Multi-functional photonic spin Hall effect sensor controlled by phase transition

Photonic spin Hall effect(PSHE), as a novel physical effect in light–matter interaction, provides an effective metrological method for characterizing the tiny variation in refractive index(RI). In this work, we propose a multi-functional PSHE sensor based on VO_(2), a material that can reveal the phase transition behavior. By applying thermal control, the mutual transformation into different phase states of VO_(2) can be realized, which contributes to the flexible switching between multiple RI sensing tasks. When VO_(2) is insulating, the ultrasensitive detection of glucose concentrations in human blood is achieved. When VO_(2) is in a mixed phase, the structure can be designed to distinguish between the normal cells and cancer cells through no-label and real-time monitoring. When VO_(2) is metallic, the proposed PSHE sensor can act as an RI indicator for gas analytes. Compared with other multi-functional sensing devices with the complex structures, our design consists of only one analyte and two VO_(2) layers, which is very simple and elegant. Therefore, the proposed VO_(2)-based PSHE sensor has outstanding advantages such as small size, high sensitivity, no-label, and real-time detection, providing a new approach for investigating tunable multi-functional sensors.

Effects of electron correlation and the Breit interaction on one- and two-electron one-photon transitions in double K hole states of He-like ions(10 ≤ Z ≤ 47)

The x-ray energies and transition rates associated with single and double electron radiative transitions from the double K hole state 2s2p to the 1s2s and 1s^2 configurations of 11 selected He-like ions(10 ≤ Z ≤ 47) are calculated using the fully relativistic multi-configuration Dirac–Fock method(MCDF). An appropriate electron correlation model is constructed with the aid of the active space method, which allows the electron correlation effects to be studied efficiently. The contributions of the electron correlation and the Breit interaction to the transition properties are analyzed in detail. It is found that the two-electron one-photon(TEOP) transition is correlation sensitive. The Breit interaction and electron correlation both contribute significantly to the radiative transition properties of the double K hole state of the He-like ions. Good agreement between the present calculation and previous work is achieved. The calculated data will be helpful to future investigations on double K hole decay processes of He-like ions.

Quantum coherent control of two-photon transitions by square phase-modulation

A femtosecond laser pulse can be tailored to control the two-photon transitions using the ultra-fast pulse-shaping technique. This paper theoretically and experimentally demonstrates that two-photon transitions in molecular system with broad absorption line can be effectively controlled by square phase-modulation in frequency domain, and the influence of all parameters characterizing the square phase-modulation on two-photon transitions is systemically investigated and discussed. The obtained results have potential application in nonlinear spectroscopy and molecular physics.

Coherent control of non-resonant two-photon transition in molecular system

In this paper, we study theoretically and experimentally the coherent control of non-resonant two-photon transition in a molecular system （Perylene dissolved in chloroform solution） by shaping the femtosecond pulses with simple phase patterns （cosinusoidal and π phase step-function shape）. The control efficiency of the two-photon transition probability is correlated with both the laser field and the molecular absorption bandwidth. Our results demonstrate that, the two-photon transition probability in a molecular system can be reduced but not completely eliminated by manipulating the laser field, and the control efficiency is minimal when the molecular absorption bandwidth is larger than twice the laser spectral bandwidth.

Two-electron and one-photon transitions in highly charged nickel-like ions

This paper calculates the transition wavelengths and probabilities of the two-electron and one-photon （TEOP） transition from the （3s1/2^-14dj）J=1,2 to （3P3/2^-14s1/2）J=1 and the （3P1/2^-14s1/2）J=1 to （3dj^-14dj＇）J=1,2 for highly charged Ni-like ions with atomic number Z in the range 47 〈 Z 〈 92. In the calculations, the multi-configuration Dirac-Fock method and corresponding program packages GRASP92 and REOS99 were used, and the relativistic effects, correlation effects and relaxation effects were considered systematically. It is found that the TEOP transitions are very sensitive to the correlation of electrons, and the probabilities will be enhanced sharply in some special Z regions along the isoelectronic sequence. The present TEOP transition wavelengths are compared with the available data from some previous publications, good agreement is obtained.

