TEM STUDY OF TWINNING ORIENTATION RELATIOSHIP BETWEEN A AND B MARTENSITE VARIANTS IN A CuZnAl SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY

A secondary twinning orientation relationship between A and B martensite variants in a CuZnAl shape memory alloy was confirmed under TEM observation.The twin plane, (50),is a linear combination of (8)and(1 0 10)planes,which are twin planes of A:C and A:D type pair respectively.

Implications of twinning on the microstructure development,crystallographic texture and mechanical performance of Mg alloys-a critical review

Deformation twinning is profusely activated in the Mg alloys due to lower critical resolved shear stress(CRSS) compared to the non-basal slip systems(prismatic and pyramidal ) and plays a significant role in texture reorientation, grain refinement and enhancement of mechanical performance. Twinning is a sequential process comprising twin nucleation, twin propagation and twin growth, hence several intrinsic and extrinsic parameters that facilitate or suppress the process have been critically reviewed. The dependence of twinning on the grain size, deformation temperature, favorable grain orientation and shear strain have been thoroughly discussed in the context of published literature and an attempt has been made to provide a benchmark conclusive finding based on the majority of works. Furthermore, the subsequent effect of twinning on the mechanical performance of Mg alloys, including ductility, formability and tension-compression asymmetry has been discussed in detail. Lastly, the stability of twins, including stress and thermal stability, is summarized and critical issues related to pertinent bottlenecks have been addressed.

Effect of rolling reduction on deformation mechanism and twinning behavior of WE43 magnesium alloy

The effect of rolling reduction of the last pass on the dislocation slip and twinning behavior during direct hot rolling of a cast WE43 magnesium alloy at 480℃ was investigated.The results showed that prismatic<á>slip was always the main deformation mode during rolling at 480℃.In addition,the activated twinning type was associated with rolling reduction.The{1012}extension twinning was activated at a slight rolling reduction(2%),while{1011}compression twinning and{1011}−{1012}double twinning were activated at larger rolling reduction(12%and 20%).Schmid factor calculation showed that the activation of{1012}extension twin variants followed the Schmid Law,whereas the activation of{1011}compression twin variants did not follow it.Even if the rolling reduction reached 20%,almost no dynamic recrystallization(DRX)grains were found,presumably because the amount of deformation required for DRX to occur was not reached.

Room and cryogenic deformation behavior of AZ61 and AZ61-xCaO(x=0.5,1 wt.%)alloy

This study investigates the influence of CaO(0.5,1(wt.%))alloying on the microstructural evolution,texture development and deformation behavior of AZ61 magnesium alloy.The uniaxial tension tests at room(RT)and cryogenic(CT,-150℃)temperature were performed to investigate the twinability and dislocation behavior and its consequent effect on flow stress,ductility and strain hardening rate.The results showed that the AZ61-1CaO exhibited superior strength/ductility synergy at RT with a yield strength(YS)of 223 MPa and a ductility of 23% as compared to AZ61(178 MPa,18.5%)and AZ61-0.5CaO(198 MPa,21%).Similar trend was witnessed for all the samples during CT deformation,where increase in the YS and decrease in ductility were observed.The Mtex tools based in-grain misorientation axis(IGMA)analysis of RT deformed samples revealed the higher activities of prismatic slip in AZ61-CaO,which led to superior ductility.Moreover,subsequent EBSD analysis of CT deformed samples showed the increased fraction of fine{10-12}tension twins and nucleation of multiple{10-12}twin variants caused by higher local stress concentration at the grain boundaries,which imposed the strengthening by twin-twin interaction.Lastly,the detailed investigations on strengthening contributors showed that the dislocation strengthening has the highest contribution towards strength in all samples.

