The Chinese Urban-rural Dual Economic Structure Model and Analysis

Based on the characteristics of urban-rural dual economic structure in China,we build a dynamic endogenous urban-rural dual economic model closely linked to China's reality,and carry out mathematical economics analysis of optimized conditions for urban and rural sectors. The main results show that:(i) The labor growth rate of urban-rural sectors must be greater than the time discount rate,or else there would be a vicious cycle of diminishing returns in the sectors;(ii) The accumulation rate of physical capital and human capital of urban-rural sectors,and the rate of technological progress,need to be greater than the corresponding depreciation rate plus the time discount rate,otherwise there would be a vicious cycle of diminishing returns in the sectors;(iii) The low accumulation rate in the rural sector,and the occurrence of labor outflow,human capital loss and lack of investment,will expand income gap between urban and rural areas,which is a reason for solidification of urban-rural dual economic structure.

Gap between Urban and Rural Economic Development in Less Developed Areas——A Case of Northern Jiangsu Area,China

Taking northern Jiangsu area as an example,economic disparity between urban and rural areas is described according to the data in 2000-2009 Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook.Result shows that there are significant differences in the rural and urban economic development in less developed areas,which are mainly reflected in the differences in per capita income,living standard,and Engel coefficient.Reasons for urban and rural economic disparity in less developed areas are analyzed.The asymmetry and immobility of rural and urban resources have objectively caused the income gap between urban and rural residents;urban industrial development,which is faster than agricultural development,has widened the income gap between urban and rural residents;and the differences in comparative labor productivity in rural and urban areas have enlarged their income gap.Countermeasures to minimize the urban and rural economic development gap are put forward,such as deepening the reform,realizing the free flow of economic resources between urban and rural areas,developing rural areas through urban development,exerting the function of urban areas in the coordinated development of urban and rural areas,paying attention to the agriculture and rural areas,and improving the comparative labor productivity of agriculture.

Influencing Factors for Formation of Urban and Rural Spatial Structure in Metropolis Fringe Area——Taking Shuangliu County of Chengdu in China as a Case

With rapid urbanization process, the pace of urban sprawl has been quickened and most metropolises have ex-perienced expansions in leaps and bounds in suburbanization, which has greatly changed the urban and rural spatial struc-ture of the metropolis fringe area. In this paper, Shuangliu County is taken as a case, since it is a typical fringe area of Chengdu Metropolis. Based on Landsat TM images of Chengdu City and Shuangliu County obtained in 1985, 2000 and 2004, characteristics of urban and rural spatial structure in Shuangliu County were analyzed, such as core-periphery spa-tial structure and some obvious integration trends. Then the influencing factors for the formation of urban and rural spatial structure were identified, including some natural, social, economic and political factors. According to the discussion of this paper, Shuangliu County is undergoing a key transition and reform period. Its formation of urban and rural spatial structure was affected not only by such common factors as the location, natural background, industrial transition, migra-tion, etc., but also by some unique factors such as city planning and policy guidance, which played an important role in accelerating its uneven spatial structure. The understanding of the role of the influencing factors would be useful for car-rying out spatial management and development planning of metropolis fringe area.

Study on Factors Influencing Urban-rural Dual Economic Structure of Chongqing Based on the State Space Variable Parameter Method

Firstly,this paper reviews and analyzes historic background of urban-rural integration of Chongqing,and the evolution and trend of urban and rural dual economic structure.On the basis of previous researches,it selects factors and variables influencing urban and rural dual economic structure,and establishes an econometric model.By state space Kalman filtering method,it analyzes dynamic influence of factors upon urban-rural dual economic intensity.According to empirical conclusion,it puts forward corresponding policy recommendations for promoting integrated urban and rural economic development of Chongqing.

