Modelling of a Two-Phase Thermosyphon Loop for Passive Air-Conditioning of a House in Hot and Dry Climate Countries

The two-phase thermosyphon loop is an efficient solution for space cooling. This paper presents the simulation results of numerical studies on the heat transfer and thermal performance of a two-phase thermosiphon loop for passive air-conditioning of a house. The fluid considered in this study is methanol, which is compatible with copper and is environmentally friendly. These numerical results show that the temperature at the evaporator wall drops from 23°C to 13°C and increases at the condenser. The solar flux density has a strong influence on the condenser temperature. The mass flow rates and masses at the evaporator and condenser increase with temperature. The variation of evaporating and condensing temperature affects the performance of the system. For a constant evaporating and condensing temperature of 2°C and 29°C, the COP is 0.77 and 0.84 respectively. With these results, the use of the two-phase thermosyphon loop in air conditioning is possible to obtain a thermal comfort of the occupants acceptable by the standards but with a large exchange surface of the evaporator.

Two loop low temperature corrections to electron self energy

We recalculate the two loop corrections in the background heat bath using real time formalism. The procedure of the integrations of loop momenta with dependence on finite temperature before the momenta without it has been followed. We determine the mass and wavefunction renormalization constants in the low temperature limit of QED, for the first time with this preferred order of integrations. The correction to electron mass and spinors in this limit is important in the early universe at the time of primordial nucleosynthesis as well as in astrophysics.

Two loop electroweak corrections from heavy fermions to b→s+γ

Applying an effective Lagrangian method and an on-shell scheme, we analyze the electroweak corrections to the rare decay b→, s＋γ from some special two loop diagrams in which a closed heavy fermion loop is attached to the virtual charged gauge bosons or Higgs. At the decoupling limit where the virtual fermions in the inner loop are much heavier than the electroweak scale, we verify the final results satisfying the decoupling theorem explicitly when the interactions among Higgs and heavy fermions do not contain the nondecoupling couplings. Adopting the universal assumptions on the relevant couplings and mass spectrum of new physics, we find that the relative corrections from those two loop diagrams to the SM theoretical prediction on the branching ratio of B → Xsγ can reach 5% as the energy scale of new physics ANp=200 GeV.

Characteristics of high-sulfate wastewater treatment by two-phase anaerobic digestion process with Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed

A new anaerobic reactor, Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed （JLAFB）, was designed for treating high-sulfate wastewater. The treatment characteristics, including the effect of influent COD/SO42 ratio and alkalinity and sulfide inhibition in reactors, were discussed for a JLAFB and a general anaerobic fiuidized bed （AFB） reactor used as sulfate-reducing phase and methane-producing phase, respectively, in two-phase anaerobic digestion process. The formation of granules in the two reactors was also examined. The results indicated that COD and sulfate removal had different demand of influent COD/SO4^2- ratios. When total COD removal was up to 85%, the ratio was only required up to 1.2, whereas, total sulfate removal up to 95% required it exceeding 3.0. The alkalinity in the two reactors increased linearly with the growth of influent alkalinity. Moreover, the change of influent alkalinity had no significant effect on pH and volatile fatty acids （VFA） in the two reactors. Influent alkalinity kept at 400-500 mg/L could meet the requirement of the treating process. The JLAFB reactor had great advantage in avoiding sulfide and free-H2S accumulation and toxicity inhibition on microorganisms. When sulfate loading rate was up to 8. 1 kg/（m^3.d）, the sulfide and free-H2S concentrations in JLAFB reactor were 58.6 and 49.7 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the granules, with offwhite color, ellipse shape and diameters of 1.0-3.0 mm, could be developed in JLAFB reactor. In granules, different groups of bacteria were distributed in different layers, and some inorganic metal compounds such as Fe, Ca, Mg etc. were found.

DOUBLE LOOP ACTIVE VIBRATION CONTROL OF PNEUMATIC ISOLATOR WITH TWO SEPARATE CHAMBERS

A newly designed pneumatic spring with two separate chambers is promoted and double-loop active control is introduced to overcome the following drawbacks of passive pneumatic isolation： ① The low frequency resonances introduced into the system; ② Conflict between lower isolation frequency and stiffness high enough to limit quasi-static stroke;③ Inconsistent isolation level with different force load. The design of two separate chambers is for the purpose of tuning support frequency and force independently and each chamber is controlled by a different valve. The inner one of double-loop structure is pressure control, and in order to obtain good performance, nonlinearities compensation and motion flow rate compensation （MFRC） are added besides the basic cascade compensation, and the influence of tube length is studied. The outer loop has two functions： one is to eliminate the resonance caused by isolation support and to broaden the isolation frequency band by payload velocity feedback and base velocity feed forward, and the other is to tune support force and support stiffness simultaneously and independently, which means the support force will have no effect on support stiffness. Theoretical analysis and experiment results show that the three drawbacks are overcome simultaneously.