Role of yttrium content in twinning behavior of extruded Mg−Y sheets under tension/compression

The influence of Y content on the grain-scale twinning behavior in extruded Mg−xY(x=0.5,1,5,wt.%)sheets under uniaxial tension and compression along the extruded direction was statistically investigated.An automatic twin variant analysis was employed,based on large data sets obtained by electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD),including 2691 grains with 977 twins.The{1012}tension twinning(TTW)dominance and prevailing anomalous twinning behavior(Schmid factor(m)<0)under both tension and compression were found.The anomalous twinning behavior was more pronounced as Y content increased under tensile loading,indicating a promoted stochasticity of twin variant selection for more concentrated Mg−Y alloys.However,the trend for the Y-content dependent anomalous twinning behavior was opposite in compression.The fractions of the anomalous TTWs were found to be well correlated with the maximum Schmid factor(m_(max))values of basal slip and prismatic slip in the corresponding parent grains for compression and tension,respectively,indicating that twinning and dislocation slip might be closely related in the present Mg−Y alloys.

Tension-compression asymmetry and corresponding deformation mechanism in ZA21 magnesium bars with bimodal structure

We investigated the asymmetric tension-compression(T-C)behavior of ZA21 bars with bimodal and uniform structures through axial tension and compression tests.The results show that the yield strengths of bars having bimodal structure are 206.42 and 140.28 MPa under tension and compression,respectively,which are higher than those of bars having uniform structure with tensile and compressive yield strength of 183.71 and 102.86 MPa,respectively.Prismatic slip and extension twinning under tension and basal slip and extension twinning under compression dominate the yield behavior and induce the T-C asymmetry.However,due to the basal slip activated in fine grains under tension and the inhibition of extension twinning by fine grains under compression,the bimodal structure possesses a lower T-C asymmetry(0.68)compared to the uniform structure(0.56).Multiple extension twins occur during deformation,and the selection of twin variants depends on the Schmid factor of the six variants activated by parent grains.Furthermore,the strengthening effect of the bimodal structure depends on the grain size and the ratio of coarse and fine grains.

轧制纯Mg板材压缩变形机制的统计研究

基于EBSD和滑移迹线分析,在晶粒尺度上对轧制纯镁板材室温压缩过程中的滑移/孪生激活规律以及他们之间的交互作用进行统计研究(~400个晶粒)。10%变形后的结果表明,基面滑移(89%)是主要的滑移模式,所有鉴别出来的363个孪晶为拉伸孪晶。上凹形的应力-应变曲线表明变形由孪生主导,高的孪生面积分数(41%)进一步验证上述结论。大多数孪晶变体(79%)遵循施密特定律,孪晶转移与Luster-Morris参数(m’)并没有很好的相关性,然而大多数孪晶转移(82%)表现出较大的归一化施密特因子(m)和m’值。在孪晶内观察到滑移系的激活且符合施密特定律。此外,还观察到滑移迹线穿过孪晶界的现象。对m统计分析表明,孪生激活与柱面滑移密切相关。

{112}<111>Twins or Twinned Variants Induced by Martensitic Transformation?

Twinned substructure in lath martensite was induced in the interstitial free(IF)steel via a high pressure thermal cycle(heating up to 1100℃and holding for 30 min,cooling at 10℃/s to room temperature under a pressure of 4 GPa).Experimental observations and theoretical simulation confrm that the twinned substructure has the origin related to the twinned variants rather than the bcc{112}<111>twins,while extra difraction spots were caused by crystal overlapping rather than any extra phase.The diferences in crystallography and electron difraction behavior between twinned variants and{112}<111>twins were discussed in detail.

Crystal anisotropy of AZ31 magnesium alloy under uniaxial tension and compression

To investigate the deformation twinning and the plastic anisotropy of the hexagonal-close-packed（HCP） single crystal, the crystal plastic constitutive model including slip and twinning deformation was established with finite element method based on crystal plasticity theory. The model was verified by test data. Newton-Raphson iteration method was developed with the stress components directly as the basic variables of iteration. The plastic deformation behavior of single crystal AZ31 alloy was analyzed numerically under monotonic tension and compression, respectively, in four different strain paths（i.e. along 〈2110〉, 〈 0110〉, 〈0001〉 and 〈0111〉） with this model. The stress-strain curves were obtained in the above paths. The numerical calculation results show that this crystal model is feasible to predict the activity of slip/twinning system and to describe the number of active twin variants, the types of dominant twin variants and twin intersection. Due to the polar nature of mechanical twinning in inelastic deformation of the material, the plastic behavior of the single crystal material is demonstrated to be notably anisotropic and high asymmetry.

