Breeding of New Large Cocoon and Hypersilkgeneous Tussah Varieties with Eurytopicity

The new tussah varieties have been bred by selecting large, high quality and midterm based on the indexes of high cocoon shell rate and high stress re- sistance. In the meantime, whole cocoon weight, hatchabillty and other economic parameters were considered in new variety breeding. Through 14 generations of hybrid breeding for over 7 years, two new tussah varieties had been successfully obtained. The breeding results of DW were as follows ： the 1 000-cocoon weight was 11.57 kg; the whole cocoon weight was 12.06 g; the cocoon shell rate was 12.22% ; and the larval-pupal integrated survival rate was 95.87%. The breeding re- sults of GH were as follows： the 1 000-cocoon weight was 11.52 kg; the whole cocoon weight was 11.95 g; the cocoon shell rate was 12.66% ; and the larval-pupal integrated survival rate was 90.37%.

Tussah Silk Fibroin Porous Scaffolds Prepared with a Mild Self-assembly Process for Controlled Drug Release

Besides excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility,a useful tissue engineering scaffold should provide favorable surface properties,outstanding mechanical strength and controlled drug release property. In this paper,a mild process to prepare porous tussah silk fibroin( TSF) scaffolds from aqueous solution was described. The n-butanol was used to control the self-assembly of tussah silk. The scaffolds with different TSF concentrations and the same volume showed differences in pore size and distribution. The maximum porosity of the poprepared porous scaffolds was 80% in this paper. And the pore size of the prepared porous scaffolds with different concentrations was between 10μm and 230 μm. X-ray diffraction( XRD) analysis revealed that amorphous TSF was crystallized to β-sheet secondary structure upon gelatin. The TSF scaffolds for controlled drug release was studied and the result showed that the time of drug release was significantly longer. The produced TSF scaffolds with sustained drug release have potential application in tissue engineering.

Breeding of a New Tussah Variety "Gaoyou 1"

The new tussah variety " Gaoyou 1" adopted " Kangda" as the basic material,used the method of systematic breeding,and adopted the method of regional feeding,systematic separation and directional cultivation. At the same time,taking into account the comprehensive balance of various economic indicators,through 8 years and 16 generations of systematic breeding,a new tussah variety with high fat content was bred. The breeding results showed that the whole cocoon weight was 12. 3 g,the thousand-cocoon weight was 11. 8 kg,the cocoon filament length was 1 222 m,the hundred-cocoon fiber weight was 125. 6 g,the cocoon filament size was 6. 21 D,the raw silk percentage of fresh cocoon was 8. 48%,the unified viability of pupae was 93. 2%,the oil content of single moth was 0. 55 g and the oil content was 56. 17%.

Influence of Dilative Technology on Thickness and Fullness of Tussah Silk's Fiber and Fabric

In this paper, study objects are raw and dilative tussah silk. By means of measuring and analyzing the fiber's diameter, linear density, diameter coefficient, thickness and fullness, this paper focuses on the influence of dilative technology on tussah silk's fiber and fabric. The results include the following three aspects: the diameter coefficient of dilative tussah silk fiber is increased by 10.35%, dilative tussah heather silk is thicker and fabric fullness is improved by 9%.

柞蚕胚胎对高温胁迫的耐受性及其遗传

为探索柞蚕胚胎对高温胁迫的耐受性及其遗传规律,对试验群体辽蚕527及5个亲本10个F1组合的柞蚕受精卵采取43℃以上的高温胁迫。结果表明:高温胁迫对不同发育阶段胚胎的影响存在显著差异。有效积温在5~10℃时对高温胁迫的耐受性最弱,而有效积温在20℃时对高温胁迫的耐受性最强。高温胁迫对胚胎生命力的影响存在显著差异,随着温度的升高,孵化率降低。高温胁迫也会延长胚胎的发育时期,并且对孵化整齐度产生重要影响,使孵化时间延长。不同品种对高温胁迫的耐受性存在显著差异,其中辽蚕527对高温胁迫的耐受性最强,小白蚕的耐受性最弱。遗传分析表明:柞蚕胚胎对高温胁迫的耐受性受4对主基因控制,主基因效应明显,其遗传率为91.97%,而微效多基因对其影响较小,遗传率仅为5.77%。综上,通过杂交后代胚胎对高温胁迫耐受性进行早期选择,可以选育出对高温胁迫耐受性强的柞蚕品种。

