The Substructure of Elementary Particles Demonstrated by the I-Theory

Present studies in physics assume that elementary particles are the building blocks of all matter, and that they are zero-dimensional objects which do not occupy space. The new I-Theory predicts that elementary particles do indeed have a substructure, three dimensions, and occupy space, being composed of fundamental particles called I-particles. In this article we identify the substructural pattern of elementary particles and define the quanta of energy that form each elementary particle. We demonstrate that the substructure comprises two classes of quanta which we call “attraction quanta” and “repulsion quanta”. We create a model that defines the rest-mass energy of each elementary particle and can predict new particles. Lastly, in order to incorporate this knowledge into the contemporary models of science, a revised periodic table is proposed.

A Self-Stabilized Field Theory of Neutrinos

In “A Self-linking Field Formalism” I establish a self-dual field structure with higher order self-induced symmetries that reinforce the first-order dynamics. The structure was derived from Gauss-linking integrals in R3 based on the Biot-Savart law and Ampere’s law applied to Heaviside’s equations, derived in strength-independent fashion in “Primordial Principle of Self-Interaction”. The derivation involves Geometric Calculus, topology, and field equations. My goal in this paper is to derive the simplest solution of a self-stabilized solitonic structure and discuss this model of a neutrino.

The Mysterius Fate of Stars (Past, Present and Future of the Universe)

The research on the collapse of stars, due to Gravity, after the depletion of the fusion fuel, engaged a number of famous guys as Eddington, Chandrasekhar, Schwarzschild and Oppenheimer in the years around 1910-1050. During this period, Einstein was writing his field equation of general relativity (1923), Fermi, in a famous letter to Pauli, proposed the neutrino in beta decay theory (1930), Chadwick found the neutron, that granted him the Nobel price (1935) and Hubble (1929) proved that the Universe was expanding. As a result of that golden age, we remain with a lot of unsolved questions, due to the poor knowledge of the nature of the strong Nuclear Interaction of Gravity that controls the whole Universe. We have made an investigation on the nature of nuclear bond and gravitational attraction on the basis of available data and as a follow-up of Fermi famous research on Neutrino. Using this background, we hope to be able to explain or give some light to the evolution of stars, to the strange objects and phenomena captured or perceived by astronomers in the sky and speculated by theoretical physicists.

Composite Photon Theory versus Elementary Photon Theory

The purpose of this paper is to show that the composite photon theory measures up well against the Standard Model’s elementary photon theory. This is done by comparing the two theories, area by area. Although the predictions of quantum electrodynamics are in excellent agreement with experiment (as in the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron), there are some problems, such as the difficulty in describing the electromagnetic field with the four-component vector potential because the photon has only two polarization states. In most areas the two theories give similar results, so it is impossible to rule out the composite photon theory. Pryce’s arguments in 1938 against a composite photon theory are shown to be invalid or irrelevant. Recently, it has been realized that in the composite theory the antiphoton does not interact with matter because it is formed of a neutrino and an antineutrino with the wrong helicity. This leads to experimental tests that can determine which theory is correct.

Neutrinos from CERN, Reaching Too Early to Gran Sasso, Do Not Exceed the Velocity of Light. They in Fact Reveal the True Physical Mechanism of Gravity

In 2011 neutrinos from CERN in Geneva-CH were announced to reach to the OPERA Lab in Gran Sasso-IT 60 ns earlier than light. In reality, the velocity of the neutrinos was compared, not with the measured one-way velocity of light, however with the presumed velocity of light c. As this conclusion breaks the light postulate, the data were withdrawn. In fact, to compare the neutrino velocity with the presumed velocity of light violates a fundamental precept of scientific methodologies. Such a comparison could make a sense only if the velocity of both neutrinos and light had been measured along the same path in vacuum. Actually the absence of the solar gravitational slowing of the GPS clocks, absence of light anisotropy with respect to earth etc. demonstrates that the Higgs Quantum Fluid Space (HQFS), giving mass to the elementary particles and thus ruling their inertial motion, is moving round the sun according to a Keplerian velocity field, consistently with the planetary motions. It is also moving round earth consistently with the orbital motion of the Moon. The Keplerian velocity fields are the quintessence of the gravitational fields. In the earth’s field, the velocity of the HQFS achieves 7.91 km/sec on surface and drags both the neutrinos and light toward the East. In the South-East direction, from CERN to OPERA Lab, making ∼58 degrees with the Meridians, this drag adds 6.7 km/sec to the conventional light velocity c, making neutrinos from CERN (and light) to reach the OPERA Lab ~60 ns earlier than presumed by the current theories.

