Simulation of bluff body stabilized flows with hybrid RANS and PDF method

The motivation of this study is to investigate the turbulence-chemistry interactions by using probability density function （PDF） method. A consistent hybrid Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes （RANS）/PDF method is used to simulate the turbulent non-reacting and reacting flows. The joint fluctuating velocity-frequency-composition PDF equation coupled with the Reynolds averaged density, momentum and energy equations are solved on unstructured meshes by the Lagrangian Monte Carlo （MC） method combined with the finite volume （FV） method. The simulation of the axisymmetric bluff body stabilized non-reacting flow fields is presented in this paper. The calculated length of the recirculation zone is in good agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, the significant change of the flow pattern with the increase of the jet-to-coflow momentum flux ratio is well predicted. In addition, comparisons are made between the joint PDF model and two different Reynolds stress models.

Investigation of vortical flow over bluff bodies with base cavities

Based on our previous research about drag reduction in term of the base cavity length using two dimensional simulations, this paper describes a numerical study of a bluff body of which the number of base cavities is successively increased and the cavity geometries are also modified to assume different shapes. Here we attempt to find an effective configuration to reduce the drag by increasing the number of base cavities. The numerical simulations examining varied number of base cavities reveal the presence of different strength of vortices in the wake zone which is the reason why the drag coefficients are distinctly different for different cases. In the case with double and triple rectangular cavities, we use the pressure contours snapshots at successive time instants to describe the wake evolution. We further investigate the effect of variable base cavity shapes for a constant cavity length at an identical time instant. A total of two different geometries of base cavities are discussed here： the rectangular and the sinusoidal cavities with sharp and rounded trailing edges, respectively. The numerical results reveal that the for- mer is an effective drag reduction configuration which can produce a significant base pressure recovery corresponding to the strength of the vortices shown in the pressure contour figures. While the latter shows no obvious reduction in drag coefficient and a similar intensity of vortex in the wake zone compared with the unmodified case. Reductions in drag are observed for all the investigated cavity configurations, and additionally it is found that the magnitude of the reduction bears a direct relationship with the number of the cavities up to a certain minimum value.

Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Swirling Pipe Flow with an Internal Conical Bluff Body

Turbulent swirling flow inside a short pipe interacting with a conical bluff body was simulated using the commercial CFD code Fluent.The geometry used is a simplified version of a novel liquid/gas separator used in multiphase flow metering.Three turbulence models,belonging to the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)equations framework,are used.These are,RNG k-ε,SST k-ωand the full Reynolds stress model(RSM)in their steady and unsteady versions.Steady and unsteady RSM simulations show similar behavior.Compared to other turbulence models,they yield the best predictions of the mean velocity profiles though they exhibit some discrepancies in the core region.The influence of the Reynolds number on velocity profiles,swirl decay,and wall pressure on the bluff body are also presented.For Reynolds numbers generating a Rankine-like velocity profile,the width and magnitude of flow reversal zone decreases along the pipe axis disappearing downstream for lower Reynolds numbers.The tangential velocity peaks increase with increasing Reynolds number.The swirl decay rate follows an exponential form in accordance with the existing literature.These flow features would affect the performance of the real separator and,thus,the multiphase flow meter,noticeably.

Recent development of vortex method in incompressible viscous bluff body flows

Vortex methods have been alternative tools of finite element and finite difference methods for several decades. This paper presents a brief review of vortex method development in the last decades and introduces efficient vortex methods developed for high Reynolds number bluff body flows and suitable for running on parallel computer architectures. Included in this study are particle strength exchange methods, core-spreading method, deterministic particle method and hybrid vortex methods. Combined with conservative methods, vortex methods can comprise the most available tools for simulations of three-dimensional complex bluff body flows at high Reynolds numbers.

Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Verification on Valve-less Piezoelectric Pump with Hemisphere-segment Bluff-body

Existing researches on no-moving part valves in valve-less piezoelectric pumps mainly concentrate on pipeline valves and chamber bottom valves, which leads to the complex structure and manufacturing process of pump channel and chamber bottom. Furthermore, position fixed valves with respect to the inlet and outlet also makes the adjustability and controllability of flow rate worse. In order to overcome these shortcomings, this paper puts forward a novel implantable structure of valve-less piezoelectric pump with hemisphere-segments in the pump chamber. Based on the theory of flow around bluff-body, the flow resistance on the spherical and round surface of hemisphere-segment is different when fluid flows through, and the macroscopic flow resistance differences thus formed are also different. A novel valve-less piezoelectric pump with hemisphere-segment bluff-body （HSBB） is presented and designed. HSBB is the no-moving part valve. By the method of volume and momentum comparison, the stress on the bluff-body in the pump chamber is analyzed. The essential reason of unidirectional fluid pumping is expounded, and the flow rate formula is obtained. To verify the theory, a prototype is produced. By using the prototype, experimental research on the relationship between flow rate, pressure difference, voltage, and frequency has been carried out, which proves the correctness of the above theory. This prototype has six hemisphere-segments in the chamber filled with water, and the effective diameter of the piezoelectric bimorph is 30mm. The experiment result shows that the flow rate can reach 0.50 mL/s at the frequency of 6 Hz and the voltage of 110 V. Besides, the pressure difference can reach 26.2 mm H20 at the frequency of 6 Hz and the voltage of 160 V. This research proposes a valve-less piezoelectric pump with hemisphere-segment bluff-body, and its validity and feasibility is verified through theoretical analysis and experiment.

Comparative assessment of SAS and DES turbulence modeling for massively separated flows

Numerical studies of the flow past a circular cylinder at Reynolds number 1.4 × 105 and NACA0021 airfoil at the angle of attack 60° have been carried out by scale-adaptive simulation （SAS） and detached eddy simu- lation （DES）, in comparison with the existing experimental data. The new version of the model developed by Egorov and Menter is assessed, and advantages and disadvantages of the SAS simulation are analyzed in detail to provide guidance for industrial application in the future. Moreover, the mechanism of the scale-adaptive characteristics in separated regions is discussed, which is obscure in previous analyses. It is con- cluded that： the mean flow properties satisfactorily agree with the experimental results for the SAS simulation, although the prediction of the second order turbulent statistics in the near wake region is just reasonable. The SAS model can produce a larger magnitude of the turbulent kinetic energy in the recir- culation bubble, and, consequently, a smaller recirculation region and a more rapid recovery of the mean velocity out- side the recirculation region than the DES approach with the same grid resolution. The vortex shedding is slightly less irregular with the SAS model than with the DES approach, probably due to the higher dissipation of the SAS simulation under the condition of the coarse mesh.

Flow Past an Accumulator Unit of an Underwater Energy Storage System： Three Touching Balloons in a Floral Configuration

An LES simulation of flow over an accumulator unit of an underwater compressed air energy storage facility was conducted. The accumulator unit consists of three touching underwater balloons arranged in a floral configuration. The structure of the flow was examined via three dimensional iso surfaces of the Q criterion. Vortical cores were observed on the leeward surface of the balloons. The swirling tube flows generated by these vortical cores were depicted through three dimensional path lines. The flow dynamics were visualized via time series snapshots of two dimensional vorticity contours perpendicular to the flow direction; revealing the turbulent swinging motions of the aforementioned shedding-swirling tube flows. The time history of the hydrodynamic loading was presented in terms of lift and drag coefficients. Drag coefficient of each individual balloon in the floral configuration was smaller than that of a single balloon. It was found that the total drag coefficient of the floral unit of three touching balloons, i.e. summation of the drag coefficients of the balloons, is not too much larger than that of a single balloon whereas it provides three times the storage capacity. In addition to its practical significance in designing appropriate foundation and supports, the instantaneous hydrodynamic loading was used to determine the frequency of the turbulent swirling-swinging motions of the shedding vortex tubes; the Strouhal number was found to be larger than that of a single sphere at the same Reynolds number.