Frequency compensation control method for opposedpiston two-stroke folded-cranktrain engine's common rail system by loop-shaping theory

A frequency compensation control method for the opposed-piston two-stroke folded-cranktrain（ OPFC） diesel engine＇s common rail system is presented as a result of the study of the loop-shaping theory. A common rail working process and the classical frequency control theory are combined to construct a frequency restriction of common rail pressure. A frequency compensator is utilized to improve the robustness of multiplicative perturbations and disturbance. The loop-shaping method has been applied to design the common rail pressure controller of the OPFC diesel engine. Simulation and bench test results show that in the condition of perturbation that comes from the effect of injection,multi-injection,fuel pumping of a pre-cylinder,and instantaneous pressure fluctuation,the controller indicates high precision. Compared with the original controller,this method improves the control precision by 67. 3%.

单回路空间两平移并联机构拓扑设计与尺度优化

针对狭小空间内工作机器的需求,根据基于方位特征集的并联机构拓扑设计理论和方法,设计了12个移动副驱动的单回路空间两平移并联机构,并对其进行了自由度计算;对其中8个机构进行运动学建模,分别推导出其一元八次方程(封闭解)和符号式反解,并进行数值算例验证;运用差分进化算法以限定尺度约束下的可达工作空间最大为优化目标,分别对其中8个机构进行尺度优化,并求得其对应的可达工作空间,对比分析后优选出2个具有最大可达工作空间的两平移并联机构;为刚度分析、动力学分析及结构设计奠定了基础。

Experimental Investigation of Loop Heat Pipe with Two Evaporators/Two Condensers under Thermal Vacuum Condition

Multiple loop heat pipe is a high-functional thermal transport device. This work was conducted to confirm the working performance of Multiple loop heat pipe under thermal vacuum ambience with the working fluid ammonia. Asmall multiple loop heat pipe with two evaporators and two ra- diators was designed and fabricated. Then thermal vacuum test was conducted. The heaters were fasten on both evaporators, both radiators, both compensation chambers. In the case that both evaporators were heated, the multiple loop heat pipe can transport 120/120 W for 1.5 m, in the case that only one evaporator was heated, evaporator 1 can transport 80 W for 1.5 m, while eva- porator 2 can transport 120 W for 1.5 m. Two flow regulators were installed near the confluence of liquid line to prevent uncondensed vapor penetrating into returning liquid when the tempera- ture difference exists between two radiators. In the case that the heat load at both evaporators were 40/40 W and one radiator was heated, the flow regulator1 can tolerate the 160 W of heat load which was supplied to radiator1 while the flow regulator2 can tolerate the 100 W of heat load which was supplied to radiator2. To demonstrate the multiple loop heat pipe’s startup behavior at lowheat load, each of the compensation chamber was preheated to change the initial distribution of liquid and vapor in the evaporator and compensation chamber, in the result, each evaporator can start up at 5W through preheating.

二级环流反应器中收缩-膨胀隔板的性能优化

通过在二级环流反应器两级之间安装具有收缩-膨胀形状的隔板,可以有效减小两级之间的液相回流流量,但同时会增加流体流动阻力。为了在减小液相回流流量的前提下减小流动阻力,本研究对隔板进行优化设计。首先通过模拟计算获得不同隔板下的压降和液相回流流量,随后对数据进行拟合,得到压降、液相回流流量与结构参数的关联式。计算结果表明当表观气速较小时,隔板宽度对压降影响较大,高度的影响较小。表观气速增大时,隔板高度对压降的影响变大。在所有气速下,隔板宽度是影响液相回流流量的决定因素。最后通过多目标优化,获得了在不同表观气速下最优隔板的Pareto前沿。

R1234yf新能源汽车空调电子膨胀阀测试系统研制

针对目前国内现有电子膨胀阀测试系统偏差大、测试范围小、耗能大,研制了一种新型R1234yf新能源汽车空调电子膨胀阀测试系统,该测试系统利用制冷剂节流后气相经压缩机加压、液相经制冷剂循环泵加压,两相充分混合后进入冷凝器,利用排气节流阀直接控制被测电子膨胀阀阀后压力。依据汽车热管理国家标准对该测试系统进行了可行性及热力性能分析,并与实际制冷方法、液环法测试系统冷凝热负荷及耗功总和进行对比。结果表明:该系统利用两相环法,可以减少冷凝后的冷凝热量,通过排气节流阀控制被测阀后压力,取消蒸发器,提高系统性能;在流经被测试电子膨胀阀的工质质量流量为0.02~0.18 kg/s工况下,该系统冷凝热负荷较实际制冷方法减小了71.6%,较液环法降低了37.9%,耗功总和则比实际制冷方法下降了63.7%~38.6%,但比液环法约增加了7.5%。该系统可为新能源汽车空调行业电子膨胀阀性能测试提供可行且节能的测试方法。