Scenario for the Origin of Matter (According to the Theory of Relation)

Where did matter in the universe come from? Where does the mass of matter come from? Particle physicists have used the knowledge acquired in matter and space to imagine a standard scenario to provide satisfactory answers to these major questions. The dominant thought to explain the absence of antimatter in nature is that we had an initially symmetrical universe made of matter and antimatter and that a dissymmetry would have sufficed for more matter having constituted our world than antimatter. This dissymmetry would arise from an anomaly in the number of neutrinos resulting from nuclear reactions which suggest the existence of a new type of titanic neutrino who would exceed the possibilities of the standard model and would justify the absence of antimatter in the macrocosm. We believe that another scenario could better explain why we observe only matter. It involves the validation of the negative energy solution of the Dirac equation, itself derived from the Einstein energy equation. The theory of Relation describes a negative energy ocean with the creation of real particle/antiparticle pairs. The origin of the masses of the particles would come from this ocean. A physical mechanism would allow their separation in the opposite direction and, therefore, the matter would be enriched at the expense of the ocean. The matter would be favored without resorting to negation or annihilation of negative energy, without the need for a CP (the behavioral difference between particle and antiparticle) violation that would be responsible for matter/antimatter asymmetry in the universe. And without the savior contribution of an undetectable obese neutrino: his search appears to us more a desperate act towards an “ultra-massive catastrophe” than a real effort to try to discover what really happened.

Neutrinos as the Particles with Mixed Interaction and Prediction of Large Neutrino-Neutrino Collisional Cross-Section

When the electrically charged elementary particles of “normal” matter like protons and electrons mutually interact, their masses interact gravitationally and charge electrically. There is no interaction between the mass of one and charge of other particle. In this paper, we describe a prediction of the existence of a “pseudo-charge” of the same size as the common elementary electric charge, which seems to be possessed by neutrinos. If the prediction is relevant to the reality, the pseudo-charge interacts with the mass of normal particle in the interaction between this particle and neutrino. Consequently, the cross-section in a collision between neutrino and particle of normal matter is many orders of magnitude lower than that in the mutual collisions of normal-matter particles. However, the pseudo-charge of one neutrino interacts with the pseudo-charge of other neutrino in a mutual interaction of neutrinos and, consequently, their collisional cross-section is predicted to be again relatively large, essentially the same as that in, e.g., electron-electron collisions. We propose an experimental verification of the possible existence of neutrinic pseudo-charge with the help of two mutually crossing neutrino beams.

The Nuclear Clock Correction for Universal Gravitation

Science is losing some fixed references shifting from universality to relativity: time and space become space time, the meter is related to the velocity of light and the second is fixed by the ticketing of a Cesium atom. In the case of Gravity, Nature was so friendly to Newton to allow him the writing of the Universal Gravitational Law, that changed the view of the Universe for the last three centuries. However, the way matter generates Gravity was unknown to Newton and the problem is still nowadays ignored by most scientists and remains the ultimate question mark of physics. We paid attention to the ticketing of all existing nuclides and found that the parameters of the neutronproton transformations are so precise, in describing these reactions, that can be considered universal constants. Instead, the emitted neutrino flux Fo is almost constant with a mean value of 6.668E20 neutrino per gram and second over the wide range of all nuclides with some deviation for lighter nuclei. This is the reason why Newton was able to find his Universal Gravitational Law and allows us today to state a relation of this flux with the Gauss constant G on the basis of nuclear properties. Moreover, it explains the mechanism that bodies use for their mutual attraction with a simplification of the three-body problem in celestial bodies computation. We have to remember that Newton model, with a fixed gravitational Gauss constant G, or the equivalent with a fixed neutrino flux Fo, have been used for the determination of the mass of the celestial bodies in motion with the implicit assumption that the gravitational and inertial mass are the same. In this paper we recognize the big difference in composition of the Sun and the gaseous planets compared to the terrestrial ones and show how the relatively small difference of the neutrino flux can change our vision of the Universe.

粒子物理学中的基本原理及7大问题和量子理论的发展

粒子物理中的基本原理是必须区分已经检验的实验事实和优美的理论假说.由此提出粒子理论中的7个重大问题:标准模型中的矛盾;夸克模型源于部分子的而迄今没有发现任何自由夸克,可能它们仅是具有某种对称性的幻粒子;点粒子、高能和相互作用;Pauli不相容原理的可能破缺和某些基本原理及相应的QCD发展;中微子和中微子的振荡及质量;测不准关系及其新进展和超弦;量子力学叠加原理的发展和纠缠态.此外,讨论了量子理论某些可能的发展,并且某些基本原理可能彼此相关.

关于M.Goldhaber中微子螺旋性测量结果的分析和讨论

本文认为M .Goldhaber对中微子螺旋性测量结果不能证实二分量中微子是否正确 ,也即中微子的静止质量并非为零 。

量子力学中表象变换理论的教学探讨:结合中微子振荡的前沿案例

量子力学是物理学专业本科生的基础核心课程,同时其内容又与现代物理学的诸多研究前沿紧密联系在一起.本文针对量子力学中比较抽象的表象变换理论,结合中微子振荡这一研究前沿作为具体的教学案例.在教学中,我们首先引入中微子的味表象和质量表象,然后可以比较直观的建立起两种表象之间的表象变换矩阵,其中的矩阵元具有清晰的物理含义:表示不同中微子质量本征态之间的混合.利用这一表象变换理论,我们可以分析中微子的含时演化行为,并与实验观测到的中微子振荡现象进行比较,发现理论分析能够很好的解释实验现象.在教学中引入这一前沿案例,不但有助于学生们更加直观的理解表象变换理论,而且可以拓展学生们的视野,激发他们进一步深入研究的兴趣和热情.

