The relationship between farm size and fertilizer use efficiency:Evidence from China

Low fertilizer use efficiency is commonly found in China’s agriculture sector. It is critical to understand the drivers of fertilizer use in order to increase fertilizer use efficiency(FUE). The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between farm size and FUE based on farm-level data in China. The results suggest a positive farm size–FUE relationship. The estimated elasticities of farm size for rice, maize, wheat–maize, and rice–maize are similar, and the average elasticity of farm size is around 0.2. Statistically, a 1% increase in farm size is associated with a 0.2%increase in FUE. The positive effect of farm size on FUE is not due to the increase in yield, but the reduction in fertilizer use while keeping yield largely unchanged. The findings suggest that promoting the expansion of farm size may increase FUE, and thus reduce environmental pollution caused by fertilizer overuse.

Statistical Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distribution in the South China Monsoon Region(Guangdong Province)

While heavy rainfall frequently takes place in southern China during summer monsoon seasons,quantitative precipitation forecast skills are relatively poor.Therefore,detailed knowledge about the raindrop size distribution(DSD)is useful in improving the quantitative precipitation estimation and forecast.Based on the data during 2018-2022 from 86stations in a ground-based optical disdrometer measurement network,the characteristics of the DSD in Guangdong province are investigated in terms of the particle size distribution(N(D)),mass-weighted mean diameter(Dm) and other integral DSD parameters such as radar reflectivity(Z),rainfall rate(R) and liquid water content(LWC).In addition,the effects of geographical locations,weather systems(tropical cyclones,frontal systems and the summer monsoon) and precipitation types on DSD characteristics are also considered.The results are shown as follows.1) Convective precipitation has a broader N(D) and larger mean particle diameter than the stratiform precipitation,and the DSD observations in Guangdong are consistent with the three-parameter gamma distribution.The relationships between the Z and R for stratiform and convective precipitation are also derived for the province,i.e.,Z=332.34 R1.32and Z=366.26R1.42which is distinctly different from that of the Next-generation Weather Radar(NEXRAD) Z-R relationship in United States.2) In the rainy season(April-September),the Dm, R and LWC are larger than those in the dry season(OctoberMarch).Moreover the above parameters are larger,especially in mid-May,which is the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon.3) The spatial analysis of DSD shows that the coastal station observations indicate a smaller Dmand a larger normalized intercept parameter(log10Nw),suggestive of maritime-like rainfall.Dmis larger and log10Nwis smaller in the inland area,suggestive of continental-like rainfall.4) Affected by such weather systems as the tropical cyclone,frontal system and summer monsoon,the DSD shows characteristics with distinct differences.Furthermore,frontal system rainfall tends to present a continental-like rainfall,tropical cyclone rainfall tends to have a maritime-like rainfall,and summer monsoon rainfall characteristic are between maritime-and continental-like cluster(raindrop concentration and diameter are higher than continental cluster and maritime cluster,respectively.)

Understanding the Variability of Z-R Relationships Caused by Natural Variations in Raindrop Size Distributions(DSD):Implication of Drop Size and Number

In the issue of rainfall estimation by radar through the necessary relationship between radar reflectivity Z and rain rate R (Z-R), the main limitation is attributed to the variability of this relationship. Indeed, several pre-vious studies have shown the great variability of this relationship in space and time, from a rainfall event to another and even within a single rainfall event. Recent studies have shown that the variability of raindrop size distributions and thereby Z-R relationships is therefore, more the result of complex dynamic, thermody-namic and microphysical processes within rainfall systems than a convective/stratiform classification of the ground rainfall signature. The raindrop number and size at ground being the resultant of various processes mentioned above, a suitable approach would be to analyze their variability in relation to that of Z-R relation-ship. In this study, we investigated the total raindrop concentration number NT and the median volume di-ameter D0 used in numerous studies, and have shown that the combination of these two ‘observed’ parame-ters appears to be an interesting approach to better understand the variability of the Z-R relationships in the rainfall events, without assuming a certain analytical raindrop size distribution model (exponential, gamma, or log-normal). The present study is based on the analysis of disdrometer data collected at different seasons and places in Africa, and aims to show the degree of the raindrop size and number implication in regard to the Z-R relationships variability.

