45 target genes in the treatment of liver cancer with turmeric turmeric,and the drug-component-target-disease network showed that the key genes mainly included:MAPK1,MAPK3,AKT1,JUN,RELA,BCL2,CASP8,ESR1,ADRB2,etc.GO functional enrichment showed that biological processes and functions were concentrated in cofactor binding,phosphatase binding,amide binding,g-protein-coupled amide receptor activity,antioxidant activity,steroid activity,nuclear receptor activity,transcription factor activity,direct ligand regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding,and steroid hormone receptor activity.KEGG functional enrichment showed that the enriched pathways mainly included hepatitis b,human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection,apoptosis,hepatitis c and some cancer signaling pathways.Conclusion:The role of turmeric in the treatment of liver cancer may be realized through the above molecular mechanism,providing theoretical evidence for subsequent studies and clinical applications.

The Golden Spice Turmeric (<i>Curcuma longa</i>) and Its Feasible Benefits in Prospering Human Health—A Review

From the evolution of the mankind, Turmeric has been used in conventional medication. India is in lead for producing, marketing and exporting the Turmeric and its value added products. Curcuma longa (Turmeric) is an Indian rhizomatous medicinal herb from the Zingiberaceae family that is common and widely available across the globe. The components of Turmeric are curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin and these are collectively known as curcuminoids. Curcumin, the active ingredient of Turmeric is generally investigated by the scientific community for its wide range of antioxidant activity, anti-Inflammatory properties and anti-cancer activity, anti-metabolic syndrome activities, neuroprotective activity, antimicrobial effects, anti-arthritis effects, anti-viral effects, anti-asthma and anti-diabetic effects, anti-obesity, cardio and liver toxicity protection activity, anti-depression and anxiety activities. Turmeric has been widely used as a typical household treatment for cough, sore throat, respiratory ailments and could be an effective immunity booster against SARS-CoV-2 therapy during the ongoing pandemic situation. Safety evaluation studies indicate that both turmeric and curcumin are well tolerated at a very high dose without any toxic effects. Thus, turmeric and its constituents have the potential for the development of modern medicine for the treatment of various diseases. So in this review, we describe the various metabolic roles of curcumin and activities for the benefit of human health.

Effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth, nutrient uptake and curcumin production of turmeric (<i>Curcuma longa </i>L.)

Profitable turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) production requires adequate nutrients. We have investigated the effect of inoculation with arbus cular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on growth, nutrient uptake, yield and curcumin production of turmeric under field and glasshouse conditions. Although AMF inoculation slightly increased plant height, leaf number and shoot N content, no statistical differences were observed in vegetative growth parameters, biomass production, nutrient uptake and curcumin content compared to control plants under field conditions. It was difficult to determine the exact effect of inoculated AMF on turmeric growth because of indigenous AMF. On the other hand, turmeric showed better response to AMF inoculation under greenhouse conditions. AMF inoculation resulted in higher biomass production and nutrient uptake of turmeric. Moreover the concen tration of curcumin, contained in the rhizome of turmeric, increased in AMF treatment. These results indicate that AMF inoculation has beneficial effects on turmeric growth and curcumin production. AMF inoculation to turmeric field would be effective when indigenous soil populations of AMF are low or native AMF are no longer effective.

Study of the Knowledge of Turmeric <i>Curcuma longa</i>) and Ginger (<i>Zingiber officinale</i>) in the Region of Daloa (Côte D’Ivoire)

Ginger and turmeric are two plants of the Zingiberaceaes family. They are used as spices and in the treatment of many diseases. Despite their importance, data on their knowledge and their uses are scarce. The objective of this work was to assess the knowledge and different uses of ginger and turmeric. A survey was carried out among saleswomen and consumers. The survey reveals that 100% of those surveyed knew about ginger, but fewer people (17.5%) knew about turmeric. The survey identified that ginger tastes more pungent (82.65%) than bitter (17.35%), whilst turmeric’s taste is bitterer (53.47%) rather than pungent (46.53%). Consumption differed between the two rhizomes, with ginger consumed fresh (90.22%) and turmeric dry (84.25%). Differences were also noted in their medicinal (40.66% for ginger and 32.15% for turmeric), nutritional (50.82% for ginger and 11.65% for turmeric) and cosmetic (8.63% properties for ginger and 56.2% for turmeric) uses. The vernacular names of the two rhizomes varied from one ethnic group to another.

