Physical and numerical investigations of target stratum selection for ground hydraulic fracturing of multiple hard roofs

Ground hydraulic fracturing plays a crucial role in controlling the far-field hard roof,making it imperative to identify the most suitable target stratum for effective control.Physical experiments are conducted based on engineering properties to simulate the gradual collapse of the roof during longwall top coal caving(LTCC).A numerical model is established using the material point method(MPM)and the strain-softening damage constitutive model according to the structure of the physical model.Numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the LTCC process under different hard roofs for ground hydraulic fracturing.The results show that ground hydraulic fracturing releases the energy and stress of the target stratum,resulting in a substantial lag in the fracturing of the overburden before collapse occurs in the hydraulic fracturing stratum.Ground hydraulic fracturing of a low hard roof reduces the lag effect of hydraulic fractures,dissipates the energy consumed by the fracture of the hard roof,and reduces the abutment stress.Therefore,it is advisable to prioritize the selection of the lower hard roof as the target stratum.

Infinitely Many Solutions and a Ground-State Solution for Klein-Gordon Equation Coupled with Born-Infeld Theory

In this paper, we intend to consider a kind of nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation coupled with Born-Infeld theory. By using critical point theory and the method of Nehari manifold, we obtain two existing results of infinitely many high-energy radial solutions and a ground-state solution for this kind of system, which improve and generalize some related results in the literature.

Automatic Fast and Robust Technique to Refine Extracted SIFT Key Points for Remote Sensing Images

The scale-invariant feature transform(SIFT)ability to automatic control points(CPs)extraction is very well known on remote sensing images,however,its result inaccurate and sometimes has incorrect matching from generating a small number of false CPs pairs,their matching has high false alarm.This paper presents a method containing a modification to improve the performance of the SIFT CPs matching by applying sum of absolute difference(SAD)in different manner for the new optical satellite generation called near-equatorial orbit satellite(NEqO)and multi-sensor images.The proposed method leads to improving CPs matching with a significantly higher rate of correct matches.The data in this study were obtained from the RazakSAT satellite covering the Kuala Lumpur-Pekan area.The proposed method consists of three parts:(1)applying the SIFT to extract CPs automatically,(2)refining CPs matching by SAD algorithm with empirical threshold,and(3)evaluating the refined CPs scenario by comparing the result of the original SIFT with that of the proposed method.The result indicates an accurate and precise performance of the model,which showed the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach.

Grounding Locations Assessment of Practical Power System

Grounding Points (GPs) are installed in electrical power system to drive protective devices and accomplish the person nel safety. The general grounding problem is to find the optimal locations of these points so that the security and reli ability of power system can be improved. This paper presents a practical approach to find the optimal location of GPs based on the ratios of zero sequence reactance with positive sequence reactance (X0/X1), zero sequence resistance with positive sequence reactance (R0/X1) and Ground Fault Factor (GFF). The optimal values of these indicators were deter-mined by considering several scenarios of fault disturbances such as single line to ground on a selected area of the Iraqi National Grid (132 KV) taking into account the statue of GPs for transformers in the other substations. From the presented results in this paper, it is noted that GFF calculated for some substations could be used to measure the effectiveness of GPs. However, the operated time of relay can be taken as a criterion of this measurement for selecting the best location of GPs.

Modeling pipe-soil interaction under vertical downward relative offset using B-spline material point method

To analyze the pipeline response under permanent ground deformation,the evolution of resistance acting on the pipe during the vertical downward offset is an essential ingredient.However,the efficient simulation of pipe penetration into soil is challenging for the conventional finite element(FE)method due to the large deformation of the surrounding soils.In this study,the B-spline material point method(MPM)is employed to investigate the pipe-soil interaction during the downward movement of rigid pipes buried in medium and dense sand.To describe the density-and stress-dependent behaviors of sand,the J2-deformation type model with state-dependent dilatancy is adopted.The effectiveness of the model is demonstrated by element tests and biaxial compression tests.Afterwards,the pipe penetration process is simulated,and the numerical outcomes are compared with the physical model tests.The effects of pipe size and burial depth are investigated with an emphasis on the mobilization of the soil resistance and the failure mechanisms.The simulation results indicate that the bearing capacity formulas given in the guidelines can provide essentially reasonable estimates for the ultimate force acting on buried pipes,and the recommended value of yield displacement may be underestimated to a certain extent.