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE FLOW AROUND A CIRCULAR CYLINDER WITH SURFACE SUCTION OR BLOWING USING VORTICITY-VELOCITY METHOD

A vorticity-velocity method was used to study the incompressible viscous fluid flow around a circular cylinder with surface suction or blowing. The resulted high order implicit difference equations were effeciently solved by the modified incomplete LU decomposition conjugate gradient scheme ( MILU-CG). The effects of surface suction or blowing' s position and strength on the vortex structures in the cylinder wake, as well as on the drag and lift forces at Reynoldes number Re = 100 were investigated numerically. The results show that the suction on the shoulder of the cylinder or the blowing on the rear of the cylinder can effeciently suppress the asymmetry of the vortex wake in the transverse direction and greatly reduce the lift force; the suction on the shoulder of the cylinder, when its strength is properly chosen, can reduce the drag force significantly, too.

Flow-Induced Stream-Wise Vibration of Circular Cylinders

Results from a series of studies on the stream-wise vibration of a circular cylinder verifying Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Standard S012-1998, Guideline for Evaluation of Flow-induced Vibration of a Cylindrical Structure in a Pipe, are summarized and discussed in this paper. Experiments were carried out in a water tunnel and in a wind tunnel using a two-dimensional cylinder model elastically supported at both ends of the cylinder and a cantilevered cylinder model with a finite span length that was elastically supported at one end. These cylinder models were allowed to vibrate with one degree of freedom in the stream-wise direction. In addition, we adopted a cantilevered cylinder model that vibrated with two degrees of freedom in both the stream-wise and cross-flow directions under the same vibration conditions as an actual thermocouple well. The value of the Scruton number (structural damping parameter) was changed over a wide range, so as to evaluate the value of the critical Scruton number that suppressed vibration of the cylinder. For the two-dimensional cylinder, two different types of stream-wise excitations appeared in the reduced velocity range of approximately half of the resonance-reduced velocity. For the stream-wise vibration in the first excitation region, due to a symmetric vortex flow, the response amplitudes were sensitive to the Scruton number, while the shedding frequency of alternating vortex flow was locked-in to half of the Strouhal number of vibrating frequency of a cylinder in the second excitation region. In addition, the effects of the aspect ratio of a cantilevered cylinder on the flow-induced vibration characteristics were clarified and compared with the results of a two-dimensional cylinder. When a cantilevered circular cylinder with a finite length vibrates with one degree of freedom in the stream-wise di-rection, it is found that acylinder with a small aspect ratio has a single excitation region, whereas a cylinder with a large aspect ratio has two excitation regions. Furthermore, the vibration mechanism of a symmetric vortex flow was investigated by installing a splitter plate in the wake to prevent shedding of alternating vortices. The vibration amplitude of acylinder with a splitter plate increased surprisingly more than the amplitude of a cylinder without a splitter plate. For a cantilevered cylinder vibrating with two degrees of freedom, the Lissajous figure of vibration of the first excitation region shows the trajectories of elongated elliptical shapes, and in the second excitation region, the Lissajous trajectories draw a figure “8”. The results and information from these experimental studies proved that Standard S012-1998 provides sufficient design methods for suppressing hazardous vibrations of cylinders in liquid flows.