Turmeric (Curcuminoids): A Possible Effective Antiviral Herb

Turmeric is an herbal plant that is widely used as a traditional herbal medicine in many countries. Curcumin displays its anti-viral activities through several mechanisms of action. In this case report we present a 10-year-old child with herpetic vesiculo-ulcerative lesions who was treated with turmeric along with systemic acyclovir which resulted in complete healing by the third day of application.

Monitoring the Turmeric Finger Disease and Growth Characteristics Using Sensor Based Embedded System —A Novel Method

In this cyber era, novelty plays a prime role in the field of agriculture that majorly depends on computer-based measurements and control. Herein before, it was totally controlled and performed by the agriculturists. One of the technological innovative methods to measure and monitor the turmeric finger growth characteristics is the embedded system that is based on sensor array module such as flex sensor, temperature sensor and pH sensor. The experimental work has been designed and tested with five set of nodes and the growth of turmeric finger is tenuously monitored by measuring the change in flex resistance. Out of five nodes, two nodes were diseased. Deliberately, one node was left as such and the other node was treated with natural pesticides (pseudomonas and viride) to restrict the rhizome rot disease attack. After cultivation, it was found that the rhizome rot disease attack on the node which was treated with pesticides was comparatively lesser than the other node. The five different nodes have been used in the experimental work with an average flex sensor resistance of 3.962 cm/kΩ. In a nutshell, this proposed method manifests the farmers to detect the rhizome rot disease at its earlier stage and to prevent it as well by screening the growth of the turmeric fingers when it is under the soil.

Effect of Catharanthus roseus (Vince rosea) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Extracts as Green Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in 1 M HCl

The corrosion inhibition of mild steel by Catharanthus roseus (Vince rosea) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa) extracts as green inhibitors in 1 M HCl solutions has been investigated by using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), hydrogen evolution measurements and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. Results obtained show that these investigated compounds are good inhibitors and act as mixed type inhibitors. The inhibition efficiencies increase with increasing inhibitor concentration. The SEM results show the formation of protective film on the mild steel surface in the presence of Catharanthus roseus and Turmeric extracts. The results obtained from different tested techniques are in good agreement.

Antioxidant effects of the aqueous extract of turmeric against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in spotted seabass(Lateolabrax maculatus)

Intensive aquaculture-induced oxidative stress is detrimental to fish health and yield.Medicinal plants show promise as natural health boosters and antioxidants in the aquaculture industry.Therefore,this work investigated the effects of turmeric aqueous extract(TAE)on the growth performance,antioxidant status,and hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in spotted seabass(Lateolabrax maculatus).Fish were fed diets supplemented with 0(Con),2(TAE2),or 4(TAE4)g/kg TAE for eight weeks,then were injected with H2O2.The results showed that dietary supplementation of TAE did not affect fish growth,feed utilization,or body composition.TAE treatment increased liver antioxidant enzyme activities and decreased liver malondialdehyde content and serum levels of glutamate oxalate transaminase,glutamate pyruvate transaminase,and lactate dehydrogenase.Furthermore,the increases in mortality,liver malondialdehyde content,and serum biomarkers of liver injury in the H2O2-treated fish were inhibited as a consequence of the TAE treatment.In addition,TAE treatment activated the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway in the liver,supported by the up-regulated expression of nrf2,ho-1,and gclc,and down-regulated keap1 expression.Overall,dietary incorporation of TAE protected against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in spotted seabass probably by enhancing antioxidant capacity through the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway.