两种沉积物粒度分析测试方法对比及转换关系

粒径分布(PSD)作为土体的基本物理性质之一,对土体的工程性质具有很大影响。目前,测量海洋沉积物PSD存在不同的方法,但不同方法量测结果的一致性和相互关系值得探讨。基于PSD沉降分析法与激光衍射法的测试原理,推导得出两种方法之间的联系,并提出了一种转换方法。采用上述两种测量方法对两种不同海域的深海沉积物进行PSD分析,依据转换方法对激光衍射法得到的PSD进行转换,并将转换后的结果进行分析。结果显示:沉降分析法与激光衍射法所得结果主要差距在于黏土、粉砂粒径的含量,且经转换后,两种测量方法得出的黏土、粉砂粒级的百分含量基本一致,检验了转换方法的可靠性。

热带气旋尺度与强度关联性研究进展

主要回顾了热带气旋(TC)尺度与强度相关性的统计研究,简要阐述了影响TC尺度、强度及尺度-强度关联性的内部和外部物理因子的相关研究进展。不同于以往研究仅考虑尺度或强度各自的变化,本文在回顾前人研究时将尺度-强度关联性作为主要讨论对象,这有助于深入理解TC整体风场变化背后的物理机制,为提升模式模拟能力和业务预报水平提供科学指导,并明确未来有待进一步深入的研究方向。

东北地区新民夏季雨滴谱特征

以辽宁省新民气候基准站的降水现象仪观测数据为基础,研究我国东北地区新民夏季不同雨强及不同降雨类型的雨滴谱特征,并与其他地区进行对比。结果表明:新民雨强越大谱宽越宽,雨强大于20 mm·h^(-1)的雨滴谱谱宽接近8 mm,降雨以小雨滴为主,但中等雨滴对雨量的贡献最大。对流云降雨为典型的大陆型对流,以雨滴的直径较大而数浓度较低为特点,质量加权平均直径Dm的平均值为2.14 mm,标准化截距lgN_(w)的平均值为3.40。拟合的μ-Λ关系与其他地区采用PARSIVEL雨滴谱仪数据拟合的μ-Λ经验关系接近,而与采用二维视频雨滴谱仪(2DVD)数据拟合的μ-Λ关系差异较大。与华东、华北地区相比,东北地区新民D_(m)(lgN_(w))的平均值更大(小),拟合的对流云降雨Z-R关系的指数更大。

华南夏季沿岸与近海岛屿雨滴谱特征对比分析

充分理解降水微物理的局地变化特征有助于提升本地化降水的模拟和预报能力。利用我国华南地区夏季四个站点(广西北海涠洲岛、防城港,广东阳江、江门上川岛)的雨滴谱观测数据,研究对比近海岛屿与沿岸陆上的降水微物理特征差异。研究表明,对流性降水对华南地区夏季降水量的贡献最大,且对流性降水的微物理特征具有明显的局地差异,具体表现为东部站点(阳江、上川岛)大雨滴更多而小雨滴浓度偏低,而西部站点(涠洲岛、防城港)的小雨滴浓度更高。此外,沿岸站点(阳江、防城港)较岛屿站点(上川岛、涠洲岛)的大雨滴浓度更高。研究还讨论了降水微物理的局地差异与环境变量之间的关系,发现东部(沿岸)站较西部(岛屿)站具有更厚的暖云层,更长的雨滴下落路径增强了碰并过程,从而促进了雨滴粒径的增长。同时,还拟合了华南地区四站的μ-L关系和Z-R关系以应用于提高降水和雨滴谱的估计和反演精度。可为研究我国华南地区降水微物理的局地变化特征提供较全面的参考依据。

