The influence of the transfer payments from the central government to the local governments on the local governments＇ efforts on taxation must be taken into consideration by every country for the design of the transf...The influence of the transfer payments from the central government to the local governments on the local governments＇ efforts on taxation must be taken into consideration by every country for the design of the transfer payments. Based on the theoretical analysis on the influence of the transfer payments from the central government to the local governments＇ on the local governments＇ payments＇, this paper indicates that the local governments＇ efforts on taxation depends on the demand elasticity of the district for public goods, It increases with the increase of the elasticity. Judge the degree of the local govet：nment＇s efforts on taxation by measure 2. After an empirical analysis on the transJer payments from the central government to the local governments＇from 2000 to 2004, this paper gets the con- clusion that the local governments＇ effbrts on taxation ctbates with the increase of supporting payments or with the increase of the ratio of transfer payments to local wiliing public paymentS. Under speCific Circumstances, the higher the ratio of transfer payments to the local fiscal expenditure is. the smaller the local governments＇ efforts＇ on taxation is＂ under the central payments, whereas＇ the higher the local income is, the higher the efforts is under the central pav- ments. Based on this＇, this paper gives the meaning of its eOrresponding pofiCieS. ＂展开更多
Climate clubs are valuable platforms for international and public-private collaboration in global climate governance;however,not all climate clubs enjoy durable support from their members.The existing literature attri...Climate clubs are valuable platforms for international and public-private collaboration in global climate governance;however,not all climate clubs enjoy durable support from their members.The existing literature attributes the varied fates of climate clubs to factors like legitimacy and club goods.We further argue that the norm-making function of clubs,the perceived value of club goods,and the costs of club good production collectively affect club development.We present a comparative study on two U.S.-initiated climate clubs-the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate(APP)and the Clean Energy Ministerial(CEM).While legitimacy concerns had some marginal influence on both clubs,the niche clubs occupy and the costs of club goods provision were crucial factors that influenced the two clubs’different fates.The APP’s failure was due to its focus on norm-making and providing information-oriented assistance to the private sector.As government interest in norm-making declined,the APP’s value declined accordingly.Moreover,assistance to private sector actors was costly and less attractive to governments.In comparison,the CEM found its niche by focusing on facilitating policymaking in the clean energy sector in a cost-efficient manner.To make clubs durable,constructing an action-oriented working environment and providing value-added and low-cost services to key stakeholders are of great importance.展开更多
i KP协议是 IBM公司提出的一组公开的基于信用卡的安全电子支付协议 ,该文则在 i KP协议基础上提出了一组有效的公平电子商务协议 .该协议在 i KP协议中有机地融入了信息商品的传输 ,使得 i KP协议能够用于信息商品与支付信息的公平交...i KP协议是 IBM公司提出的一组公开的基于信用卡的安全电子支付协议 ,该文则在 i KP协议基础上提出了一组有效的公平电子商务协议 .该协议在 i KP协议中有机地融入了信息商品的传输 ,使得 i KP协议能够用于信息商品与支付信息的公平交换 ,并且引入了对交易的时延控制机制 ,避免了转发中可能的迟发或不发 ;所提出的协议仅增加了尽可能少的、必须的密码运算和消息 .最后 ,文中对协议的安全性。展开更多
文摘The influence of the transfer payments from the central government to the local governments on the local governments＇ efforts on taxation must be taken into consideration by every country for the design of the transfer payments. Based on the theoretical analysis on the influence of the transfer payments from the central government to the local governments＇ on the local governments＇ payments＇, this paper indicates that the local governments＇ efforts on taxation depends on the demand elasticity of the district for public goods, It increases with the increase of the elasticity. Judge the degree of the local govet：nment＇s efforts on taxation by measure 2. After an empirical analysis on the transJer payments from the central government to the local governments＇from 2000 to 2004, this paper gets the con- clusion that the local governments＇ effbrts on taxation ctbates with the increase of supporting payments or with the increase of the ratio of transfer payments to local wiliing public paymentS. Under speCific Circumstances, the higher the ratio of transfer payments to the local fiscal expenditure is. the smaller the local governments＇ efforts＇ on taxation is＂ under the central payments, whereas＇ the higher the local income is, the higher the efforts is under the central pav- ments. Based on this＇, this paper gives the meaning of its eOrresponding pofiCieS. ＂
基金We acknowledge financial support from Shanghai Pujiang Program[Grant number.2020PJC010]the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada.
文摘Climate clubs are valuable platforms for international and public-private collaboration in global climate governance;however,not all climate clubs enjoy durable support from their members.The existing literature attributes the varied fates of climate clubs to factors like legitimacy and club goods.We further argue that the norm-making function of clubs,the perceived value of club goods,and the costs of club good production collectively affect club development.We present a comparative study on two U.S.-initiated climate clubs-the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate(APP)and the Clean Energy Ministerial(CEM).While legitimacy concerns had some marginal influence on both clubs,the niche clubs occupy and the costs of club goods provision were crucial factors that influenced the two clubs’different fates.The APP’s failure was due to its focus on norm-making and providing information-oriented assistance to the private sector.As government interest in norm-making declined,the APP’s value declined accordingly.Moreover,assistance to private sector actors was costly and less attractive to governments.In comparison,the CEM found its niche by focusing on facilitating policymaking in the clean energy sector in a cost-efficient manner.To make clubs durable,constructing an action-oriented working environment and providing value-added and low-cost services to key stakeholders are of great importance.
