QTL Identification of the Insensitive Response to Photoperiod and Temperature in Soybean by Association Mapping

The insensitive response to photoperiod and temperature is an important quantitative trait for soybean in wide adaptation breeding. The natural variation in response to photoperiod and temperature was detected using 275 accessions of soybean [Glycine max （L.） Merrill] from China. Genome-wide association mapping, based on population structure analysis, was carried out using 118 SSR markers by the TASSEL GLM （general linear model） program. Nine SSR markers （P〈0.01） were associated with the value of the response to photoperiod and temperature （VRPT） caused by days to flowering （DF）, among which, Satt308 （LG M）, Sattl50 （LG M） and Satt440 （LG l）, were identified in both 2006 and 2007. Twelve SSR markers （P〈0.01） were associated with VRPT caused by days to maturity （DM）, among which three markers, Satt387 （LG N）, Satt307 （LG C2） and AW310961 （LG J）, were detected in both 2006 and 2007. In addition, a total of 20 elite alleles were screened out over 2006 and 2007 for being associated with an insensitive response to photoperiod and temperature （IRPT） caused by DF and a total of seven different elite alleles were screened out for being associated with IRPT caused by DM. Among these elite alleles, five alleles, Satt150-244, Satt308-164, Satt308-206, Satt440-176, and Satt440-206, were associated with IRPT caused by DF and were identified in both years, but only one allele, Satt307-170, was identified as being associated with an IRPT caused by DM. Based on these elite alleles, a set of typical accessions were screened out. The result about the genetic basis of IRPT is meaningful for soybean wide adaption breeding.

Monthly Mean Temperature Prediction Based on a Multi－level Mapping Model of Neural Network BP Type

In terms of 34-year monthly mean temperature series in 1946-1979,the multi-level maPPing model of neural netWork BP type was applied to calculate the system's fractual dimension Do=2'8,leading tO a three-level model of this type with ixj=3x2,k=l,and the 1980 monthly mean temperture predichon on a long-t6rm basis were prepared by steadily modifying the weighting coefficient,making for the correlation coefficient of 97% with the measurements.Furthermore,the weighhng parameter was modified for each month of 1980 by means of observations,therefore constrcuhng monthly mean temperature forecasts from January to December of the year,reaching the correlation of 99.9% with the measurements.Likewise,the resulting 1981 monthly predictions on a long-range basis with 1946-1980 corresponding records yielded the correlahon of 98% and the month-tO month forecasts of 99.4%.

Genetics and Molecular Mapping of a High-Temperature Resistance Gene to Stripe Rust in Seeding-Stage in Winter Wheat Cultivar Lantian 1

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici （Pst）, is a severe foliar disease of common wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） in the world. Resistance is the best approach to control the disease. The winter wheat cultivar Lantian 1 has high-temperature resistance to stripe rust. To determing the gene（s） for the stripe rust resistance, Lantian 1 was crossed with Mingxian 169 （M169）. Seedlings of the parents, and F 1 , F 2 and F 2-3 progenies were tested with races CYR32 of Pst under controlled greenhouse conditions. Lantian 1 has a single partially dominant gene conferred resistance to race CYR32, designated as YrLT1. Simple sequence repeat （SSR） techniques were used to identify molecular markers linked to YrLT1. A linkage group of five SSR markers was constructed for YrLT1 using 166 F 2 plants. Based on the SSR marker consensus map and the position on wheat chromosome, the resistance gene was assigned on chromosome 2DL. Amplification of a set of nulli-tetrasomic Chinese Spring lines with SSR marker Xwmc797 confirmed that the resistance gene was located on the long arm of chromosome 2D. Because of its chromosomal location and the high-temperature resistance, this gene is different from previously described genes. The molecular map spanned 29.9 cM, and the genetic distance of two close markers Xbarc228 and Xcfd16 to resistance gene locus was 4.0 and 5.7 cM, respectively. The polymorphism rates of the flanking markers in 46 wheat lines were 2.1 and 2.1%, respectively; and the two markers in combination could distinguish the alleles at the resistance locus in 97.9% of tested genotypes. This new gene and flanking markers should be useful in developing wheat cultivars with high level and possible durable resistance to stripe rust.