Fault diagnosis in neutral point indirectly grounded system basedon information fusion

In neutral point indirectly grounded systems, phase-to-ground fault is putting new demands on fault diagnosis technology. Information fusion is applied to detect the phase-to-ground fault, which integrates several sources of information, including line current, line voltage, zero sequence current and voltage, and quintic harmonic wave component. This method is testified through the simulation of Matlab. Simulation results show that the precision and reliability of the detection has been greatly increased.

EXISTENCE OF A GROUND STATE SOLUTION FOR THE CHOQUARD EQUATION WITH NONPERIODIC POTENTIALS

We study the Choquard equation-Δu+V(x)u-b(x)∫R3|u(y)|2/|x-y|dyu,x∈R3,where V(x)=V1(x),b(x)=b1(x)for x1>0 and V(x)=V2(x),b(x)=b2(x)for x1<0,and V1,V2,b1and b2are periodic in each coordinate direction.Under some suitable assumptions,we prove the existence of a ground state solution of the equation.Additionally,we find some sufficient conditions to guarantee the existence and nonexistence of a ground state solution of the equation.

基于多线激光雷达的井下斜坡道无人矿卡定位与建图方法

井下斜坡道的定位与建图是实现井下斜坡道无人驾驶的关键技术之一,矿山井下斜坡道区域为典型非结构化环境特征,且道路具有一定倾斜角度,采用传统SLAM算法无法获得精确里程计信息,导致定位与建图精度难以满足无人矿卡行驶需求。针对上述问题,通过研究激光SLAM(Simultaneous Localization And Mapping)算法LeGO-LOAM,笔者提出一种适用于矿山井下斜坡道环境的定位与建图方法。首先,针对井下斜坡道口两侧均为光滑水泥墙壁,特征点稀少问题,设计了基于人工路标的辅助增强定位方法,有效增加点云特征数量,从而优化位姿估计结果,避免建图漂移现象;然后在特征预处理阶段,提出了一种基于激光点云高度差与坡度信息融合的提取地面点高效算法,通过改善地面地点的选取策略,针对倾斜坑洼路面仍能有效识别地面点,解决了井下斜坡道定位与建图倾斜角度大、误差大等问题;其次,基于CVC(Curved-Voxel Clustering)聚类算法设计了一种斜坡道点云曲率体素聚类算法,采用曲率体素和基于哈希的数据结构对点云进行分割,大幅提高在井下稀疏、噪声环境下点云聚类的鲁棒性;最后,运用Scan-To-Map进行点云匹配,同时兼顾点云配准的性能与速度。在中钢集团山东某井下斜坡道的现场实验证明:与原算法相比精度提升13.15%,Z轴误差降低22.3%,地图质量明显提升,能有效解决井下无人驾驶建图及定位的难题。

基于城市CORS的快速单点定位增强服务与应用

智慧城市建设中CORS位置服务的海量、隐私及高可靠性成为重要发展趋势。本文介绍了基于PPP-RTK技术体系的城市CORS增强定位服务,推导了城市CORS增强精密单点定位的公式,给出了城市CORS增强定位参数的可估形式及其在用户端的适用方法。结合广州CORS实时数据,验证了PPP-RTK服务的有效性。试验表明PPP-RTK用户端平面首历元即可收敛到厘米级,高程7个历元左右可收敛到厘米级,并且PPP-RTK增强定位参数SSR2OSR与短基线RTK性能大体相当,可支撑海量用户的监测需求。车载试验全程保持优于0.5 m车道级的三维精度,表明PPP-RTK定位能够满足多元化高可靠性定位。