探测器阵列高精度二维标定平台控制系统设计

为了实现快速、高精度探测器阵列标定,对探测器阵列高精度二维标定平台控制系统进行了研究,设计了采用单片机控制步进电机加编码器的闭环位移控制系统。介绍了该平台的标定原理和硬、软件控制系统设计,并对控制PID算法进行了研究,最后搭建了标定系统对控制系统进行综合测试。实验结果表明该控制系统有良好的控制能力,平台在600 mm×600 mm的有效行程内定位精度可达-11~12μm,十次单点测试数据变异系数为0.13%,连续模式下平均测量误差为1.65%。该平台设计满足探测器阵列的标定要求,为探测器阵列标定提供了一种有效手段。

考虑传输时滞的电力负荷频率采样控制系统稳定性分析

研究了一类考虑传输时滞的电力负荷频率采样控制系统相关稳定性问题。首先,采用PI型的LFC系统方案,并建立考虑采样和传输时滞的LFC闭环系统模型;其次,根据建立的模型,采用基于双边闭环泛函判据计算系统的时滞稳定裕度,研究系统采样周期与时滞稳定裕度之间的关系,并通过单区域LFC系统对结果进行仿真验证。计算结果表明,与现有文献结果相比,在相同的系统参数条件下,使用提出方法得到的结果保守性降低,且采样周期越大,系统时滞稳定裕度越小,而一定大小的时滞可以增大系统采样周期上界;仿真结果进一步验证了所提出方法的有效性和优势。

环流生物反应器降流区输氧浓度影响因素

环流生物反应器降流区输氧浓度主要受导流筒直径、导流筒溢流堰口高度及曝气量等因素影响,其对反应器污水脱氮除磷处理效果有重要影响。为考察以上影响因素对降流区输氧能力影响,采用数值模拟与实验结合的方法对环流反应器降流区输氧能力进行研究,通过自定义程序耦合Higbie传质理论模拟氧传质,对比不同曝气强度下反应器溶解氧浓度及溢流量模拟与实测值,结果显示误差在8%以内,表明数值模拟模型及方法正确可行。随后探究了曝气量、导流筒直径及导流筒溢流堰口高度对降流区输氧能力的影响。结果表明:曝气量由20 L/min增至50 L/min时,氧体积传质系数由2.04 h^(-1)增至4.45 h^(-1);导流筒直径由325 mm降至250 mm时,氧体积传质系数由3.99 h^(-1)增至4.42 h^(-1);导流筒溢流堰口高度由10 mm增至25 mm时,氧体积传质系数由4.17 h^(-1)降至4.00 h^(-1);增大曝气量和减小导流筒直径能明显提升降流区输氧能力。总之,可通过调整曝气量,导流筒直径及导流筒溢流堰口高度控制降流区输氧能力,以构建耗缺氧区域。通过响应面分析,得到导流筒直径250 mm、导流筒溢流堰口高度10 mm时,反应器降流区输氧能力较优。

基于高动态环境下B2a信号的双通道跟踪算法

在北斗三号B2a信号中,针对在高动态环境下信号多普勒变化较大,导致导航接收机跟踪环路收敛速度较慢、稳定性差等问题,基于北斗B2a信号传统跟踪环路算法设计出基于三阶锁频辅助四阶锁相的双通道联合跟踪载波跟踪环,并对此跟踪算法进行仿真分析。实验结果表明双通道联合跟踪算法对信号的利用率明显提升且环路收敛速度快,在信号较差的情况下也能实现稳定跟踪,并且稳定性和准确度明显提升。

基于STM32的二线制智能仪表研究

该文介绍了二线制智能仪表的应用场合和特点。针对智能仪表的需求和设计难点,提出了一种基于STM32的二线制智能仪表设计,详细阐述了变送器电源电路、控制单元、PWM D/A单元、V/I电流环单元、HART单元实现电路的设计,有助于设计具有智能通信功能且性能稳定的仪表,研究成果在二线制温度变送器中得到应用,经实际测试验证了该设计的有效性。