AZ31镁合金变路径压缩的力学性能和孪晶机制

对AZ31镁合金轧制板材进行变形方向依次为轧向(RD)、横向(TD)、轧向和横向的变路径压缩实验,研究变形过程中的力学性能,并采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)观察上述变形过程中晶粒取向变化,分析孪晶变体的启动情况。结果表明:在变路径压缩过程中,各路径压缩过程依次对应拉伸孪晶、二次孪晶、解孪晶和拉伸孪晶的微观变形机制,首次变形所产生的预应变提高后续变形中孪晶形核启动力,使后续变形过程的屈服强度大幅增加。二次孪晶的启动遵循Schmid定律,孪晶变体启动的选择性倾向明显,由t1或t5变体来完成二次孪晶。

动态塑性变形下AZ31镁合金的孪生特征

沿热轧退火态AZ31镁合金轧制方向进行室温动态塑性变形,采用场发射扫描电子显微镜研究{10ī2}孪生的变体类型及结构特征。结果表明:在{10ī2}孪生机制主导塑性变形的初级阶段(ε<8%),AZ31镁合金中大部分晶粒内部仅产生一种{10ī2}孪生变体或变体对,所以孪晶结构呈彼此平行状,将晶粒分割成片层组织;这种片层组织的厚度随着应变量的增加而减小,从5.55μm减小到2.49μm;少数晶粒形核产生不同的{10ī2}孪生变体,且这种晶粒的数量随着塑性变形量的增大而增加;当ε>8%,孪生体积分数接近饱和,位错滑移成为镁合金主要的变形机制。

磁性形状记忆合金研究进展

磁性形状记忆合金是上世纪90年代开始出现的一类新型金属功能材料。这类合金兼具热弹性马氏体相变和磁性转变,其形状记忆效应可以由磁场控制。此外这类合金还具有磁阻、磁热等丰富的物理效应,因而一直是近期研究热点。首先介绍了磁性形状记忆合金的3个基本特征,即马氏体相变与磁性转变、磁场驱动孪晶再取向和磁场诱发相变。然后分别对Ni基、Co基和Fe基磁性形状记忆合金的研究现状进行了评述。最后展望了磁性形状记忆合金的发展趋势。

AZ31镁合金微结构关联的孪生形核与长大统计分析

为了揭示金属镁合金晶粒大小、晶向及晶界倾角等微结构与孪生形核及长大之间的关联性,通过EBSD技术获取大量诸如晶粒尺寸、晶向及晶界倾角等微结构以及晶内孪生形核数、孪晶厚度等数据进行统计分析。对应变为4.9%的镁合金微结构的统计分析表明:晶粒大小、晶界倾角等微结构分布基本符合概率函数Weibull分布特征;大晶粒、高Schmid因子、小角度晶界有利于孪生形核,而孪晶长大对微结构的敏感度较弱;不是所有高Schmid因子的孪生变体都能够形核长大。由对孪生形核与长大随应变递增的演化分析结果可推测:相同晶粒内,不同位置对孪晶变体的形核强度有显著影响,很显然存在其他晶内微结构如缺陷、位错密度等对孪生形核产生重要影响;然而孪晶长大更多地受到晶内存在的孪生形核数和孪晶变体类型数量的强烈影响。本工作可为发展孪生形核长大与微结构的数学关系提供试验依据。