基于系统参数优化的对称双极海上风电送端联接变阀侧单相接地故障应力调控方法

为应对海上风电系统送端联接变阀侧单相接地故障引起的换流阀内过电压、过电流及风电场并网点电压跌落共存的问题,提出了一种基于系统参数优化的对称双极海上风电系统故障应力调控方法。首先,构建换流阀的数学模型与风电机组控制模型,通过电路分析揭示故障后换流阀过电压和过电流特性、风电场并网点电压跌落特性及其影响规律;其次,根据系统关键参数对故障后电压和电流的影响机制,提出一种基于系统参数优化的故障应力调控方案,即通过系统关键参数优化配置,实现过电压、过电流以及并网点电压跌落的综合调控,显著延长系统故障后换流阀的耐受时间和风电场不脱网运行时间;最后,通过对称双极海上风电经柔性直流系统仿真分析,验证了本文所提出方法对系统故障应力调控的有效性,为海上风电优化设计提供支撑。

公路隧道地面效应对双火源火焰合并特性影响的试验研究

为研究自然通风隧道内发生双重火灾时地面效应对双火源火焰合并特性的影响,利用1:10小尺寸隧道模型开展了一系列试验。重点探究了双火源表面与隧道地面平齐时火源间距对火焰合并概率与火焰合并点高度的影响。结果表明:火灾烟气从隧道两端开口流出,由隧道两端补充进的新鲜空气产生的风速导致火源间距更大时火焰依然会发生互相倾斜,在间距足够大时,火焰倾斜角度约为10°。引入一个无量纲量表示火焰合并概率随着火源间距、热释放速率的改变而变化的规律。另外,将本文的试验数据与前人的工作做了比较,发现地面效应对隧道纵向布置的双火源火焰合并行为具有极大的促进作用。同时给出了火焰合并点高度与隧道高度的比值与改良后无量纲热释放速率的关系式。

配电网相电压不对称动态变化下的高阻接地故障辨识

配电网单相高阻接地故障与相电压不对称动态变化间具有相似的中性点位移电压波形,易引起接地保护的误判。为此,该文建立不对称导纳矢量模型,通过分析相电压不对称动态变化的原因,揭示非故障条件下中性点位移电压的变化机理。同时建立故障电路全响应模型,刻画中性点位移电压随过渡电阻的变化轨迹,研究高阻接地故障和不对称导纳动态变化时的位移电压稳态重合区域及暂态特征差异。在论证二者稳态特征存在混叠的同时,揭示暂态过程中故障初相角对中性点位移电压直流衰减分量的影响规律。采用经验小波变换提取中性点位移电压直流衰减分量和高频分量,并利用直流衰减分量辨识故障;对于特定故障初相角导致的直流分量无法检测场景,提出基于方差贡献率的重心频率分布特征判断方法辨识接地故障。仿真分析表明,该方法为5 kΩ及以下的高阻接地故障与不对称导纳动态变化提供了明显的区分特征,为单相接地故障的准确辨识提供了新思路。

基于点云强度和地面约束的大范围激光SLAM

在无人车领域,点云强度和地面约束对大范围环境下的建图和定位起着非常重要的作用。然而,现有的激光SLAM算法在构建地图时只考虑几何特征,而忽视点云强度信息和地面约束,导致建图细节模糊、在Z轴方向上易存在漂移,从而降低了SLAM系统的精度。为此,本文提出了一种基于点云强度和地面约束的激光SLAM优化算法。基于地面测量模型,提出构建局部条件性地面约束,不仅提高地面点提取的准确性,而且减少Z轴方向的漂移;引入点云强度信息来改善非地面点聚类的可靠性,进一步提高建图精度和定位稳定性。提出基于局部平滑度的特征提取方法,通过引入强度因子并对强度特征进行排序,优先选择具有一致强度信息的特征,增强特征提取的鲁棒性。引入球形强度图来构建强度残差,与几何残差共同优化估计位姿,有效解决里程计中地图细节处的模糊问题;基于特征投影的匹配距离以及强度差异被用来去除动态点云的干扰,进一步提高SLAM系统的鲁棒性。在公开数据集KITTI和真实场景下的实验表明,引入地面约束和点云强度信息后,本文提出的算法具有更高的建图和定位精度,相对优于传统LIO-SAM的LVI-SAM算法,本文算法的精度提升了54.5%,为无人车在大范围环境中的SLAM任务提供了可靠解决方案。