网格拓扑对圆柱绕流计算的影响研究

使用DDES湍流模型对流动复杂的亚临界雷诺数(Re=3900)圆柱绕流进行数值计算,重点从模型尺度调控、湍流结构捕捉能力及流场统计积分量等方面分析了不同网格拓扑对大分离流动求解精度的影响规律。计算结果表明:使用H型、C型网格拓扑及在远场设置非结构网格时,流场表现出良好的湍流谱生成能力,捕捉到较多的高频-小尺度涡结构,同时计算的阻力系数、回流区长度等物理量与实验值拟合较好;O型网格拓扑流场耗散较大,计算精度相对较低。计算效率与网格数量呈线性关系,但计算精度与网格数量不一定正相关,工程计算中应合理选择兼顾计算精度及效率的网格划分方式。

A numerical study on flame and large-scale flow structures in bluff-body stabilized flames

Large Eddy Simulations(LES) in conjunction with the Flamelet Progress Variable(FPV) approach have been performed to investigate the flame and large-scale flow structures in the bluff-body stabilized non-premixed flames, HM1 and HM3. The validity of the numerical methods is first verified by comparing the predicted velocity and composition fields with experimental measurements. Then the evolution of the flame and large-scale flow structures is analyzed when the flames approach blow-off. The analysis of instantaneous and statistical data indicates that there exists a shift of the control mechanism in the recirculation zone in the two flames. In the recirculation zone, HM1 flame is mainly controlled by the mixing effect and ignition mainly occurs in the outer shear layer. In HM3 flame, both the chemical reactions and mixing are important in the recirculation zone. The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition(POD) results show that the fluctuations in the outer shear layer are more intense in HM1, while the flow structures are more obvious in the outer vortex structure in HM3, due to the different control mechanism in the recirculation zone.It further shows that the flow structures in HM1 spread larger in the intense mixing zone due to higher temperature and less extinction.

雷诺数3900时三维带齿圆柱流场特征

采用k-ωSST湍流模型对雷诺数为3900时的三维带齿圆柱展开数值模拟研究,包括升阻力系数、压力系数时均流场特性,以及速度分布、涡量分布等瞬时流场特性。模拟结果表明:绕流流场产生旋涡脱落,在靠近结构壁面的尾流区,流场速度分布呈现V形,在稍远处V形底部趋于平缓,呈现U形,且在带齿圆柱后产生与流动方向相反的速度回流区;在同一时刻下,沿结构展向不同位置处的流动呈现明显的三维特性。

涡街流量计的研究

涡街流量计是目前发展势头十分良好的流量计,在管道流量测量中得到广泛应用,并已跻身通用流量计之列。但涡街流量计尚属发展中流量计,其理论基础和实践经验较薄弱,在使用中,还会出现一些预想不到的问题。为解决这些问题,国内外科研工作者进行了大量的研究工作,并取得了一定进展。从涡街流量计中旋涡分离、涡街发生体形状、涡街信号检测方法及涡街信号分析和处理几方面对国内外研究现状进行了综述,指出研究中存在的难点及今后的研究方向,并提出一种利用涡街原理的新质量流量测量方法。

超声速钝体逆向喷流减阻的数值模拟研究

为研究逆向喷流技术对超声速钝体减阻的影响,采用标准k-ε湍流模型,通过求解二维Navier-Stokes方程对超声速球头体逆向冷喷流流场进行了数值模拟,并着重分析了喷口总压、喷口尺寸对流场模态和减阻效果的影响。计算结果显示:随着喷流总压的变化,流场可出现两种流动模态,即长射流穿透模态和短射流穿透模态;喷流能使球头体受到的阻力明显减小;存在最大减阻临界喷流总压值(在所研究参数范围内最大减阻可达51.1%);在其它喷流物理参数不变时,随着喷口尺寸的增大,同一流动模态下的减阻效果下降。本文的研究对超声速钝体减阻技术在工程上的应用具有一定的参考价值。