预制孔式无铆连接尺寸关系对铆接质量的影响研究

为了研究预制孔无铆连接的工艺参数对铆接质量的影响,设计了预制孔无铆连接模型,以板厚、冲头半径、预制孔半径、倒角尺寸等为变量,分析得到了无铆连接中一种变量组合对应的该种组合下预制孔尺寸的最佳取值。建立了预制孔无铆连接的有限元模型,通过DEFORM-2D软件模拟预制孔无铆连接过程,控制铆接成形后的铆接头底厚值为0.2 mm,在预制孔半径范围计算公式所确定的范围内选取预制孔最佳尺寸参数,研究了预制孔倒角尺寸对铆接头成形质量的影响。结果表明,预制孔的半径、倒角尺寸等直接影响铆接头质量,上、下板材厚度均为2 mm,预制孔半径选用4.01 mm,倒角尺寸为1.2×45°时,铆接质量最好;铆接速度影响铆接头的颈厚值,铆接速度越大,颈厚值越小。

注水开发中悬浮物粒径与储层孔隙结构匹配关系

为了完善注水开发中悬浮物粒径中值指标制定方法,以南海西部涠洲油田群为例,在统计大量数据的基础上,分析主力生产层位岩石孔隙结构参数与渗透率之间的关系(R_(c)-K);通过室内岩心驱替实验对油田群原有注水指标进行优化,得出渗透率与粒径中值的关系(K-d);关联R_(c)-K方程以及K-d关系后,得到不同岩心级别下注入水悬浮物粒径中值与喉道直径的匹配关系(d/2Rc)。结果表明:以渗透率保留率80%为标准,K=(10~50)×10^(-3)μm^(2)时颗粒粒径中值与喉道直径比d/2R_(c)=1/6;K=(50~100)×10^(-3)μm^(2)时d/2R_(c)=1/5;K=(100~300)×10^(-3)μm^(2)时d/2R_(c)=1/5。

Al/Hf ratio-dependent mechanisms of microstructure and mechanical property of nearly fully dense Al—Hf reactive material

This study proposed three types of Al—Hf reactive materials with particle size ratios(a),which were almost completely dense(porosity of<5.40%)owing to their preparation using hot-pressing technology.Microstructure characteristics and phase composition were analyzed,and the influence of particle size ratios on dynamic mechanical behavior and damage mechanism were investigated.The prepared sample with a=0.1 exhibited continuous wrapping of the Hf phase by the Al phase.Hf—Hf contact(continuous Hf phase)within the sample gradually increased with increasing a,and a small amount of fine Hf appeared for the sample with a=1.The reactive materials exhibited clear strain-rate sensitivity,with flow stressσ0.05and failure strainεfincreasing approximately linearly with increasing strain rate.ε.It is found that the plastic deformation of the material increased with increasing strain rate.As a increased from 0.1 to 1,the flow stress gradually increased.Impact failure of the material was dominated by ductile fracture with a large Al phase plastic deformation band for lower a,while brittle fracture with crushed Hf particles occurred at higher a.Finally,a constitutive model based on BP neural network was proposed to describe the stress-strain relationships of the materials,with an average relative error of 2.22%.

基于产状Fisher分布的岩石节理最小样本容量确定方法

节理产状是影响岩体结构及其工程性质的关键参数之一,因此准确计算节理的平均产状是岩体工程性质研究的基础。由于节理产状的离散性,合理确定节理的最小样本容量对于计算节理组的平均产状具有重要意义。基于Fisher分布,阐释了节理产状随机数的生成方法,提出一种考虑“超越上半球投影产状”(OEBEUHP)的平均产状计算方法。随机生成不同数量、不同κ值的Fisher分布产状来研究节理样本容量对平均产状准确性的影响,在保证准确率不低于0.95的情况下,建立了最小样本容量与Fisher分布常数κ值的经验关系。研究结果表明:节理样本容量对平均产状的统计准确性影响显著,样本容量越大,平均产状的统计准确率越高;最小样本容量与κ值呈明显的反比例关系,反比例系数为1 007.23。通过对三峡地下厂房上游边墙和乌东德水电站平洞PD5-2节理的统计分析,验证了该经验关系的适用性,能够有效指导节理产状的采样工作。

