Heavily congested intersections in metropolitan areas in China are facing unique problems due to high travel demand and a high degree of traffic law violations. Based on a study conducted by the authors of this paper,...Heavily congested intersections in metropolitan areas in China are facing unique problems due to high travel demand and a high degree of traffic law violations. Based on a study conducted by the authors of this paper, 93% of left-turn vehicles turning left in these areas were slowed in order to avoid conflict with pedestrians. Intertwined pedestrian and vehicular flows can significantly reduce the capacity of exclusive left-turn lane group through reducing saturation flow rate, which increases the congestion at intersections. This paper investigates how the saturation flow rate of exclusive left-turn lane group is affected by the characteristics of pedestrian flow. By analyzing the imagery data collected by video cameras installed at intersections, the research team is able to obtain the characteristics of both vehicular and pedestrian flows, such as speed and spatial locations. The average operating speed at the saturation flow rate with and without pedestrian traffic is used as a direct measurement to evaluate the effect of pedestrians. Based on the statistical analysis, the paper concludes that saturation flow rate is mainly affected by the position of pedestrian in the crosswalk (inside or outside of left-turn vehicle’s trajectory), and the distance between the vehicle and pedestrians. In general, when the distance is less than four meters, the smaller the distance between vehicle and pedestrians, the larger the impact. However, there is no significant impact when the distance is larger than four meters. To accurately quantify the effect, the degree of pedestrian-vehicle impact is defined in four levels. The results show that the difference in the saturation flow rate between the best and the worst level could be 15.7%, which clearly indicates how important it is to enforce pedestrian crossing behavior.展开更多
铝反射镜在航空航天和空间遥感卫星领域中广泛应用,为了提高铝反射镜的轻量化率,降低民用商业遥感卫星的发射成本,设计了一种背部开放式、三角形孔结构和三点支撑形式的轻量化铝反射镜。在此结构基础上,首先以质量最小为优化目标,以反...铝反射镜在航空航天和空间遥感卫星领域中广泛应用,为了提高铝反射镜的轻量化率,降低民用商业遥感卫星的发射成本,设计了一种背部开放式、三角形孔结构和三点支撑形式的轻量化铝反射镜。在此结构基础上,首先以质量最小为优化目标,以反射镜背部加强筋的厚度和加强筋的布局为优化对象,以柔度最小为响应约束,应用有限元法对反射镜背部加强筋的厚度进行尺寸优化和加强筋的布局进行拓扑优化,得到的铝反射镜轻量化率超过63%;然后设计了工装夹具进行单点金刚石车削加工试验;最后使用激光干涉仪检测反射镜的面形精度。检测结果表明:反射镜的面形值PV(peak to valley)为1.48μm,能够满足民用商业遥感卫星的使用要求。展开更多
文摘Heavily congested intersections in metropolitan areas in China are facing unique problems due to high travel demand and a high degree of traffic law violations. Based on a study conducted by the authors of this paper, 93% of left-turn vehicles turning left in these areas were slowed in order to avoid conflict with pedestrians. Intertwined pedestrian and vehicular flows can significantly reduce the capacity of exclusive left-turn lane group through reducing saturation flow rate, which increases the congestion at intersections. This paper investigates how the saturation flow rate of exclusive left-turn lane group is affected by the characteristics of pedestrian flow. By analyzing the imagery data collected by video cameras installed at intersections, the research team is able to obtain the characteristics of both vehicular and pedestrian flows, such as speed and spatial locations. The average operating speed at the saturation flow rate with and without pedestrian traffic is used as a direct measurement to evaluate the effect of pedestrians. Based on the statistical analysis, the paper concludes that saturation flow rate is mainly affected by the position of pedestrian in the crosswalk (inside or outside of left-turn vehicle’s trajectory), and the distance between the vehicle and pedestrians. In general, when the distance is less than four meters, the smaller the distance between vehicle and pedestrians, the larger the impact. However, there is no significant impact when the distance is larger than four meters. To accurately quantify the effect, the degree of pedestrian-vehicle impact is defined in four levels. The results show that the difference in the saturation flow rate between the best and the worst level could be 15.7%, which clearly indicates how important it is to enforce pedestrian crossing behavior.
文摘铝反射镜在航空航天和空间遥感卫星领域中广泛应用,为了提高铝反射镜的轻量化率,降低民用商业遥感卫星的发射成本,设计了一种背部开放式、三角形孔结构和三点支撑形式的轻量化铝反射镜。在此结构基础上,首先以质量最小为优化目标,以反射镜背部加强筋的厚度和加强筋的布局为优化对象,以柔度最小为响应约束,应用有限元法对反射镜背部加强筋的厚度进行尺寸优化和加强筋的布局进行拓扑优化,得到的铝反射镜轻量化率超过63%;然后设计了工装夹具进行单点金刚石车削加工试验;最后使用激光干涉仪检测反射镜的面形精度。检测结果表明:反射镜的面形值PV(peak to valley)为1.48μm,能够满足民用商业遥感卫星的使用要求。