Urban-rural Integration Based on Regional Economic Integration——A Case of Jiuquan-Jiayuguan Areas of Gansu Province

The relationship between urban-rural integration and regional economic integration is summarized in the paper.Based on the fact,it expressed the necessity and realistic meaning of pushing forward the urban-rural integration process synchronously during Jiuquan-Jia yuguan (abbreviate:Jiu-Jia) areas economic integration.The current degree of the urban-rural integration of Jiu-Jia was analyzed by index calculation,and the related conclusions were obtained.Besides,the development concepts and the key works to accelerate the process of Jiu-Jia urban-rural integration were suggested.The results show that the overall level of urban-rural integration in Jiuquan and Jiayuguan is higher than the average level of Gansu Province,but the urban-rural economic development and social development lose the balance and the dual structure is prominent.In the end,three developmental patterns for accelerating the developmental process of urban-rural integration are put forward.Firstly,the government should find the key of the current work and coordinate the construction of infrastructure.Secondly,rural economic industrialization should be promoted.Thirdly,the urbanized social management should be promoted.

Mutual Conversion of Land Use between Urban and Rural Area in the Process of Urbanization: A Case Study of Shandong Province

Urbanization is one of the driving forces for the land use change in type and structure, and its prominent effect is to convert rural land to urban land. This paper takes Shan-dong Province as an example to analyze the current situation of the mutual conversion between the urban and rural areas from the aspects of the structure of land use, the decreasing tendency of the cultivated land, the changes of land use in urban and rural residential areas. It points out that cultivated land is converted to residential area land, industrial and/or mining area land. The relationship between the urban area land and the cultivated land is more direct; meanwhile, the changes of rural residential area lag behind obviously. The decrease of the cultivated land and the decline of soil quality will be the two difficult problems in the process of urbanization.

The Influence of the Urban-Rural Income Disparity on the Industrial Structure—Taking the Yangtze River Delta Region as an Example

In this paper, the effect of the mediation effect is mainly used to test and analyze the regression model, and most scholars have studied the impact of the modernization of the industrial structure on the income gap. However, this paper is from another perspective, based on the social background of high-quality development, the main study is the impact mechanism of urban and rural income gap on the industrial structure, taking the Yangtze River Delta as the main research object, and specifically selecting 22 central cities in the Yangtze River Delta region, which is also one of the highlights of this study. The regression model is constructed by using the intermediary effect, and the four intermediary variables of fiscal expenditure (M1), fixed asset investment (M2), number of patent applications (M3), and total import and export (M4) are selected, which represent the role of the government, fixed asset investment, scientific and technological level and opening-up level, and study and analyze the inherent influence mechanism between each variable. Before doing specific research, I consulted the papers and literature of many other outstanding scholars, among which Cheng Yuhong and Cheng Chi’s “The Influence Mechanism of industrial structure of urban and rural income gap” [1] has great reference value for this paper. According to the research results, under the background of high-quality development in the Yangtze River Delta region, the expansion of the income gap between urban and rural areas will inhibit the upgrading of the industrial structure, so it is necessary to focus on building a new type of urbanization, accelerating the construction of an urban innovation system, optimizing the rural employment structure to narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas, and providing impetus for the continuous upgrading of the industrial structure.

Look from the empty nester problem of urban and rural dual structure of society

More and more empty nest has become a social problem that couldn＇t ignore. The problem of empty nester is the essence of urban and rural dual structure social changing. The emergence of empty-nesters is a serious problem in China＇s social development process, with the aging of the population increasing, urban-rural divide more and more obvious. The condition of the human society has gradually formed the rural and the division of labor and the dual structure of the city. This paper expounds the connotation, significance and characteristics of empty nest elderly, analyzes on the problems existing in current urban and rural society and the problem of empty nest elderly in the new situation puts forward the suggestions and countermeasures.

The Analysis of Limitation of Engel's Coefficient——A Case Study of Rural Areas in Hebei Province

On the basis of introducing relevant theories of Engel's coefficient,this paper analyzes the limitation of these theories in practical application currently in China,for example,continuing to use original theory,not in line with reality of China;comparison invalidity in length and breadth,is not conducive to relevant analysis;culling out the special factors easily causes distortion of conclusion.Taking rural areas in Hebei Province as an example,this paper analyzes the limitation of Engel's coefficient in analyzing the gap of rural economy:in terms of region horizontally,Engel's coefficient neglects the difference of consumption structure among regions,and difference of economic stages among regions;in terms of time vertically,Engel's coefficient neglects the periodic change of consumption structure and the ratio change of different families in different periods.According to the reality of China's rural areas,the correction model of Engel's coefficient is established as follows.Firstly,Engel's coefficient=Percentage of expenditure variation(food+ education+ medical service) /Percentage of total expenditure variation;Engel's coefficient=Percentage of expenditure variation(food+ education+ medical service) /Percentage of income variation.Secondly,Engel's coefficient=Percentage of expenditure variation of food/Percentage of variation of(total expenditure educational expenditure-medical expenditure.Thirdly,Engel's coefficient=Percentage of expenditure variation of food/Percentage of total expenditure variation.