四川某铜矿尾矿中金红石工艺矿物学研究

为了综合开发利用四川某铜矿尾矿中的金红石,采用化学多元素分析、物相分析、光学显微镜和矿物自动分析仪MLA等分析手段,对铜尾矿中的金红石进行了工艺矿物学研究。研究查明了该铜矿尾矿的矿物组分,金红石的粒度分布、嵌布特征及主要矿物的共生关系;尾矿中TiO2总含量为3.349%,TiO2主要以金红石的形式存在,占64.35%,矿物组成主要是金红石和铌铁金红石,铜尾矿中金红石相矿物粒度较细,主要集中于75μm以下;尾矿中金红石、铌铁金红石矿物的-0.075 mm粒级分别占93.08%及100.00%;大部分金红石矿物与脉石矿物连生、包裹,未裸露,连生体占比高达62.18%;该铜尾矿中的金红石为难选矿物,需采用重选—磁选—电选—浮选联合流程进行回收利用。

信任、人情与涉外制造业中小企业新产品绩效——基于信息共享的中介效应

随着“一带一路”倡议的深入落实,拥有海外业务的制造业中小企业在国家经济发展中发挥着越来越重要的作用。面临当前复杂多变的国际环境,如何有效提升新产品绩效是涉外制造业中小企业获取竞争优势和实现高质量发展的关键。以涉外制造业中小企业为样本,实证检验了信任、人情和信息共享对涉外制造业中小企业新产品绩效的影响。结果表明:信任、人情不仅会直接提升涉外制造业中小企业新产品绩效,还通过信息共享的中介作用产生间接影响。进一步分析发现:商业环境正向调节了信息共享与涉外制造业中小企业新产品绩效之间的关系,并且商业环境越复杂,信息共享对涉外制造业中小企业新产品绩效的影响越大。研究结论为提高涉外制造业中小企业新产品绩效提供了参考。

DUCTILEBRITTLETRANSITION OF POLYCRYSTALLINE Ni_3Al WITH VARYING GRAIN SIZE

It is known that in B (un)doped Ni 3Al polycrystals, the dependence of yield strength on grain size follows the Hall Petch relationship: σ y= σ 0+ K y d -1/2 , and the slope K y can be reduced by B doping owing to the lowering of grain boundary resistance to slip transmission. If the intergranular cracking in polycrystalline Ni 3Al occurs from the microcavity along the grain boundaries, the effective external tensile stress for the propagation of the crack like microcavity along the grain boundaries can be deduced as: σ f= σ i+ K u d -1/2 , where K u reflects the effects of such factors as environment, strain rate, boron doping and the orientation of the grain boundary on the trend of intergranular cracking. For loaded polycrystalline Ni 3Al, it should be competitive between the intergranular cracking and slip transmission across the grain boundary. Therefore, comparing the varieties of both σ y and σ f with grain size, the dependence of ductile brittle transition on grain size, and the effects of the above factors on ductile brittle transition can be expected. The model also predicts that there exists a critical grain size for the ductile brittle transition of polycrystalline Ni 3Al alloys, and B doping can increase the critical grain size due to the reduction of the slope K y and the increase of K u. The reported experimental results verified the above model.

Genetic architecture of embryo size and related traits in maize

The embryo in maize has a critical role in controlling kernel nutrition components and grain yield.We measured five embryo weight and size traits,six kernel weight and size traits,and five embryo-tokernel ratio traits in a nested association mapping(NAM)population of 611 recombinant inbred lines(RILs)derived from four inbred lines including the high-oil,giant-embryo line BY815 as the common parent.Using three statistical methods,we identified 5–22 quantitative trait loci(QTL)for each trait,explaining 4.7%–46.7%of the phenotypic variation.The genetic architecture of maize embryo size and its related traits appeared to be dominated by multiple small-effect loci with little epistasis,and the genetic control underlying embryo size appeared to be distinct from that underlying kernel size.A trait–QTL association network included 205 nodes and 439 edges and revealed 28 key loci associated with at least three traits.Cloned maize genes including Zm Urb2,Emp12 and Zm BAM1 d,maize orthologs of known rice genes that control seed size including BG1,XIAO and GS9,and 11 maize orthologs of Arabidopsis EMBRYO-DEFECTIVE(EMB)genes were identified as underlying these key loci.Further,the phenotypic and genetic relationships between embryo size and kernel size were evaluated,and genetic patterns for identified loci that control embryo size and its related traits were proposed.Our findings reveal distinct genetic architectures for embryo size,kernel size,and embryo-to-kernel ratio traits and establish a foundation for the improvement of embryo-size-mediated kernel nutrition and grain yield.