Analysis on internal mechanism of zedoary turmeric in treatment of liver cancer based on pharmacodynamic substances and pharmacodynamic groups

Zedoary tumeric(Curcumae Rhizoma,Ezhu in Chinese)has a long history of application and has great potential in the treatment of liver cancer.The antiliver cancer effect of zedoary tumeric depends on the combined action of multiple pharmacodynamic substances.In order to clarify the specific mechanism of zedoary tumeric against liver cancer,this paper first analyzes the mechanism of its single pharmacodynamic substance against liver cancer,and then verifies the joint anti liver cancer mechanism of its“pharmacodynamic group”.By searching the research on the antihepatoma effect of active components of zedoary tumeric in recent years,we found that pharmacodynamic substances,including curcumol,zedoarondiol,curcumenol,curzerenone,curdione,curcumin,germacrone,β-elemene,can act on multi-target and multi-channel to play an antihepatoma role.For example,curcumin can regulate miR,GLO1,CD133,VEGF,YAP,LIN28B,GPR81,HCAR-1,P53 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR,HSP70/TLR4 and NF-κB.Wnt/TGF/EMT,Nrf2/Keap1,JAK/STAT and other pathways play an antihepatoma role.Network pharmacological analysis showed that the core targets of the“pharmacodynamic group”for anti-life cancer are AKT1,EGFR,MAPK8,etc,and the core pathways are neuroactive live receiver interaction,nitrogen metabolism,HIF-1 signaling pathway,etc.At the same time,by comparing and analyzing the relationship between the specific mechanisms of pharmacodynamic substance and“pharmacodynamic group”,it is found that they have great reference significance in target,pathway,biological function,determination of core pharmacodynamic components,formation of core target protein interaction,in-depth research of single pharmacodynamic substance,increasing curative effect and so on.By analyzing the internal mechanism of zedoary tumeric pharmacodynamic substance and“pharmacodynamic group”in the treatment of liver cancer,this paper intends to provide some ideas and references for the deeper pharmacological research of zedoary tumeric and the relationship between pharmacodynamic substance and“pharmacodynamic group”.

Drying kinetics of whole and sliced turmeric rhizomes (Curcuma longa L.) in a solar conduction dryer

Drying of turmeric was carried out in a solar conduction dryer(SCD).Drying air temperature was achieved around 39–51℃for an ambient temperature in the range of 25–28℃.Moisture content from 78.65%(wb),was reduced to 6.36%(wb)and 5.50%(wb)for solid and sliced samples respectively in 12 h effective drying time.Drying curve of sliced samples showed more uniform falling in comparison to that of whole samples.The average effective moisture diffusivity was found to be 1.852×10^-10m^2 s^-1 for slab samples and 1.456×10^-10m^2 s^-1 for solid samples.Out of four models tried for simulation,Page model was found as best fitted thin layer drying model when simulation was done for all the drying data.The overall thermal efficiency of the dryer was found to be 55%.Drying of sliced rhizomes showed better drying kinetics and effective drying time could be reduced by slicing instead of drying in whole form.

Effects of turmeric(Curcuma longa)and its constituent(curcumin)on the metabolic syndrome:An updated review

Metabolic syndrome(MS)involves people with the following risk factors:obesity,hypertension,high glucose level and hyperlipidemia.It can increase the risk of heart disease,stroke and type 2 diabetes mellitus.The prevalence of MS in the world’s adult population is about 20%–25%.Today,there is much care to use medicinal plants.Turmeric(Curcuma longa)as well as curcumin which is derived from the rhizome of the plant,has been shown beneficial effects on different components of MS.Thus,the purpose of this manuscript was to introduce different in vitro,in vivo and human studies regarding the effect of turmeric and its constituent on MS.Moreover,different mechanisms of action by which this plant overcomes MS have been introduced.Based on studies,turmeric and its bioactive component,curcumin,due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties,have antidiabetic effects through increasing insulin release,antihyperlipidemic effects by increasing fatty acid uptake,anti-obesity effects by decreasing lipogenesis,and antihypertensive effects by increasing nitric oxide.According to several in vivo,in vitro and human studies,it can be concluded that turmeric or curcumin has important values as a complementary therapy in MS.However,more clinical trials should be done to confirm these effects.