Renewable Energies in Africa, Context and Socio-Economic Challenge

In this paper, we have shown that Africa has an enormous wealth of renewable energy resources among the most important in the world such as the strong sunshine, Congo and Nile Rivers respectively among the most powerful and the longest in the world. We have underlined the presence of important forests, rich subsoil in mineral elements, and strong winds. In addition to a rapidly growing human capital, Africa, therefore, has at its disposal all the factors enabling it to initiate sustainable and inclusive socio-economic development. We have shown that the transformation of these renewable energies is an opportunity for Africa to reach its socio-economic challenges. The development of renewable energies in Africa will be a source of many financial benefits and advantages both in terms of improving living conditions and carrying out activities. The electrical supply of rural areas of Africa represents a considerable issue, which can be a propellant factor in long-term socio-economic development if the conditions of use of clean fuel and cooking technologies, especially sanitary are taken into account. The provision of modern energy services can contribute to the creation of jobs for young people upstream. Among other things, we can note the development of local skills, the creation of income-generating activities, and the improvement of hygiene and health measures which are necessary conditions for family and social well-being. This requires a policy focused, on research in general and in particular on semiconductors that participate in the transformation of photovoltaic solar energy. We have stressed that Africa which is currently experiencing a period of economic growth and sustained transformation must be very looking at in its energy policy and give pride of place to renewable energies to initiate sustainable socio-economic development, equitable and inclusive different social strata both in rural areas and urban areas.

供给侧结构性改革促进了城乡基本公共服务均等化吗?

在区域发展不均衡的现实背景下,政府能否通过深化供给侧结构性改革提升基本公共服务供给水平,进而促进城乡基本公共服务均等化具有重要的现实意义。基于2010—2021年268个地级市面板数据,利用熵权法分别测度城市与农村基本公共服务供给水平,并引入信息熵概念计算得出均等化程度,据此进一步进行回归分析。研究结果表明:供给侧结构性改革对基本公共服务供给水平的提升具有促进作用,并且供给侧结构性改革通过提升公共服务财政支出水平与加强数字基础设施建设两条作用路径提升城乡基本公共服务均等化程度。此外,对西部和低均等化城市而言,供给侧结构性改革对城乡基本公共服务均等化程度的促进作用更加明显。研究的政策启示在于:实现城乡基本公共服务均等化的目标,仍需持续推进供给侧结构性改革,尤其需要发挥公共服务财政支出的调节作用,并进一步提升数字基础设施建设水平及其赋能功效;同时根据区域发展情况、均等化程度实施差异化供给策略,提升公共服务供给侧结构性改革的精准度和有效性。

农村劳动力流动、经济增长对城乡二元结构的影响——基于动态面板与门槛效应模型的实证分析

城乡一体化发展是破解新时代社会主要矛盾的关键抓手。近年来,我国经济不断发展,农村劳动力流动规模不断扩大。但城乡二元结构并没有随着经济增长和劳动力流动而同步转化,存在着严重的滞后性。城乡二元结构成为掣肘经济持续发展的重要因素。文章基于2006—2020年我国31省份面板数据,运用系统动态面板模型(SYS-GMM)分析劳动力流动与经济增长对城乡二元结构的影响;运用门槛效应模型,以劳动力流动为门槛变量,分析经济增长对城乡二元结构的非线性影响。结果表明,劳动力流动促进城乡二元结构转化,而经济增长抑制城乡二元结构转化;经济增长对城乡二元结构的作用受到劳动力流动的影响,表现出门槛效应:当劳动力流动规模超过一定限度后,经济增长对城乡二元结构转化的抑制作用将得到缓解。

隋唐·安得广厦千万间--漫步地震五千年(9)