基于断面水边线定向的视频测流摄像机标定

针对现有基于直接线性变化法(DLT)的图像法测流技术依赖于地面控制点,存在效率低、风险高、宽断面天然河流操作难度大等问题,该文提出一种基于断面水边线定向的摄像机姿态角标定方法(CSWO)。该方法将标定过程分解为实验室内参标定和现场外参标定两步,其中后者又被划分为摄像机定位和定向两个环节。定向环节中首先在摄像机安装时将光轴与断面方向对齐,使方位角置零。然后利用无畸变图像中人工标注的平直断面水边线的斜率计算出横滚角。接下来通过计算水边线与图像纵轴交点作为其亚像素像方坐标。最后依据透视投影成像模型,联合水位与插值断面高程求得的物方坐标解算出俯仰角。该方法应用于时空图像测速法(STIV),实现了200 m宽河流的免像控表面流速测量。结果表明:起点距的最大绝对误差为0.59 m,最大相对误差为0.45%,表面流速的最大相对误差小于6.3%。

花岗岩声发射多期应力记忆方向独立性的试验研究

为了研究花岗岩在压缩荷载阶梯循环下偏转加载时多期应力记忆方向独立性,采用自制的偏转加载装置对花岗岩进行不同偏转角度的阶梯循环加卸载试验,研究岩石在偏转加载循环后记忆先前多次循环中最大应力的凯塞效应(KE)以及抹录不净现象(IEP)。结果表明:花岗岩KE以及IEP均具有方向独立性,KE方向独立性存在的临界角度为10°,IEP方向独立性存在的临界角度为12°;偏转角度达到12°后,IEP会干扰KE对历史最大应力的记忆。

森林消防救援起降点选择影响因素分析

为提高森林消防救援效率,针对森林消防救援的起降点选择,提出了一种改进DEMATEL-ISM法,对其影响因素进行深入分析。首先基于扎根理论建立面向森林消防救援起降点选择的影响因素体系,然后引入模糊集理论消除DEMATEL-ISM法中专家评分的主观性,通过分析起降点选择的影响因素间因果属性和影响程度,确定关键因素,通过合理设置阈值构建多级递阶结构模型。通过案例分析,得到了影响森林消防救援的5个关键因素、3个根本因素、3个直接因素以及10个间接因素,并提出起降点选择的相关建议。该研究成果可以加快林火救援时起降点选择的决策速度,提高森林消防救援效率,为起降点的选择提供理论依据和科学参考。