Extended Generalized Riccati Equation Mapping for Thermal Traveling-Wave Distribution in Biological Tissues through a Bio-Heat Transfer Model with Linear/Quadratic Temperature-Dependent Blood Perfusion

Analytical thermal traveling-wave distribution in biological tissues through a bio-heat transfer (BHT) model with linear/quadratic temperature-dependent blood perfusion is discussed in this paper. Using the extended generalized Riccati equation mapping method, we find analytical traveling wave solutions of the considered BHT equation. All the travelling wave solutions obtained have been used to explicitly investigate the effect of linear and quadratic coefficients of temperature dependence on temperature distribution in tissues. We found that the parameter of the nonlinear superposition formula for Riccati can be used to control the temperature of living tissues. Our results prove that the extended generalized Riccati equation mapping method is a powerful tool for investigating thermal traveling-wave distribution in biological tissues.

High temperature deformation behavior and optimization of hot compression process parameters in TC11 titanium alloy with coarse lamellar original microstructure

The high temperature deformation behaviors of α＋β type titanium alloy TC11 （Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si） with coarse lamellar starting microstructure were investigated based on the hot compression tests in the temperature range of 950-1100 ℃ and the strain rate range of 0.001-10 s-1. The processing maps at different strains were then constructed based on the dynamic materials model, and the hot compression process parameters and deformation mechanism were optimized and analyzed, respectively. The results show that the processing maps exhibit two domains with a high efficiency of power dissipation and a flow instability domain with a less efficiency of power dissipation. The types of domains were characterized by convergence and divergence of the efficiency of power dissipation, respectively. The convergent domain in a＋fl phase field is at the temperature of 950-990 ℃ and the strain rate of 0.001-0.01 s^-1, which correspond to a better hot compression process window of α＋β phase field. The peak of efficiency of power dissipation in α＋β phase field is at 950 ℃ and 0.001 s 1, which correspond to the best hot compression process parameters of α＋β phase field. The convergent domain in β phase field is at the temperature of 1020-1080 ℃ and the strain rate of 0.001-0.1 s^-l, which correspond to a better hot compression process window of β phase field. The peak of efficiency of power dissipation in ℃ phase field occurs at 1050 ℃ over the strain rates from 0.001 s^-1 to 0.01 s^-1, which correspond to the best hot compression process parameters of ,8 phase field. The divergence domain occurs at the strain rates above 0.5 s^-1 and in all the tested temperature range, which correspond to flow instability that is manifested as flow localization and indicated by the flow softening phenomenon in stress-- strain curves. The deformation mechanisms of the optimized hot compression process windows in a＋β and β phase fields are identified to be spheroidizing and dynamic recrystallizing controlled by self-diffusion mechanism, respectively. The microstructure observation of the deformed specimens in different domains matches very well with the optimized results.

TELECONNECTION BETWEEN SEA－SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN TROPICAL EASTERN PACIFIC AND OZONOSPHERE OVER NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

Seasonal interaction between sea-surface temperature (SST) in the tropical eastern Pacific and ozone layer in Northern Hemisphere, ahd the layer,s teleconnection spatial structure caused by SST effeets, for January and July, are statistically analysed. The result indicates that the areas spacially correlated between SST and ozone layer in January greatly differ from the ones in July and they show opposite tendency in the signs of correlation, so do the teleconnection pattern for the ozone lay6r due to effects of SST in different seasons. In addition, persistent' influence of SST on the ozone layer results insuperposition of seasonal SST effects on the layer and makes it characteristic of well-defined wavetrainsin responses to SST. It is concluded that SST in the tropical eastern Pacific is of great importance to thenorthern ozone layer distribution and its seasonal evolution.