隋唐时期的史载地震主要在关中地区,显现了秦岭南侧存在一条北西向的石泉—房县活动断裂带。地震活动和房屋抗震一直是社会关注的大事,以蓟县独乐寺为典型代表,重点介绍了唐代木结构建筑的抗震技术:地基坚固和均匀、木结构的隔震机制、筒体结构的强抗震性能、斗拱构件的阻尼系统,都对后世的技术发展产生了深刻影响。在现代建筑方面,介绍了地震区划的基本原则,分析了农村藏式民居的弱点和改进措施,讨论了城市建筑的3种抗震结构及今后的发展方向。

长江经济带城乡地域功能融合发展的时空格局与响应过程

城乡地域功能融合发展是纾解国土空间冲突的关键路径。该研究运用熵权TOPSIS、核密度估计和融合发展度模型分析长江经济带130个城市的城镇、乡村地域功能水平,以及城乡地域功能融合发展的时空格局,采用双变量空间自相关模型识别其响应过程。结果表明:①长江经济带各市城镇、乡村地域功能呈上升趋势,城镇地域功能形成“点-团-面”的分布格局,区域差异逐渐收窄;乡村地域功能呈“簇团”状分布格局,上中下游的地理梯度分异现象突出。②长江经济带各市城乡地域功能由融合过渡型向融合提升型突变发展,融合发展水平呈现下游>中游>上游的特征,由以中心城市为节点向以核心城市群为组团的分布格局演进,东西部极化加剧、省域内部差异扩大。③长江经济带城镇与乡村地域功能相互促进发展作用显著增强,先后历经需求融合、引导融合和自发融合等阶段,融合发展过程呈现由融合过渡到融合提升再到融合优化的螺旋式上升规律。根据研究结论提出以下建议:①上游地区以政策引导发展为契机,吸引下游地区资金、技术、劳动密集型产业向上游地区转移,集中资源全面推进乡村振兴,促进城镇、乡村地域功能双提升。②中游地区着力推进城乡一体化发展,强化武汉、长沙和南昌等区域性中心城市城镇地域功能的辐射带动效应,拉动乡村地域功能发育。③下游地区需促进城镇的生产、生活活动逐步向乡村转移,促进农村土地流转和农业生产经营规模化,助推城乡地域功能优质融合。

数字创新创业赋能城乡共同富裕的实证检验

文章基于2012—2021年中国30个省份的面板数据,实证检验数字创新创业对城乡共同富裕的影响及作用机制。结果表明,数字创新创业对城乡共同富裕具有显著促进作用。异质性分析结果表明,相较于数字创新,数字创业对城乡共同富裕的促进效应更强;数字创新创业对城乡共同富裕的促进作用在西部、东北地区更加显著。作用机制检验结果表明,数字创新创业通过优化居民收入结构、提升技术创新能力,促进城乡共同富裕。因此,应激发乡村数字创新创业活力,促进城乡共同富裕;提升乡村企业技术创新水平,优化乡村居民收入结构;实施差异化发展策略,缩小城乡群体数字鸿沟。

数字新质生产力对城乡高质量融合的影响与机制

数字新质生产力能够深刻改变城市与农村生产及生活方式,对城乡高质量融合具有重要意义。基于2009—2022年我国30个省份(未含香港地区、澳门地区、台湾地区及西藏地区)面板数据,利用固定效应模型、中介效应模型及门限效应模型,实证检验数字新质生产力对城乡高质量融合的影响和作用机制。研究发现,数字新质生产力能够显著促进城乡高质量融合、产业结构升级、公共服务均等化,特别是资源要素配置优化在数字新质生产力对城乡高质量融合的影响中起中介作用。数字新质生产力对城乡高质量融合的促进作用具有边际效应递增的非线性特征,产业结构升级、资源要素配置优化、公共服务均等化对这种非线性影响具有强化作用。数字新质生产力对城乡高质量融合的影响具有地区异质性,从线性影响看,在东部地区最强,在中部地区其次,在西部地区最弱;从非线性影响看,数字新质生产力的影响在东部和西部地区存在单一门限效应,在中部地区存在双重门限效应。为促进城乡高质量融合,应积极推动生产要素数字化转型,加快数字新质生产力形成;驱动产业结构升级,为城乡高质量融合提供动力;畅通资源要素流动渠道,优化资源要素配置;加强公共服务配套设施建设,助力公共服务均等化;结合地区特点,因地制宜培育数字新质生产力。