三棱柱阻流体无阀压电泵的设计与试验

以三棱柱阻流体为无移动部件阀,结合3D打印技术的快速一体成型特点,设计并制作了以压电振子为动力源的三棱柱阻流体无阀压电泵。分析了该无阀压电泵的工作原理、理论流量和振子振动特性,推导出了它的的流量表达式。利用有限元法对三棱柱阻流体的流阻特性进行了仿真模拟,由其内部压强分布及进出口流速情况,定性分析了三棱柱阻流体的正反向流阻大小。最后,使用3D打印机制作了该无阀泵的试验样机,并进行了流阻和流量测量试验。试验结果表明:三棱柱阻流体具有正反向绕流流阻不等的特性,当驱动电压为550V,驱动频率为8 Hz时,该压电泵的输出流量达到最大,为29.8mL/min。结果证明了该三棱柱阻流体无阀压电泵具有良好的输送流体的能力。

应用基于RNG方法的湍流模型数值模拟钝体绕流的湍流流动

首次采用基于 RNG方法的湍流模型对绕流钝体后尾流流场进行了数值模拟。计算在任意非正交曲线坐标系下 ,采用非交错网格的有限体积法求解二维不可压 N- S方程 ,计算结果与实验数据以及与采用标准的 k- ε两方程湍流模型计算的结果进行比较 ,结果表明基于 RNG方法的湍流模型对于与时间相关的大尺度运动——旋涡脱落的尾流的详细结构 ,能够给出真实的模拟。

半球缺纵向排列对半球缺阻流体无阀泵的影响

为分析半球缺阻流体无阀压电泵中阻流体半球缺的绕流阻力的大小及变化规律对泵输出性能的影响,对阻流体作用规律进行了试验研究。首先,建立了两个半球缺纵向遮流系数及流阻系数的计算公式;其次,递推出多个半球缺纵向排列遮流阻力作用规律;最后,建立了任意多个半球缺纵向流阻系数的关系式。通过对纵向排列半球缺的流阻及泵流量试验,验证了该关系式的正确性;同时,在驱动电压为120V、频率为6Hz时,置入4个半球缺得到了43.89mL/min的最大泵流量,理论与试验流量变化趋势一致。研究表明,半球缺纵向流阻系数关系式可用于半球缺无阀压电泵的流阻及泵流量计算,球缺数量与泵流量呈正相关。

半球缺阻流体无阀压电泵的实验验证

设计了一套压电双晶片作为激励源的半球缺阻流体无阀压电泵。分析了该压电泵的结构及工作原理,并采用有限元软件对其内部流场进行模拟分析。仿真结果表明:该泵存在正反向流阻不等特性,半球缺阻可以作为泵的无运动部件阀。最后,实际制作了半球缺无阀压电样泵和多组半径不等的半球缺,并进行了泵的流阻及流量实验。实验结果表明:该泵正反向流时间差随入口压强增大而减小;当驱动电压为150V,频率为17Hz,半球缺半径为4.0mm时,泵的输出流量达到最大,其值为121.4ml/min;同时,该泵单位时间内的输出流量随半球缺半径增大而呈递减的变化趋势,而且半球缺的半径大小对该类无阀压电泵的工作效能有较大的影响。

槽道中方形障碍物绕流的大涡模拟

本文应用二阶全展开ETG有限元离散格式与大涡模拟相结合的方法对固定在槽道一侧的方形障碍物的绕流进行了数值模拟 ,计算了雷诺数为 40 0 0 0的湍流情况下的绕流流场 ,将模拟结果与实验结果及他人的数值结果进行了对比 ,符合较好 ,表明大涡模拟与所论的具有较高精度的数值算法相结合 。

方柱绕流的数值模拟

采用有限差分法,对雷诺数为2.2×104的方柱绕流进行了大涡模拟(简称LES).运用时间分裂控制(Split-Operator)法,将N-S方程分为对流步、扩散步和传播步.对Smagorinsky假设在近壁区的发散问题用两层模型进行处理.对流项用迎风-中心差分格式模拟,压力方程用SOR法迭代求解.计算得到的沿对称线的时均顺流向速度与文献上的实验结果进行了比较,结果吻合较好;同时还对绕方柱流的流场结构进行了分析研究.