苦参碱农药对柞蚕幼虫中毒前后解毒酶活性的影响

为研究苦参碱农药对柞蚕幼虫中毒前后解毒酶活性的影响,以3龄和5龄柞蚕幼虫作为试虫,采用浸叶法进行给药,设置LC_(50)72 h给药浓度,通过不同时间检测柞蚕幼虫谷胱甘肽S转移酶(GSTs)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和羧酸酯酶(CES)活性,分析苦参碱农药对3种酶活性的影响。结果表明:苦参碱农药对3龄柞蚕幼虫GSTs和AChE活性的影响,均在9 h抑制作用最强,抑制率分别为9.22%和13.12%;对CES活性的影响,在1.5 h抑制作用最为强烈,抑制率为9.29%;苦参碱农药对5龄柞蚕幼虫不同组织GSTs活性的影响,对脂肪体5 h时与对照组相比最为显著,处理组比对照组活性提高了13.24%;苦参碱对5龄柞蚕幼虫不同组织AChE活性的影响,丝腺AChE 3 h时酶活性处理组比对照组活性最大提高了24.38%。而在血淋巴、中肠和脂肪体组织中均表现为差异不显著;苦参碱对5龄柞蚕幼虫不同组织CES活性的影响,4种组织CES活性均被激活,其中以血淋巴在给药5 h比对照组最大提高了15.31%。

柞蚕精子质量与各虫态生命力关系研究

为探索柞蚕精子质量对虫体生命力的影响,以5个二化性品种柞蚕为试材,测定交配期精子质量,并在卵期、幼虫期、成虫期3个变态阶段,对柞蚕进行抗性鉴定。结果表明:柞蚕有核精子受精能力和无核精子活动能力在品种之间存在显著差异,有核精子受精能力与卵期耐高温胁迫能力呈显著正相关,与低龄幼虫对ApNPV的抗性呈显著正相关;无核精子活动能力与成虫耐高温胁迫能力呈显著正相关。说明柞蚕精子质量在一定程度上决定了卵期和幼虫期生命力,且成虫期生命力强的雄蛾产生的精子质量也相对较高。研究结果可为选育强健型柞蚕品种提供参考。

姜黄和黑米染料对柞蚕丝的拼色染色

为提高柞蚕丝织物的抗紫外线性能,同时获得较为齐全的色谱,采用天然姜黄染料及黑米染料对柞蚕丝进行同浴拼色染色,研究两种染料配比及FeSO_(4)后媒染处理对柞蚕丝颜色及抗紫外线性能的影响。结果表明,将姜黄染料和黑米染料进行拼色可以得到从黄色到暗红色等一系列色泽的染色柞蚕丝,FeSO_(4)媒染可进一步丰富柞蚕丝的色谱,得到暗黄、黄绿、暗蓝等一系列色泽;FeSO_(4)媒染试样染色牢度达到3级以上。与单一染料染色试样相比,同浴拼色染色试样的紫外线防护性能更佳,且FeSO_(4)媒染可以进一步提高试样的UPF指数,最高可达到45.88。

蓝莓果皮色素的稳定性及其在柞蚕绢丝染色中的应用

为丰富柞蚕绢丝织物的色泽及开发利用蓝莓资源,文中研究了蓝莓果皮中色素成分对pH和金属离子的稳定性,并研究了蓝莓果皮色素在柞蚕绢丝织物染色上的应用性能及其染色动力学机制。结果表明,介质的pH变化以及金属离子Al^(3+)或Fe^(2+)会引起蓝莓果皮色素在紫外-可见范围内吸收光谱的变化,并产生不同的色泽。蓝莓果皮色素对柞蚕绢丝的染色性能良好,在pH为3时织物可以获得较高的颜色深度。蓝莓果皮色素在柞蚕绢丝上的染色过程符合准二级动力学模型,且随着温度升高,色素在纤维上的染色速率提高,半染时间缩短。采用金属盐Al_(2)(SO_(4))_(3)或FeSO_(4)作为媒染剂可以提高试样的颜色深度,而媒染剂及媒染工艺对试样的色调会产生较大影响。媒染柞蚕绢丝织物的各项色牢度可以达到3级。文中研究可为蓝莓资源的综合开发利用以及制备生态纺织品提供参考。

