Before 1644, the Manchu rulers pursued a deliberate policy of alliances with the southern （later ＂Inner＂） Mongol tribes. In the 1630s the system of treaties and alliances gave way to the creation of the League-Ban...Before 1644, the Manchu rulers pursued a deliberate policy of alliances with the southern （later ＂Inner＂） Mongol tribes. In the 1630s the system of treaties and alliances gave way to the creation of the League-Banner system, the jasaq system, and the Lifan Yuan. The new territorial and political organization meant that the southern Mongols, while retaining a degree of autonomy, became subjects of the Qing dynasty. This essay explores the historical circumstances of the transformation of the relationship between Manchus and Mongols from partnership to subordination. It also aims to explain the political principles deployed by the Manchus in the redefinition of their relationship with the Mongol elites. More specifically, the essay proposes that the new forms of administration of Inner Mongolia stemmed from a condition of ＂tutelage.＂ Tutelage was not simply imposed by the Manehus upon their erstwhile allies, but actively sought by Mongol aristocrats in the context of the intra-Mongol wars carried out by the Caqar leader Ligdan Khan.展开更多
The experimental idea of the present project was elaborated in order to create a structure where different categories and institutions could collaborate, with the common aim to develop a sustainable and profitable agr...The experimental idea of the present project was elaborated in order to create a structure where different categories and institutions could collaborate, with the common aim to develop a sustainable and profitable agriculture in mountain and marginal areas. The target was the recovering of an abandoned agricultural site, throughout its re-organisation, re-qualification and auto-sustainability, involving local citizens. This approach was based on three further broad functions such as environmental, economic and social purposes. This cooperation, that allows the capitalization of local knowledge and the forging of relationships between local and external sources of expertise, information and advice, is fundamental to the future of existing rural communities, in particular in mountain areas. The model proposed, with the elaboration of a management software and technical agronomic sheets, could be an incentive for the activities already present in that region and to stimulate new ones. The enhancing of the native ecological system, the biodiversity tutelage and the valorization of the knowledge of the territory is the basic requirement for the successful of any land management.展开更多
The Nationalist Party （GMD） had been writing and issuing documents of many types for some years before Nanjing was established as the capital of the Republic of China in 1927/1928. From its earliest days, doctrines ...The Nationalist Party （GMD） had been writing and issuing documents of many types for some years before Nanjing was established as the capital of the Republic of China in 1927/1928. From its earliest days, doctrines were advanced via cause-oriented newspapers and journals. Even more important, the Soviet-sponsored reorganization of the GMD in the early 1920s had yielded a far-reaching party propaganda operation tied to Sun Yat-sen＇s notion of political tutelage. But how was propaganda to work in practice？ And at whom was it to be aimed？ This article seeks to address aspects of these questions by assessing a textbook for propaganda workers that was issued in the name of the GMD＇s Zhejiang Provincial Executive Committee＇s Propaganda Department in October 1929, half a year after the GMD＇s foundational right-wing Third Party Congress. Although Essentials for Propaganda Workers does not fully operationalize Sun＇s version of political tutelage, it can nonetheless be seen to reflect the central party＇s efforts to implement tutelage and supervision, not only of the Chinese masses suggested by Sun＇s program, but also of party propaganda workers in Zhejiang. in that regard, it reveals the astonishingly rapid ideological realignment of the GMD into an anti-Communist party, not only at the national level, which is well known, but also on the provincial and lower levels. Drawing on material from the GMD Archives in Taipei, this article addresses issues of party organization, control, mobilization, inner party dynamics, and message content in the GMD＇s propaganda activities in Zhejiang province in the late 1920s. ＂Propaganda by the Book＂ adds to our knowledge of the organizational practices of both the central GMD in Nanjing and the Zhejiang provincial GMD as well as to the social history of Republican China＇s official print culture.展开更多
文摘Before 1644, the Manchu rulers pursued a deliberate policy of alliances with the southern （later ＂Inner＂） Mongol tribes. In the 1630s the system of treaties and alliances gave way to the creation of the League-Banner system, the jasaq system, and the Lifan Yuan. The new territorial and political organization meant that the southern Mongols, while retaining a degree of autonomy, became subjects of the Qing dynasty. This essay explores the historical circumstances of the transformation of the relationship between Manchus and Mongols from partnership to subordination. It also aims to explain the political principles deployed by the Manchus in the redefinition of their relationship with the Mongol elites. More specifically, the essay proposes that the new forms of administration of Inner Mongolia stemmed from a condition of ＂tutelage.＂ Tutelage was not simply imposed by the Manehus upon their erstwhile allies, but actively sought by Mongol aristocrats in the context of the intra-Mongol wars carried out by the Caqar leader Ligdan Khan.
文摘The experimental idea of the present project was elaborated in order to create a structure where different categories and institutions could collaborate, with the common aim to develop a sustainable and profitable agriculture in mountain and marginal areas. The target was the recovering of an abandoned agricultural site, throughout its re-organisation, re-qualification and auto-sustainability, involving local citizens. This approach was based on three further broad functions such as environmental, economic and social purposes. This cooperation, that allows the capitalization of local knowledge and the forging of relationships between local and external sources of expertise, information and advice, is fundamental to the future of existing rural communities, in particular in mountain areas. The model proposed, with the elaboration of a management software and technical agronomic sheets, could be an incentive for the activities already present in that region and to stimulate new ones. The enhancing of the native ecological system, the biodiversity tutelage and the valorization of the knowledge of the territory is the basic requirement for the successful of any land management.
文摘The Nationalist Party （GMD） had been writing and issuing documents of many types for some years before Nanjing was established as the capital of the Republic of China in 1927/1928. From its earliest days, doctrines were advanced via cause-oriented newspapers and journals. Even more important, the Soviet-sponsored reorganization of the GMD in the early 1920s had yielded a far-reaching party propaganda operation tied to Sun Yat-sen＇s notion of political tutelage. But how was propaganda to work in practice？ And at whom was it to be aimed？ This article seeks to address aspects of these questions by assessing a textbook for propaganda workers that was issued in the name of the GMD＇s Zhejiang Provincial Executive Committee＇s Propaganda Department in October 1929, half a year after the GMD＇s foundational right-wing Third Party Congress. Although Essentials for Propaganda Workers does not fully operationalize Sun＇s version of political tutelage, it can nonetheless be seen to reflect the central party＇s efforts to implement tutelage and supervision, not only of the Chinese masses suggested by Sun＇s program, but also of party propaganda workers in Zhejiang. in that regard, it reveals the astonishingly rapid ideological realignment of the GMD into an anti-Communist party, not only at the national level, which is well known, but also on the provincial and lower levels. Drawing on material from the GMD Archives in Taipei, this article addresses issues of party organization, control, mobilization, inner party dynamics, and message content in the GMD＇s propaganda activities in Zhejiang province in the late 1920s. ＂Propaganda by the Book＂ adds to our knowledge of the organizational practices of both the central GMD in Nanjing and the Zhejiang provincial GMD as well as to the social history of Republican China＇s official print culture.