Spontaneous transition of one-dimensional plasma photonic crystal's orientation in a dielectric barrier discharge

A novel one-dimensional plasma photonic crystal whose crystal orientation can change spontaneously is demonstrated using a dielectric barrier discharge with two liquid electrodes. The orientation of the plasma photonic crystal will vary from transverse to longitudinal or vary from longitudinal to transverse and then revert to longitudinal by self-adjustment, while the experimental conditions are kept fixed. The dispersion relation of these plasma photonic crystals are calculated, and the changes of the photonic band diagrams during the orientation transition are studied.

Topological edge and corner states of valley photonic crystals with zipper-like boundary conditions

We present a stable valley photonic crystal(VPC)unit cell with C_(3v)symmetric quasi-ring-shaped dielectric columns and realize its topological phase transition by breaking mirror symmetry.Based on this unit cell structure,topological edge states(TESs)and topological corner states(TCSs)are realized.We obtain a new type of wave transmission mode based on photonic crystal zipper-like boundaries and apply it to a beam splitter assembled from rectangular photonic crystals(PCs).The constructed beam splitter structure is compact and possesses frequency separation functions.In addition,we construct a box-shaped triangular PC structures with zipper-like boundaries and discover phenomena of TCSs in the corners,comparing its corner states with those formed by other boundaries.Based on this,we explore the regularities of the electric field patterns of TESs and TCSs,explain the connection between the characteristic frequencies and locality of TCSs,which helps better control photons and ensures low power consumption of the system.

Calculation of Multiphoton Transition in Li Atoms via Chirped Microwave Pulse

The position and width of avoided crossings of Li atom energy levels in a static electric field is presented by using the B-spline basis set method combined with the model potential.Using the time-dependent multilevel approach,the population of Li atoms is transferred to the target state completely by one-photon,two-photon or a single multiphoton adiabatic rapid passage,which requires only a small frequency sweep.The calculation results agree well with the experiment and novel explanations are given to understand the experimental results.

Spin Dependent Selection Rules for Photonic Transitions in Hydrogen-Like Atoms

Spin dependent selection rules for photonic transitions in hydrogen-like atoms is derived by using the solution of Dirac equation for hydrogen-like atoms. It is shown that photonic transitions occur when [ Δj=0,±1,±2, while Δmj=0,±1,±2 ]. By applying the spin dependent selection rules, we can explain the observed (6s→7s) transition in Cesium (Cs) atom.

Dual bound states in the continuum enhanced second harmonic generation with transition metal dichalcogenides monolayer

The emergence of two dimensional(2D)materials has opened new possibilities for exhibiting second harmonic genera-tion(SHG)at the nanoscale,due to their remarkable optical response related to stable excitons at room temperature.However,the ultimate atomic-scale interaction length with light makes the SHG of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides(TM-Ds)monolayers naturally weak.Here,we propose coupling a monolayer of TMDs with a photonic grating slab that works with doubly resonant bound states in the continuum(BIC).The BIC slabs are designed to exhibit a pair of BICs,reson-ant with both the fundamental wave(FW)and the second harmonic wave(SHW).Firstly,the spatial mode matching can be fulfilled by tilting FW's incident angle.We theoretically demonstrate that this strategy leads to more than four orders of magnitude enhancement of SHG efficiency than a sole monolayer of TMDs,under a pump light intensity of 0.1 GW/cm^(2).Moreover,we demonstrate that patterning the TMDs monolayer can further enhance the spatial overlap coefficient,which leads to an extra three orders of magnitude enhancement of SHG efficiency.These results demonstrate remarkable pos-sibilities for enhancing SHG with nonlinear 2D materials,opening many opportunities for chip-based light sources,nano-lasers,imaging,and biochemical sensing.

Energy consideration in processes of transition to equilibrium state

A calculation of the energy loss due to a transition from non-equilibrium to equilibrium state is given. Three different physical systems are considered in this study: connecting an uncharged capacitor to a charged capacitor, emission of a photon from an excited atom, and releasing an object from a compressed spring. In this study, it is shown that a specific fraction of the total energy stored in a non-equilibrium system should be consumed to reach the equilibrium state.