抗病丰产柞蚕新品种墨玉的繁种生产试验

为明确柞蚕新品种墨玉的繁种性能,2020—2023年对辽宁、吉林两省部分蚕区的墨玉、9906与抗大进行了繁种生产试验。结果表明,墨玉在单蛾产茧量、抗病、抗逆性等产量与生命力性状方面的表现均优于对照种9906与抗大。

响应面法优化柞蚕蛹虫草活性肽提取工艺研究

为优化柞蚕蛹虫草多肽提取工艺,本试验分别研究了pH、酶解时间、反应温度和加酶量对多肽得率的影响,并采用响应面法对提取条件进行了优化。结果表明:四种因素对柞蚕蛹虫草多肽得率的影响顺序为pH>酶解时间>反应温度>加酶量,最佳酶解条件为:酶解时间2.8 h、加酶量2%、pH 9.7、反应温度56℃。在此酶解条件下进行验证试验,测得柞蚕蛹虫草多肽得率平均值为86.1%,与预测值87.52%接近,表明该模型能较好地预测辅助提取柞蚕蛹虫草活性肽,可为柞蚕蛹虫草的产业性开发应用提供依据。

敌敌畏和乐果农药对柞蚕幼虫中毒前后解毒酶活性的影响

通过研究敌敌畏和乐果两种农药对3龄和5龄柞蚕幼虫体内谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和羧酸酯酶(CES)活性的影响,结果表明:敌敌畏和乐果农药的半致死剂量LC_(50)72 h对3龄柞蚕幼虫血淋巴中3种酶的活性均有一定的抑制作用,其中敌敌畏的最大抑制率分别为31.27%、12.22%和13.38%,乐果的最大抑制率分别为10.22%、12.51%和9.17%;敌敌畏半致死剂量LC_(50)72 h和乐果给药剂量2 g/L条件下,对5龄柞蚕幼虫CES活性均有一定的激活作用,其中以敌敌畏对5龄柞蚕幼虫CES活性影响最大,血淋巴CES活性给药后1 h达最高,比对照组提高了21.37%;脂肪体、中肠、丝腺CES活性均在在给药后5 h达最高,比对照组分别提高了22.88%、21.29%和19.71%。

柞蚕场的建设与柞蚕养殖管理

在柞蚕养殖的过程中,场地的建设与日常管理是相互依赖、不可分割的2个方面。成功建立一个柞蚕场不仅是关于结构的构建,更是关于创造一个适宜的生态环境,以促进柞蚕的健康成长的过程。这个过程中,精心的设计和周到的管理策略并驾齐驱,共同确保蚕类的生长环境既符合其生物学需求,又能高效地进行资源利用。从土地的选择到蚕房的布局,再到日常的饲养和疾病控制,每一步都体现了科学与自然的和谐共融。该文旨在探讨如何进行柞蚕场建设与柞蚕养殖管理。

Studies on the Chromogen of the Tussah Cocoon Layer and its Chromophoric Mechanism

The tawny cocoon of tussah has been studied by means of UV, FS and ESR. It has been shown that the tawny chromogen is a cross-linked polymer of gentisic acid and silk proteins. The formation mechanism of this polymer is also suggested here.