A Mathematical Model to Solve Bio-Heat Transfer Problems through a Bio-Heat Transfer Equation with Quadratic Temperature-Dependent Blood Perfusion under a Constant Spatial Heating on Skin Surface

We consider the one-dimensional bio-heat transfer equation with quadratic temperature-dependent blood perfusion, which governs the temperature distribution inside biological tissues. Using an extended mapping method with symbolic computation, we obtain the exact analytical thermal traveling wave solution, which describes the non-uniform temperature distribution inside the bodies. The found exact solution is used to investigate the temperature distribution in the tissues. It is found that the surrounding medium with higher temperature does not necessarily imply that the tissue will quickly (after a short duration of heating process) reach the desired temperature. It is also found that increased perfusion causes a decline in local temperature.

黄皮的适宜贮藏温度及MAP保鲜

以大鸡心黄皮、闽侯鸡心黄皮为材料,研究了不同贮藏温度对黄皮贮藏期及主要品质的影响,并进行了大鸡心黄皮果实MAP保鲜的初步试验.结果表明,常温下黄皮果实贮藏期短,常温贮藏3 d后,好果率低于75%;低温能明显延长果实的贮藏期,延缓果实的糖、酸和VC含量的下降;在2-12℃间,贮藏温度越低,保鲜效果越好,适宜的贮藏温度为2-4℃;采用MAP保鲜技术能延缓果实品质的下降,在2-4℃下大鸡心黄皮MAP保鲜的适宜条件是采用0.025 mm的PE膜包装,装果量为5.4 kg.m-2.

温度感知的MapReduce节能任务调度策略

现有的FIFO、Fair、Capacity、LATE及Deadline Constraint等Map Reduce任务调度器的主要区别在于队列与作业选择策略的不同,而任务选择策略基本相同,都是将数据的本地性(data-locality)作为选择的主要因素,忽略了对Task Tracker当前温度状态的考虑。实验表明,当Task Tracker处于高温状态时,一方面使CPU利用率变高,导致节点能耗增大,任务处理速度下降,导致任务完成时间增加;另一方面,易发的宕机现象将直接导致任务的失败,推测执行(speculative execution)机制容易使运行时任务被迫中止。继而提出温度感知的节能任务调度策略,将节点CPU温度纳入任务调度的决策信息,以避免少数高温任务执行节点对作业整体进度的影响。实验结果表明,算法能够避免任务分配到高温节点,从而有效地缩短作业完成时间,减小作业执行能耗,提高系统稳定性。

常温下MAP对核桃脂肪酸氧化的影响

[目的]为核桃的科学贮藏提供技术参考。[方法]以甘肃成县产核桃为试材,将带壳核桃分别放入30μm的紫色PVC袋、白色PVC袋和普通40μm聚乙烯塑料袋中进行自发气调贮藏,研究常温贮藏180 d期间核桃脂肪酸氧化的变化。[结果]贮藏30 d时,PVC袋中的O2含量最低,CO2含量最高。贮藏期间,核桃的总脂肪含量、碘价均下降,酸价、过氧化值和皂化值均升高。30μm紫色PVC袋可以较好地抑制总脂肪降解。贮藏180 d时,30μm紫色PVC袋贮藏的核桃的酸价、过氧化值和皂化值均低于30μm白色PVC袋和40μm聚乙烯塑料袋,碘价则高于后2种袋。[结论]MAP可以较好地抑制核桃脂肪酸氧化,有利于保持核桃的品质,其中30μm紫色PVC袋的贮藏效果最佳。

MAP、1-MCP和冰温处理对‘国光’苹果采后贮藏期品质的影响

为探讨自发气调包装(MAP)、1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)和冰温贮藏在‘国光’苹果贮藏保鲜应用上的问题,以‘国光’苹果为试材,研究自发气调包装(MAP)、MAP与1-MCP结合(MAP+1-MCP)处理和冰温贮藏(-0.5℃)对果实采后品质、虎皮病和腐烂的影响。结果表明:较0℃冷藏,冰温贮藏(-0.5℃)能更好维持果实较高的硬度和可滴定酸含量,减少虎皮病和腐烂发生,但对可溶性固形物含量无显著影响。MAP处理不利于果实品质的保持,但MAP+1-MCP处理能够显著减少贮藏及货架期果实虎皮病发生,其中以MAP+1-MCP与冰温贮藏复合处理效果最佳。MAP+1-MCP结合冰温贮藏有利于减少‘国光’苹果虎皮病和腐烂发生,可提高贮藏品质。