Controlling nonclassical properties of the two-photon process by a time-varying field

The interactions between a two-level atom and a field via two-photon transition without rotating wave approx- imation have been investigated. We emphasize the dynamic behaviors of the atomic population inversion, the field squeezing, and the atomic dipole squeezing numerically when the field frequency varies with time in the forms of sine and rectangle. Some interesting phenomena are discovered and discussed. The good periodic character of the atomic population inversion in the standard two-photon Jaynes Cummings model is weakened by the influence of the sine field frequency modulation. The rectangular field frequency modulation can change the correlation among different oscillations suddenly and induce new collapse-revival processes of the atomic population inversion. The field squeezing increases at the beginning of time, but then decreases and loses as the time increases after it reaches the maximum due to the sine modulation. The effects of the rectangular modulation on the field squeezing depend mostly on the appearance time of the modulation. The atomic dipole squeezing is weakened under the influence of the sine or rectangular modulation. Our results indicate that it is possible to perform the dynamic controlling of the system properties by changing the parameters of the system with time. This implies that one can dynamically control a quantum information process by choosing the system modulation properly.

Two-photon spectrum of^(87) Rb using optical frequency comb

The high precision two-photon excitation measurements for 5S1/2 （Fg = 2） to 5D5/2 （Fe = 4 to 1） of 87Rb are per- formed by using an optical frequency comb. The two counter-propagating femtosecond pulses （5S1/2 →5P3/2 at 780 nm, and 5P3/2→5D5/2 at 776 nm） act on 87Rb vapor, and the Doppler broadened background signal is effectively eliminated. The temperature and power dependences of the two-photon spectrum are studied in this paper.

论回旋电子与涡旋电磁波量子:涡旋电子波包

回旋电子辐射涡旋电磁波量子的理论模型是量子态涡旋电磁波技术的关键.本文是“论回旋电子与涡旋电磁波量子”系列论文的第一部分,建立了“涡旋电子波包”相关理论模型.能级跃迁辐射是涡旋电子最自然的辐射之一.为了给出单个涡旋电子回旋辐射产生涡旋电磁波量子机理,本文根据磁场中电子的守恒量推导了恒定磁场中涡旋电子波函数,对相对论电子波包的运动情况做出分析,并通过求解狄拉克方程解释了自旋角动量和轨道角动量在本质上不可分割的情况.另外,在求解过程中根据相对论能量本征方程得到回旋电子在磁场中的横向能级分布,即朗道能级,并仿真得到电子具有确切轨道角动量数时的朗道能级形状.

基于全球导航卫星系统应用的光频原子钟发展现状与可用性分析

随着光频原子钟技术迅速发展,光频原子钟不确定度已超越微波原子钟性能4~5个数量级,达到了10^(−19)数量级,在可靠性和小型化方面也不断提升,使得未来全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)搭载光频原子钟成为可能。介绍了几种GNSS光频原子钟的工作原理及国内外的研究进展,从稳定度、集成度及影响稳定度的因素等方面总结了几种光频原子钟的性能,并将四种光学时钟(离子光钟、光晶格钟、双光子跃迁光频原子钟、基于碘调制转移谱光频原子钟)与目前GNSS上搭载的四大导航系统进行比较,讨论了光频原子钟的应用潜力,并提出了各光频原子钟的发展建议。针对提升离子光钟和光晶格钟可靠性的需求,提出了通过提高激光器和超稳腔的稳定性、降低核心器件环境敏感性的建议。针对提升原子束光频原子钟稳定性的需求,提出了提高原子束利用率、进一步迭代实验等方案。针对提升双光子跃迁光频原子钟和调制转移谱光频原子钟的长期稳定性的需求,提出了结合真空技术及人工智能降低频率漂移率的解决方案。