基于显微共焦拉曼光谱技术的桑蚕丝及其织物的鉴别与分析

利用显微共焦拉曼光谱技术对桑、柞蚕丝的纤维及其织物进行鉴别,分析桑蚕丝织物的种类、颜色对拉曼光谱检测法的影响。结果显示:同品种不同产地的蚕丝间拉曼光谱没有明显差异;桑蚕丝与柞蚕丝的主要区别是二者酰胺III带的主峰位置分别出现在1229 cm^(-1)和1240 cm^(-1),β-折叠构象的特征峰位置分别出现在1084cm^(-1)和1094cm^(-1),且柞蚕丝的拉曼光谱在905 cm^(-1)处有一独有特征峰,因此通过显微共焦拉曼光谱技术可以实现桑、柞蚕丝之间的有效鉴别;桑蚕丝织物种类不影响其拉曼测试结果,而桑蚕丝织物颜色是影响其拉曼测试结果的主要因素。

普洱茶色素对柞蚕丝的染色性能

从普洱茶中提取色素对柞蚕丝织物进行染色,优化了染色工艺。试验表明,普洱茶色素用于柞蚕丝染色的最佳条件为:pH=3.5,浴比1∶50,95℃染色40 min,可染得深浅不同的红棕色,色牢度达3级及以上。进一步采用硫酸亚铁为媒染剂对柞蚕丝织物进行后媒染处理,可提高试样K/S值和色牢度,染得灰色织物。经普洱茶色素染色后柞蚕丝织物断裂强力稍有降低,拉伸性及抗皱性得到提高。

响应面法优化柞蚕蛹多糖的提取工艺及其抑菌活性研究

为确定柞蚕蛹多糖的最佳工艺条件及其抑菌活性,试验将柞蚕蛹作为材料,利用水提取法提取柞蚕蛹多糖,并用滤纸片法检测柞蚕蛹多糖的抑菌活性。结果表明,柞蚕蛹多糖最适宜的提取条件为料液比1∶45 g/mL,时间3.16 h,温度75℃,进行3次重复试验,所得柞蚕蛹多糖平均提取率为1.38%。柞蚕蛹多糖对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌均有抑制作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌抑制效果最好。

响应面法优化柞蚕蛋白粉的制备工艺及有效成分测定

以柞蚕粉为原料,脂肪得率和蛋白质得率为评价指标,在单因素试验基础上,响应面法优化柞蚕粉抽提脱脂工艺和脱脂柞蚕粉碱液溶解工艺。结果表明,柞蚕粉抽提脱脂工艺的最佳条件是抽提溶剂为甲醇与正己烷(1∶1,v/v)、料液比1∶14(g/mL)、抽提时间6 h、抽提温度75℃,在此条件下进行验证试验,脂肪得率为20.32%;脱脂柞蚕粉碱液溶解工艺的最佳条件是料液比1∶15(g/mL)、NaOH质量分数0.8%、搅拌时间2 h,在此条件下进行验证试验,蛋白质得率为3.42%。柞蚕蛋白粉中蛋白质含量为80.12%、水分含量为14.44%、灰分含量为2.09%,成品中蛋白质含量高,具有重要的应用价值。

柞蚕新品种墨玉及其杂交种辽蚕988的缫丝性能测定

通过对柞蚕新品种墨玉及其杂交种辽蚕988的缫丝性能测定,明确了新品种的缫丝性能。柞蚕新品种墨玉雌茧的茧丝长1533.6 m、丝重1.03 g、纤维公量1.36 g,分别比对照种三里丝高19.9%、25.61%和20.35%,与对照种抗大的8个缫丝性状相当或略优于对照种;雄茧的茧丝长1520.1 m、丝重0.95 g、纤维公量1.26 g,分别比对照种三里丝高20.62%、26.67%和26%,与对照种抗大的缫丝性能相当。杂交种辽蚕988除在茧丝纤度与茧丝量方面略低于墨玉×9906外,其余缫丝性状与对照种抗大×9906及杂交组合墨玉×9906之间均无显著性差异。新品种墨玉及其杂交种辽蚕988的鲜茧出丝率均超过7%,达到了缫丝性能评价的优级标准。

春柞蚕稚蚕室内保护育技术

柞蚕室内保护育是把1~3龄稚蚕放在室内饲养,以期避开稚蚕期的低温、霜冻、急风暴雨、鸟害等不利因素。室内保护育目前应用最多的合成袋保护育和蚕床散养保护育2种,文中简要介绍了2种保护育技术要点,以期为春柞蚕稚蚕室内保护育提供参考。