数字经济对经济韧性的影响——基于城乡协调发展视角

提高经济韧性是稳住宏观经济大盘的关键之举。基于2011—2021年省级面板数据,从城乡协调发展这一全新视角解释数字经济和经济韧性之间的关系。研究结果表明数字经济能够显著提升区域经济韧性。借助函数分析法计算的经济韧性通过稳健性检验。为解决模型中内生性问题,以Bartik作为工具变量进行2SLS回归,结果依然稳健。区域异质性结果显示中部地区数字经济对经济韧性的正向影响明显优于西部和东部地区。作用渠道包括:数字经济促进城镇和农村的消费结构优化进而提高经济韧性;数字经济促进城镇和农村居民的收入水平提高进而增强经济韧性。因此,从城乡协调发展视角出发,数字经济可以优化城乡消费结构,提升城乡收入水平,促进城乡收入协调增长,实现经济韧性水平的提升。

乡城流动老年人能动适应的运作机制与发展型城乡结构的形塑

运用“结构—行动”二重性的分析框架,从主位角度分析了乡城流动老年人的社会适应性,结果显示:乡城流动老年人对城市社会适应问题的应对会通过对经济结构中的机会获取、关系结构中的规则调适与意义结构中的空间进退来予以能动调适,其能动适应的实现离不开多重结构的支撑;发展型城乡结构与城乡融合的实现也离不开个体家庭的能动实践,后者主要包含家庭经济的合作主义、家庭结构的弹性与家庭伦理的韧性调适几个层面。在结构与行动的能动互塑下,乡城流动老年人的社会适应与发展型城乡结构之间实现了有机的嵌合,因而为保障城乡融合发展的渐进式韧性实现,应在政策上尊重乡城流动老年人的自主意愿与为他们在城乡间有主体性的两栖穿梭提供保护。

丝绸之路经济带核心区城乡融合发展的影响因素研究

作为“一带一路”建设的核心区、枢纽地带,新疆在推动城乡融合与对外开放方面有着至关重要的意义,同时对于促进当地经济社会发展具有深远影响。城乡融合是新时代下中国发展的重要战略方向,旨在实现城乡资源要素的共享和优势互补,城乡产业结构也逐渐向现代化、国际化的方向发展,实现城乡产业的互通和融合。本文测度并对地区层面面板实证检验城乡融合结果显示,目前新疆城乡融合水平较低但正稳步提升,地区差异较大且趋于缩小。对外开放稳健促进新疆城乡融合协调发展。

人口变化背景下我国城乡义务教育资源需求预测与规划

人口规模和结构的变化直接影响着教育资源供需形势的变化。准确把握学龄人口的变动状况,是合理规划城乡义务教育资源的重要前提。基于第七次人口普查数据源,运用CPPS人口预测工具系统,对2023—2035年我国城乡义务教育在校生数量进行预测发现,义务教育在校生数总体上呈现下降趋势,小学阶段在校生数的下降规模呈现出城市>县镇>农村的趋势,初中阶段在校生数下降规模则呈现县镇>城市>农村的趋势。在义务教育学龄人口变动影响下,2023—2035年义务教育资源需求变化主要集中在师资、教育经费以及校舍上。师资上,义务教育阶段师资需求总体呈下降的趋势,城市、县镇、农村小学阶段的师资需求将分别下降87.60、85.46、60.44万人,城市、县镇、农村初中阶段的师资需求将分别下降68.77、83.28、22.10万人;教育经费上,小学、初中阶段教育经费需求的涨幅分别为15.41%和5.96%;校舍上,城市、县镇小学仍有一定的缺口,农村小学、县镇和农村初中则将出现大量校舍闲置状况。基于此,可通过构建城乡义务教育资源跨周期调节机制、促进城乡教师队伍协调高质量发展、健全义务教育经费保障机制、分类科学合理规划利用闲置校舍等策略,应对人口变化给我国城乡义务教育带来的资源需求变动。