论回旋电子与涡旋电磁波量子:涡旋电磁波量子辐射

回旋电子辐射涡旋电磁波量子的理论模型是量子态涡旋电磁波技术的关键.本文为“论回旋电子与涡旋电磁波量子”的第二部分,建立“涡旋电磁波量子辐射”相关理论模型.电子通过能级跃迁能够辐射单个携带内禀OAM(Orbital Angular Momentum)的电磁波量子.为了给出这一辐射机理,推导了非相对论和相对论效应中电子在朗道能级的跃迁概率.由于非相对论效应中朗道能级与内禀OAM模态值的线性关系,电子无论以何种初始状态跃迁都只能辐射平面波量子.相对论效应情况正好相反,可以得到丰富内禀OAM模态值的电磁波量子.在实际工程上,可用特定回旋装置作为产生单个涡旋电磁波量子的辐射源;模态选择上,根据不同内禀OAM模态间具有频率差的特性,利用虹膜嵌入式波导滤波器进行频率筛选,同时选择出特定内禀OAM模态的电磁波量子.最后分析强调了量子态和统计态涡旋电磁波的差异,以及二者在无线传输应用时的优缺点.

Capturing the non-equilibrium state in light–matter–free-electron interactions through ultrafast transmission electron microscopy

Ultrafast transmission electron microscope(UTEM) with the multimodality of time-resolved diffraction, imaging,and spectroscopy provides a unique platform to reveal the fundamental features associated with the interaction between free electrons and matter. In this review, we summarize the principles, instrumentation, and recent developments of the UTEM and its applications in capturing dynamic processes and non-equilibrium transient states. The combination of the transmission electron microscope with a femtosecond laser via the pump–probe method guarantees the high spatiotemporal resolution, allowing the investigation of the transient process in real, reciprocal and energy spaces. Ultrafast structural dynamics can be studied by diffraction and imaging methods, revealing the coherent acoustic phonon generation and photoinduced phase transition process. In the energy dimension, time-resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy enables the examination of the intrinsic electronic dynamics of materials, while the photon-induced near-field electron microscopy extends the application of the UTEM to the imaging of optical near fields with high real-space resolution. It is noted that light–free-electron interactions have the ability to shape electron wave packets in both longitudinal and transverse directions, showing the potential application in the generation of attosecond electron pulses and vortex electron beams.

“光谷光子号”悬挂式单轨列车开发

悬挂式单轨列车是城市轨道交通的重要组成部分,在我国具有较为广阔的应用前景。文章首先介绍了悬挂式单轨列车的发展,然后从总体方案、转向架系统、车体系统、电气系统、制动系统、网络系统几方面分析了“光谷光子号”悬挂式单轨列车技术方案,并在安全性、智能化、低碳环保等方面论述了其关键性能。“光谷光子号”悬挂式单轨列车各部件及整车均通过了相关的仿真测试、试验验证,现场应用情况表明,列车整体性能可满足行业应用需求。

Nonlinear optics in the electron-hole continuum in 2D semiconductors:two-photon transition, second harmonic generation and valley current injection

We investigate two-photon transitions to the electron-hole scattering continuum in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides, and identify two contributions to this nonlinear optical process with opposite circularly polarized valley selection rules. In the non-interacting limit, the competition between the two contributions leads to a crossover of the selection rule with the increase of the two-photon energy. With the strong Coulomb interaction between the electron and hole, the two contributions excite electron-hole scattering states in orthogonal angular momentum channels, while the strength of the transition can be substantially enhanced by the interaction. Based on this picture of the two-photon transition, the second harmonic generation(SHG) in the electron-hole continuum is analyzed, where the Coulomb interaction is shown to greatly alter the relative strength of different cross-circular polarized SHG processes. Valley current injection by the quantum interference of one-photon and two-photon transition is also investigated in the presence of the strong Coulomb interaction, which significantly enhances the injection rate.

Enhanced second harmonic generation in a two-dimensional optical micro-cavity

We introduce a two-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensation model consisting of massive photon and photon-pair. Based on the new nonlinear model, the traditional process of second harmonics generation is reinvestigated. In order to describe the process, a new quantum phase, the harmonic phase, is introduced. The order parameter of the new physical phase is also given in this paper.