自发气调(MAP)贮藏对大樱桃品质的影响

采用不同厚度的大樱桃专用保鲜袋（PVC）和PE硅窗袋,在微型冷库条件下进行大樱桃MAP贮藏试验。结果表明,PVC袋和PE袋厚度为0.05 mm时,贮藏期保鲜袋内O2含量为1%~3%,CO2含量10%~15%。贮藏第60天,果品风味基本正常,口感、色泽、光洁度与采收时相当,贮藏效果好。（-1±0.5）℃的温度条件下大樱桃可贮藏80 d左右。说明＂微型冷库＋专用塑料保鲜袋＂MAP贮藏是大樱桃产区适用的贮藏方式,具有简便、实用、经济的优点。

应用 Processing Map 研究 D2 钢高温变形的动态应变时效

应用以动态材料模型为基础的ＰｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇＭａｐ研究了Ｄ２钢在变形温度９００～１１６０℃、变形速率０．０１～１０．００ｓ－１区间的动态应变时效规律。结果表明，Ｄ２钢在变形温度为１１２０～１１５０℃、变形速率为０．０１ｓ－１条件下发生动态应变时效，并表现出强烈的硬化效应。同时，应变速率敏感系数小于零可以作为发生动态应变时效的一个标志。

瑶山雪梨MAP常温保鲜效果研究

试验采用厚度0.03mmPE、0.03mmPVC和0.05mmPVC保鲜膜处理,以不扎口作对照,研究瑶山雪梨MAP常温保鲜效果。结果表明:20℃MAP贮藏35d,显著(P<0.05)抑制果实呼吸强度,降低果肉硬度、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量,减少果实失重率和腐烂率。其中,0.05mmPVC保鲜效果最好,稳定阶段袋内O23.5%～5.5%、CO26.0%～7.0%;贮藏35d,果肉硬度5.3kg·cm-2,可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、失重率和腐烂率分别为10.9%,0.076%,7.2%,30%。

Mapping Potential Fishing Grounds in Lake Malawi Using AVHRR and MODIS Satellite Imagery

This paper discusses a procedure that was developed to delineate potential fishing grounds in Lake Malawi using data on chlorophyll-a concentration derived from Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS/AQUA) in combination with lake surface temperature (LST) data obtained from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and MODIS/Terra satellite sensors. The paper draws from findings of studies [1,2] on development of algorithms for estimating chlorophyll-a and lake surface temperature in Lake Malawi from satellite imagery, respectively. To estimate chlorophyll concentration (a proxy for phytoplankton) in Lake Malawi using data from MODIS satellite imagery, in situ measurements of chlorophyll concentration were conducted at three selected sampling stations over the southeastern arm of Lake Malawi concurrent with satellite image acquisitions. These were regressed on chlorophyll-a concentration values obtained from Ocean Color (MODIS/AQUA) Data using SeaWIFS Data Analysis System (SeaDAS) software. From this, an equation for estimating chlorophyll-a concentration in Lake Malawi from MODIS satellite imagery was developed and used for mapping the spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a concentration in the lake. Since Lake Malawi is an oligotrophic lake, with an average value of chlorophyll concentration of 1 μg/L, areas in the lake with relatively high chlorophyll-a concentration were identified as potential locations for the development of the fishery industry. Estimation of lake surface temperature using satellite imagery involved two main activities. Firstly, in situ measurements of lake surface temperature were conducted at the three selected sampling stations over Lake Malawi concurrent with satellite image acquisitions. The second activity involved downloading and processing AVHRR and MODIS/Terra satellite imagery. AVHRR data covered the period September 1997 to February 1998 whereas MODIS/Terra data covered the period May to November, 2006. Both MODIS Land Surface Temperature (MOD11A1) and Ocean Color Sea Surface Temperature (SST) were downloaded from EOS Gateway website and processed into lake surface temperature. Two glass thermometers were used to measure temperature directly from the lake surface at a depth of 0 - 7.0 cm (i.e., skin temperature) and the average of the two readings was recorded as the lake surface temperature at a particular sampling station. Observed temperatures were regressed on remotely sensed data. ER Mapper was employed in drawing maps showing the distribution of lake surface temperature using the regression equation that was developed. Upwelling and downwelling zones were demarcated from lake surface temperature maps. Upwelling zones were identified as areas with a high potential for the development of the fishery industry because of their association with primary productivity. Using a simple overlay technique, data from both the spatial and temporal distribution of chlorophyll-a and lake surface temperature were used to delineate potential fishing grounds in Lake Malawi. The zone extending from Salima up to the northern part of Nkhotakota and the area on the northeastern tip of Lake Malawi were identified as areas of high primary productivity and therefore potential fishing grounds. These areas generally exhibit persistent cool surface waters, indicative of upwelling;and have relatively abundant phytoplankton.