TiAl基合金加工材中显微组织对性能的调整

用光学显微镜和TEM对Ti—17合金饼材的显微组织进行了研究。饼材中存在的形态不同的两类显微组织都由α+β两相组成。然而,在长宽比很大的相互平行的魏氏α片内观察到了3种α变体,它们是与母体Burgers。α相关联的(1011)和(1012)孪晶,也是Ⅰ型α向Ⅱ型α转变的产物。

外加应力下Ni_2MnGa合金中马氏体孪晶变体再取向动力学的相场模拟

利用相场方法研究Ni2MnGa形状记忆合金中不同连续拉应力方向马氏体孪晶变体的再取向动力学。模拟结果表明:施加应力方向决定体系演化的最终结构和演化路径,沿[100]和[110]方向施加应力分别得到单变体和双变体,而沿[111]方向施加应力,体系依然保持为3种变体。计算了相应的与界面动力学因子和切变模量相关联的孪晶化应力,计算结果与实验结果接近。加载和卸载后2种变体和3种变体之间的组织转化具有可逆性。

具有高分辨率和大视场的导引头设计方法

针对现有的红外均匀成像导引技术无法有效地处理高分辨率、大视场和实时性三者之间的矛盾,提出了一套基于空间变分辨率理论的导引头成像方案。通过使用了对数极坐标变换描述的空间变分辨率模型,将视场分为高分辨率区和低分辨率区,从而克服了三者的矛盾,并使系统具有尺度和旋转不变性。此外,为了加快目标匹配速度,提出了一种快速双投影匹配方案。通过对尺度和旋转变化后的目标进行匹配和分析,可以证明对于n×n大小的图像,新方法的运算量仅仅是原方法的2/n。

任意晶系中非180°取向畴的矩阵分析

利用线性变换的方法，推导出三斜晶系中绕任意方向旋转任意角度的空间点阵基矢间的变换矩阵，给出了变换矩阵在四方晶系中的表达式并分析了ZrO2中的两种取向畴。

Strong size effect on deformation twin-me diate d plasticity in body-centered-cubic iron

Deformation twinning serves as an important mode of plastic dissipation processes in nanoscale body-centered cubic(BCC)metals,but its origin and spatio-temporal features are mysterious.Here,applying in situ tensile experiments,we report a strong size effect on mediating the twinning behaviors and twin boundary(TB)-dislocation interaction mechanisms in BCC iron(Fe)nanowires(NWs).There exists a critical diameter(d)of∼2.5 nm,above which the deformation twinning rather than dislocation slip dominates the plasticity.Unlike the traditional reflection TBs,the intermediate isosceles TBs are consis-tently observed as mediated by the 1/12<111>partial dislocations.Moreover,we uncover two distinct TB-related deformation mechanisms,including twin variant re-orientation and TB cracking for NWs with d<17 nm and d>17 nm,respectively.Further molecular dynamics and statics simulations provide the basic underlying mechanisms for size-dependent plasticity,which have been largely overlooked in previous experimental investigations.Our findings highlight the importance of grain size in mediating the deformation behaviors in Fe,serving as possible guidance for exploring single-crystalline and poly-crystalline Fe-based materials(e.g.steel)with optimized mechanical performance.

CuZnAl形状记忆合金中A和B马氏体变态孪晶关系的TEM研究

由TEM的电子衍射谱观察证实CuZnAl形状记忆合金中马氏体变态A和B之间实际上是二次孪晶关系,其孪生面(13 20 50)为A:C关系的孪生面(1 2 8)和A:D关系的孪生面(1 0 10)的线性组合。

形状记忆合金中的马氏体变体在外场下的再取向和再分布机制(英文)

利用相场方法研究了马氏体变体在循环应力作用下再取向和再分布的微观机制。模拟结果表明,随着外应力的增加,在孪晶界面会出现母相的形核和长大,以此实现变体间的转化,这是3种变体转化为2种变体的主要再取向机制;卸载后消失的变体在孪晶界面重新形核并长大以完成系统内微观组织的再分布。在Mn-Cu合金中这种机制是控制循环载荷下形状记忆效应产生的主要机制。