中微子和超光速现象的可能性

如果中微子静止质量不为零,那么为了解释宇称不守恒的二分量中微子理论就要求中微子是超光速的。讨论了在相对论框架内对这种超光速现象的理解,以及存在"快子"的可能性。

低能中微子的产生机制及应用

通过类比由爱因斯坦热辐射理论导出黑体辐射公式的方法,文章研究低能中微子辐射理论及辐射特性,进而讨论了低能中微子辐射理论的应用。结论表明,低能中微子在现实生活中非常普遍,最近在建的中微子探测器有能力探测到低能中微子的发射信号。我们预测未来几十年将是中微子研究及应用的黄金时代。

Minimum Amount of Extracting Solvent of a Separation of Two Rare Earth Components

A significant development in the theory of countercurrent extraction will be presented in this article. New expressions of the term in countercurrent extraction process analysis, “Adjacent Stage Impurity Ratio” (ASIR), are deduced. Furthermore, based on the term together with mass balance and extraction equilibrium, the conditions where a given countercurrent extraction separation operation can have minimum amounts of both extracting solvent and scrubbing agent solution can be estimated, and the equations of the two minimum amounts can be deduced. It was found that the equations for a two-component separation using a single aqueous or organic feed are exactly the same as they appeared in the theory initially established in 1970s. Unlike its earlier version, the present derivation does not involve feed-stage-composition hypothesis, and also has the advantage of dealing with a double-feed system where both aqueous and organic feeds are simultaneously employed whereas the earlier theory can only analyze a separation using a single aqueous or organic feed.

简述中微子的独特性

本文分析了中微子的一些特性,认为中微子是一种普通的费米粒子,它应该有其它费米粒子所具有的一切性质如它有确定的内禀宇称,有一定的静止质量和有一定的磁矩等。不应该存在一些独特的性质如所谓中微子振荡现象。认为在弱相互作用中宇称不守恒问题并不是因为中微子没有确定的内禀宇称引起的,而是应该由更深刻更基本的原因引起的。对所谓太阳中微子丢失之谜应该用别的理论或模型来加以解释。

Overview of Hypersphere World-Universe Model

This paper provides an overview of the Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM). WUM unifies and simplifies existing cosmological models and results into a single coherent picture, and proceeds to discuss the origin, evolution, structure, ultimate fate, and primary parameters of the World. WUM explains the experimental data accumulated in the field of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics over the last decades: the age of the world and critical energy density;the gravitational parameter and Hubble’s parameter;temperatures of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the peak of the far-infrared background radiation;gamma-ray background and cosmic neutrino background;macrostructure of the world and macroobjects structure. Additionally, the model makes predictions pertaining to masses of dark matter particles, photons, and neutrinos, proposes new types of particle interactions (Super Weak and Extremely Weak), and shows inter-connectivity of primary cosmological parameters of the world and the rise of the solar luminosity during the last 4.6 Byr. The model proposes to introduce a new fundamental parameter Q in the CODATA internationally recommended values.

中微子佯谬解决及其对霍金实证论的支持

20世纪60年代后期,美国的戴维斯成功搜索到太阳中微子,但所得的数量只有标准太阳模型理论所预言的一半左右,由于弱电统一理论一直认为中微子的静止质量为零,这构成太阳中微子佯谬.然而,超级神冈探测器的实验显示:中微子的确发生了振荡,中微子拥有不为零质量,后续的Sudbury实验终于解决了中微子佯谬问题,引发了人们对弱电理论的质疑,思考其粒子物理学以及天体物理学意义,从而客观上支持了逻辑自洽的实证论.

认识中微子

由于中微子的作用截面很小而不容易被探测和认识 ,从而人们给予中微子一些独特的性质 ,如中微子没有确定的内禀宇称 ,没有静止质量和磁矩或存在所谓中微子振荡现象等 .

中微子和中微子质量

本文首先申述了中微子的假说和中微子的发现,进而从中微子实验、中微子振荡和大统一理论综述、讨论中微子质量问题.

夸克物质中的色超导性理论简介(英文)

夸克-夸克通过单胶子交换的相互作用在其反对称态上是相互吸引的,在致密夸克物质里,这种吸引相互作用会导致费米面上的双夸克凝聚,这就是所谓的夸克配对或色超导现象。本文介绍了夸克配对或色超导现象的基本知识和一些新进展。色超导是一个对称性自发破坏现象,有非常丰富的破缺方式,我们介绍了色超导对称性及其自发破坏模式的分析方法,介绍了怎样计算色超导体两个最基本的变量:能隙和迈斯纳质量。然后我们介绍了描述色超导现象的有效理论。最后是这些理论的一个应用,即计算色超导体里的中微子发射率以及其它输运性质。本文可以作为研究夸克物质理论的入门参考资料。