基于变量灌溉动态分区管理的冬小麦产量与节水效果

喷灌机机载式红外温度传感器系统是动态监测农田作物水分亏缺状况、构建变量灌溉(variable rate irrigation,VRI)决策支持系统的重要工具。为了评估圆形喷灌机机载式红外温度传感器系统在变量灌溉动态分区管理中的应用效果,该研究以气象参数和土壤水分传感器网络构建的均一灌溉(uniform rate irrigation, URI)决策方法为对照,评估了基于气象参数、土壤水分传感器网络和作物冠层温度的变量灌溉决策方法对华北平原冬小麦灌溉制度、土壤含水率空间分布均匀性和节水增产效果的影响。在河北省邢台市大曹庄中国水利水电科学研究院智慧灌溉技术与装备创新示范推广基地开展试验,试验区为三跨加悬臂圆形喷灌机控制灌溉面积7.07 hm^(2),2021年试验区等分为2个子区,布置URI和VRI处理,2022年试验区等分为4个子区,布置URI处理、基于等间隔法进行管理区聚类划分的VRI(T1)处理、基于“Jenks”自然断点法进行管理区聚类划分的VRI(T2)处理和基于几何间隔断点法进行管理区聚类划分的VRI(T3)处理。结果表明,在冬小麦生育期内,URI和VRI处理灌水7~10次,2 a平均灌水量分别为201和173 mm。开展VRI管理后,冬小麦主根区的土壤含水率空间分布均匀性和产量均匀性提高。2021年URI和VRI处理的冬小麦产量分别为9 470和9 574 kg/hm^(2),2022年的冬小麦产量较2021年分别降低6.7%和6.0%。变量灌溉处理的管理区聚类划分方法未对灌溉制度和产量产生显著影响。与URI处理相比,VRI处理能够减少灌溉水量,且对产量和水分利用效率无显著影响。研究结果可为基于喷灌机机载式红外温度传感器系统的变量灌溉动态分区管理方法的建立提供指导,为变量灌溉决策支持系统的开发升级提供技术支持。

基于Hoek-Brown准则的岩体高温-荷载耦合损伤模型及其验证

针对隧道岩体在高温和荷载共同作用下产生的耦合损伤问题,基于连续损伤力学理论,引入高温-荷载耦合损伤因子,建立了考虑高温作用的广义Hoek-Brown(H-B)准则的弹塑性损伤本构模型,解决了模型在数值积分过程中的奇异点问题,并利用Fortran语言编写了模型的有限元程序。结果表明:模型计算的应力-应变曲线与试验所得到的曲线趋势一致且计算结果误差在5%以内,温度作用下隧洞围岩损伤逐渐加剧,验证了模型的准确性和程序的稳健性,可为火灾作用下隧道围岩安全稳定性评价提供一种有效计算方法。