Consistency in <i>Z</i>-<i>R</i>Relationship Variability Regardless Precipitating Systems, Climatic Zones Observed from Two Types of Disdrometer

Data from rain Drop Size Distributions gathered on five sites in Africa as well as those of the pilot site in Kourou (French Guyana, South America), located in different climatic zones, and collected by two types of disdrometer (the impact JW RD-69 disdrometer and the Optical Spectro-Pluviometer, OSP) are used to study the consistency of the reflectivity factor-rain rate at the ground (Z-R) relationship variability. The results clearly confirm that the relationship Z-R knows a large spatial variability, from a type of precipitation to another and within the same precipitation regardless the type of disdrometer used for DSD measurements. Base on the similarity of the relations reflectivity factor-rain rate and ratio median volume diameter over the total number of drops-rain rate, the variability of the Z-R coefficients (A, b) through the simultaneously implication of the size and number of drops which characterize the DSD was exhibited. It was shown that the relationships A-α and b-β designed to understand the involvement of parameters D0 and NT of DSD in the variability of the relationship Z-R are similar regardless the types of disdrometer used. However, the relations A-α in the Sahelian region appear to deviate from those of Guinean, equatorial and Soudanian zones. The plausible reasons were discussed.

Quantitative relationship between flagellate abundance and suspended particle density in Huanghai Sea and East China Sea in summer

An investigation was carried out in the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea to study the quantitative relationship between the abundance of flagellates and the density of suspended particles in the summer of 2001. The results show that the abundance of flagellates varies from 44-12 600 cell/cm^3, and flagellates sometimes constitutes a significant part of suspended particles. The size-spectra of suspended particles can be divided into four categories： flat spectrum, humped spectrum, plankton spectrum and mixed spectrum. In general, the abundance of flagellates varies in proportion to the density of suspended particles. However, their quantitative relations reveal different characteristics in the seawater samples of different types of particle-size spectrum. This is only a preliminary study of the quantitative relationship between flagellates and suspended particles, which might lead to a potential convenient approach to the estimation of flagellate abundance in the sea.

Influence of MgO contents on silica supported nano-size gold catalyst for carbon monoxide total oxidation

A series of nano-size gold catalysts were prepared by deposition-precipitation method using silica material promoted with different amounts of MgO as the carrier. The influences of MgO addition on the structure and property of the nano-size gold catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, O2 temperature-programmed desorption （O2-TPD）, and inductively coupled with plasma atomic emission spectroscopy （ICP-AES） techniques. The total oxidation of CO was chosen as the probe reaction. The results suggest that for the gold catalysts supported on the silica material after MgO modification, the size of the gold particles is pronouncedly reduced, the oxygen mobility is enhanced, and the catalytic activity for low-temperature CO oxidation is greatly improved. The gold catalyst modified by 6 wt% MgO （Mg/SiO2 weight ratio） shows higher CO oxidation activity, over which the temperature of CO total oxidation is lower about 150 K than that over the silica directly supported gold catalyst.

Collinear micro-shear-bands model for grain-size and precipitate-size effects on the yield strength

Numerous experimental evidences show that the grain size may significantly alter the yield strength of metals.Similarly,innickel-based superalloys,the precipitate size also influences their yield strength.Then,how to describe such two kinds of size effects on the yield strength is a very practical challenge.In this study,according to experimental observations,a collinear micro-shear-bands model is proposed to explore these size effects on metal materials’yield strength.An analytical solution for the simple model is derived.It reveals that the yield strength is a function of average grain-size or precipitate-size,which is able to reasonably explain size effects on yield strength.The typical example validation shows that the new relationship is not only able to precisely describe the grain-size effect in some cases,but also able to theoretically address the unexplained Hall-Petch relationship between theprecipitate size and the yield strength of nickel-based superalloys.