配电网间歇性重燃电弧模型的建立与断续弧光接地故障特征分析研究

电弧间歇性重燃是配电网单相接地故障最显著的特征。现有的电弧模型甚少考虑电弧间歇性重燃特性,导致无法精确描述断续弧光接地特征,进而影响继电保护动作。为此,论文提出一种间歇性重燃电弧模型的建立方法,并在此基础上对断续弧光接地故障特征进行了分析。弧道阻抗的随机变化是电弧间歇性重燃的重要标志,故论文重点围绕弧道阻抗变化的随机性和重燃时间间隔的随机性开展间歇性重燃电弧模型的研究。黑盒电弧模型中,Cassie-Mayr联合模型能完整的描述电弧电流从大电流到小电流的变化过程,但存在从大电流变化为小电流的判据模糊,转换过程突变的问题。为此,论文通过引入连续过渡函数解决上述问题。同时,为描述弧道电阻的变化特性,利用Fermi函数对联合模型中Mayr模型和Cassie模型进行权重分配。以改进的Cassie-Mayr单次燃弧模型为基础,根据工频熄弧理论,通过设置燃弧时间长短表征间歇性重燃的随机性,从而建立了间歇性重燃电弧模型。利用该模型,对典型10kV配电网单辐射型网架结构的接地故障进行模拟仿真,采用快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform,FFT)和小波包分析提取了不同条件下故障电压、电流、高次谐波、零序分量以及频率分布等故障特征。研究结果表明:改进后Cassie-Mayr联合模型不但解决了电弧电流从大电流到小电流的转换突变问题,且不同模型权重占比的分配更能准确地表征实际燃弧弧道阻抗变化的随机性;通过设置电弧燃弧时间长短,准确地描述间歇性重燃的随机性;电弧断续时刻为非整数周期下的过电压、过电流幅值高于整数周期;电缆线路增大了故障线路电流,过电流可达3.81~7.20pu,不利于熄弧;大电流系统故障相零序电流主频在0~400Hz,小电流系统故障相零序电流主频在1200~1600Hz。

基于激光点云的橡胶树参数反演与数字孪生构建

基于激光雷达(Light Detection And Ranging,LiDAR)数据重建树体三维模型并精准获取林木空间枝干结构参数对林木性状评价、森林动态经营管理与可视化研究具有重要意义。为此提出一种基于骨架细化提取的树木模型重建方法。首先,采用FocusS350/350 PLUS三维激光扫描仪获取3块不同树龄橡胶树的样地数据。然后,作为细化建模的重点,将枝干点云从原始树点中分离出来,再将其过度分割为若干点云簇,通过相邻点云簇判断是否有分枝以及动态确定骨架点间距,并将其运用在空间殖民算法以此来生成树的三维骨架点和骨架点连通性链表,根据连通链表结构自动识别树木中的主枝干和各个一级分枝,再通过广义圆柱体生成树干完成树木三维重建。最后,利用数字孪生技术对这3块不同树龄样地树木进行三维实景建模,使其穿越时空在同一空间中重现,以便更为直观地观察树木在生长过程中的形态变化。该算法得到的橡胶树胸径与实测值比对为,决定系数(R^(2))>0.91,均方根误差(root mean square Error,RMSE)<1.00 cm;主枝干与一级枝干的分枝角为,R^(2)>0.91,RMSE<2.93;一级枝干直径为,R^(2)>0.90,RMSE<1.41 cm;将3个树龄放在一起计算其生长参数,并与实测值进行对比,发现该算法同样适用于异龄林样地的各个生长参数计算。同时发现橡胶树的一级枝条的直径越大,其相对应的叶团簇体积就越大。运用人工智能的理论模型来处理林木的激光点云数据,旨在为森林的可视化以及树木骨架结构的智能化分析与处理等研究领域提供有价值的参考。

基于误匹配剔除和地面约束的视觉SLAM算法

为了提高视觉同时定位与建图(SLAM)系统的鲁棒性和准确性,提出了一种基于误匹配剔除和地面约束的视觉SLAM算法。首先,在SLAM前端引入特征点对剔除机制,通过统计特征点对之间的距离以及分布特性对匹配质量进行分析,进而实现误匹配特征点的剔除;其次,利用RGBD相机提取地面向量,并将地面向量约束引入SLAM后端优化过程中,能够有效防止z轴过度优化以及抑制z轴漂移,提高位姿优化的准确性;最后,在公开数据集上进行实验和分析。实验结果表明,与ORB-SLAM2算法相比,使用误匹配剔除算法的绝对轨迹误差平均减少了17.62%,使用地面约束算法的绝对轨迹误差平均减少了39.20%,验证了所提算法具有更好的准确性和鲁棒性。