不同厚度聚乙烯薄膜对韭薹低温贮藏品质的影响

为建立冷藏条件下韭薹自发气调包装(MAP)保鲜方法,将新鲜预冷的韭薹(200±0.5)g密封包装于25 cm×60 cm的聚乙烯(Polyethylene,PE)薄膜包装袋内,薄膜厚度分别为10、20、25、30、45μm,于(0±0.5)℃下贮藏105 d,研究不同O_(2)和CO_(2)透过率的薄膜对韭薹贮藏过程中包装袋内O_(2)和CO_(2)体积分数及产品品质的影响。结果表明,不同O_(2)和CO_(2)透过率的聚乙烯薄膜包装处理都可以很好地抑制韭薹品质劣变;不同处理组之间袋内O_(2)和CO_(2)的体积分数均存在显著差异(P<0.05);45μm PE袋(O_(2)透过率(4080±352)cm^(3)·m^(-2)·d^(-1)·0.1 MPa^(-1)、CO_(2)透过率(16566±1415)cm^(3)·m^(-2)·d^(-1)·0.1 MPa^(-1))处理的前15 d袋内O_(2)体积分数显著下降,之后维持在3.94%~6.66%(第105天除外),前60 d袋内CO_(2)体积分数显著下降,之后维持在3.07%~3.53%之间,该处理有效地抑制了韭薹黄化、花苞开放及花苞腐烂,贮藏至105 d时,纤维素含量维持在较低水平,韭薹仍然具有商品价值。综上,采用聚乙烯薄膜包装可以保持韭薹低温贮藏的商品性,延长其货架期。

C630R新型马氏体耐热转子钢的热变形行为研究

通过Gleeble-3800试验机,开展了C630R转子钢在温度1000~1200℃、应变速率0.01~1 s^(-1)条件下的热压缩试验,研究了热变形行为及不同工艺参数对其显微组织的影响,计算了C630R转子钢的本构方程,并绘制了真应变为0.8时的热加工图。结果表明,C630R转子钢的流变应力随变形温度升高和应变速率减小而降低;随着变形温度升至1200℃,或者应变速率降至0.01 s^(-1),C630R转子钢更倾向于产生动态再结晶。利用修正的流变应力曲线,计算出C630R转子钢的热变形激活能Q为530.155 kJ/mol,本构方程为·ε=5.85×1018[sinh(0.0114σ)]4.852·exp(-530155/RT),绘制了真应变为0.8时的热加工图。结合显微组织,C630R转子钢在真应变0.8时合理的热加工工艺参数为变形温度1075~1200℃,应变速率0.01~0.11 s^(-1)。

Characterization and Fine Mapping of a Novel Rice Albino Mutant low temperature albino 1

Albino mutants are useful genetic resource for studying chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development and cloning genes involved in these processes in plants. Here we report a novel rice mutant low temperature albino I （ltal） that showed albino leaves before 4-leaf stage when grown under temperature lower than 20℃, but developed normal green leaves under temperature higher than 24℃ or similar morphological phenotypes in dark as did the wild-type （WT）. Our analysis showed that the contents of chlorophylls and chlo- rophyll precursors were remarkably decreased in the Ital mutant under low temperature compared to WT. Transmission electron microscope observation revealed that chloroplasts were defectively developed in the albino ltal leaves, which lacked of well-stacked granum and contained less stroma lamellae. These results suggested that the ltal mutation may delay the light-induced thylakoid assembly under low temperature. Genetic analysis indicated that the albino phenotype was controlled by a single recessive locus. Through map-based approach, we finally located the Ltal gene to a region of 40.3 kb on the short arm of chromosome 11. There are 8 predicted open reading frames （ORFs） in this region and two of them were deleted in ltal genome compared with the WT genome. The further characterization of the Ltal gene would provide a good approach to uncover the novel molecular mechanisms involved in chloroplast development under low temperature stress.