绝热段阻力对CO_(2)、R134a和R410A分离式热管传热性能的影响

通过实验研究了上升管和下降管阻力对CO_(2)、R134a和R410A分离式热管传热性能的影响,分析了热管传热极限和传热热阻的变化规律。研究发现阻力变化对不同工质热管的影响不同,对于CO_(2)热管,上升管阻力和下降管阻力对其传热性能的影响程度接近,当上升管或下降管阀门开度从90°降至30°时,CO_(2)热管的传热极限均由1200 W降为700 W。对于R134a和R410A热管而言,上升管阻力对其传热性能的影响更大,当上升管阀门开度从90°降至30°时,R410A热管的传热极限由1300 W降为700 W,R134a热管则未出现正常运行状态,管内始终存在较大的过热过冷度,两种热管的传热热阻也显著增大。而下降管阻力增大对R134a和R410A热管的传热性能几乎无影响。因此,在实际工程设计中,CO_(2)热管应采用上升管和下降管管径相同或相近的结构,而R134a和R410A热管适合采用上升管管径明显大于下降管管径的结构,以达到节省管材的目的。

应用于新型环路热管的两相引射器数值模拟

环路热管是一种高效被动式相变传热装置,广泛应用于高热流电子器件散热等领域。前期研究发现将小型两相引射器与平板式环路热管耦合,可大幅提高传热性能。然而,小型两相引射器内部流动及传热机理尚不清晰,难以对新型环路热管进行正向设计与理论建模。通过数值模拟研究了汽水参数和混合腔结构对两相引射器性能及内部流场分布的影响。结果表明,喉部下游存在凝结激波,随着背压增加,其位置逐渐向喉部移动;其强度与背压、蒸汽产量、混合腔长度呈正相关,与水温呈负相关。引射器最大工作背压在40~125 kPa,与蒸汽产量和水温呈正相关,与混合腔长度呈负相关。通过大量模拟,得到了设计功率下水温和混合腔长度对引射器工作模式和压比的影响规律。

基于锁相环型扩张状态观测器的双惯量弹性伺服系统机械谐振抑制方法

针对双惯量弹性伺服系统存在的机械谐振问题,提出一种基于锁相环型扩张状态观测器(PLL-ESO)的机械谐振抑制策略。与常规ESO相比,PLL-ESO方法在相同的极点配置情况下具有更高带宽和更大相位裕度,有助于提高机械谐振的抑制动态特性和稳定性。实验结果表明,所提PLL-ESO方法可以有效地抑制机械谐振,且相比陷波滤波器和常规ESO方法具有更快的谐振抑制速度和更高的抑制精度。同时,实验还对观测器无阻尼固有频率和系统参数鲁棒性进行了分析,验证了PLL-ESO在宽无阻尼固有频率范围内都能抑制机械谐振,且输入参数摄动会影响谐振抑制的快速性和稳态精度。

考虑回收产品质量的闭环供应链协调研究

目的研究制造商委托第三方回收商回收废旧产品模式的闭环供应链决策问题。方法考虑第三方回收的产品质量,并运用Stackelberg博弈模型对成员决策进行分析,其次运用二部定价契约对闭环供应链进行协调,并对比供应链协调后与协调前的总利润以及质量水平的关系。结果研究显示:集中决策下闭环供应链的总利润大于分散决策下闭环供应链的总利润,而二部定价契约可以有效协调闭环供应链,当再制造能够节省的最大成本等于制造商愿意为回收产品支付的最大转移价格时,协调后的闭环供应链整体利润与集中决策情况的闭环供应链整体利润相同。同时,二部定价契约可以提高回收产品的质量水平,有效清除分散决策情况下造成的双重边际效应。结论对于现实企业管理中的启示为:如果企业选择第三方回收模式,该情况下若需考虑回收产品质量,如果外界环境复杂多变,为了提高生产效率需考虑回收产品质量,企业由于实际成本等原因需选择第三方回收,各企业之间进行分散决策,可以运用二部定价契约进行协调。

航天遥感器用泵驱两相流体回路热真空试验研究

针对航天遥感器核心组件的高精度与高稳定度的控温需求,设计并搭建了一套泵驱两相流体回路(MPTL)试验装置,该装置使用了一套具有被动冷却能力的两相控温型储液器。为验证MPTL系统在高真空、极低温与变化外热流条件下的工作能力,在真空罐内对MPTL系统在不同工况点下的散热与控温能力进行了测试,并通过温度和压力等数据研究了主回路的运行特性、储液器内热力学变化特性及两者之间的传热传质过程。结果表明:MPTL系统的控温点可通过储液器进行快速调整,蒸发器温度的变化受外热流与热源开关影响较小;进入毛细管中的过冷液与储液器中的液相形成的温差保证了储液器冷量的供应;主回路发生相态转变时,储液器与主回路工质交换特性引起了系统压力降脉动。