Development and application of a two-dimensional water quality model for the Daqinghe River Mouth of the Dianchi Lake

Water quality models are important tools to support the optimization of aquatic ecosystem rehabilitation programs and assess their efficiency. Basing on the flow conditions of the Daqinghe River Mouth of the Dianchi Lake, China, a two-dimensional water quality model was developed in the research. The hydrodynamics module was numerically solved by the alternating direction iteration （ADI） method. The parameters of the water quality module were obtained through the in situ experiments and the laboratory analyses that were conducted from 2006 to 2007. The model was calibrated and verified by the observation data in 2007. Among the four modelled key variables, i.e., water level, COD （in CODcr）, NH4＋-N and PO43-P the minimum value of the coefficient of determination （COD） was 0.69, indicating the model performed reasonably well. The developed model was then applied to simulate the water quality changes at a downstream cross-section assuming that the designed restoration programs were implemented. According to the simulated results, the restoration programs could cut down the loads of COD and PO43-P about 15%. Such a load reduction, unfortunately, would have very little effect on the NH4^＋-N removal. Moreover, the water quality at the outlet cross-section would be still in class V （3838-02）, indicating more measures should be taken to further reduce the loads. The study demonstrated the capability of water quality models to support aquatic ecosystem restorations.

Water Quality Model Establishment for Middle and Lower Reaches of Hanshui River,China

With the development of industry and agriculture,nitrogen,phosphorus and other nutrients in the Hanshui River greatly increase and eutrophication has become an important threat to the water quality of the Hanshui River,especially in the middle and lower reaches.The primary objective of this study was to establish the water quality model for the middle and lower reaches of the Hanshui River based on the model of MIKE 11.The main pollutants migration and transformation process could be simulated using the water quality model.The rainfall-runoff model,hy-drodynamic model and water quality model were established using MIKE 11.The pollutants,such as chemical oxygen demand(COD),biochemical oxygen demand(BOD),ammonia nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,phosphorus,dissolved oxy-gen(DO),were simulated and predicted using the above three models.A set of methods computing non-point source pollution load of the Hanshui River Basin was proposed in this study.The simulated and observed values of COD,BOD5,ammonia,nitrate,DO,and total phosphorus were compared after the parameter calibration of the water quality model.The simulated and observed results match better,thus the model can be used to predict water quality in the fu-ture for the Hanshui River.The pollution trend could be predicted using the water quality model according pollution load generation.It is helpful for government to take effective measures to prevent the water bloom and protect water quality in the river.

An integrated measurement and modeling methodology for estuarine water quality management

This paper describes research undertaken by the authors to develop an integrated measurement and modeling methodology for water quality management of estuaries. The approach developed utilizes modeling and measurement results in a synergistic manner. Modeling results were initially used to inform the field campaign of appropriate sampling locations and times, and field data were used to develop accurate models. Remote sensing techniques were used to capture data for both model development and model validation. Field surveys were undertaken to provide model initial conditions through data assimilation and determine nutrient fluxes into the model domain. From field data, salinity re- lationships were developed with various water quality parameters, and relationships between chlorophyll a concentrations, transparency, and light attenuation were also developed. These relationships proved to be invaluable in model development, particularly in modeling the growth and decay of chlorophyll a. Cork Harbour, an estuary that regularly experiences summer algal blooms due to anthropogenic sources of nutrients, was used as a case study to develop the methodology. The integration of remote sensing, conventional fieldwork, and modeling is one of the novel aspects of this research and the approach developed has widespread applicability.

The Hydrodynamic Behaviour of Euboean Gulf Coastal Areas and the Mixing of the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Urban Sewage Discharged into Them under the Influence of Climate Change

The hydrodynamic circulation within the marine environment is a complex phenomenon, characterized by the interplay of strong tidal forces, atmospheric influences, and bathymetric features. The physical and hydrodynamic attributes of this flow play a pivotal role in promoting vertical mixing of seawater masses, thereby facilitating the integration of their physical and chemical parameters, including nutrients and oxygen. Additionally, they are instrumental in governing the dispersion and diffusion of pollutants originating from urban sewage, contributing to the overall water renewal process and environmental quality. This study investigates the potential impact of anticipated increases in average air temperatures on water column stratification in coastal regions susceptible to these dynamic influences. These areas receive treated urban sewage, and the study aims to assess how these temperature changes might influence the dispersion and mixing of pollutant loads present in these coastal waters.

Modelling of water quality of Minjiang estuary

In order to establish economic development region at Mawei districtwhich is nearby downstream of Minjiang river and to answer the question of impact of economic development on water quality of Minjiang estuary, the analyses of hydrologic and hydraulic characteristics of Mawei reach of Minjiang tidal river, a two-dimensional mathematical model has been established and simulation of water quality was studied. The results show that the flushing time of a conservative pollutant during dry and raining period are 12 and 7 days respectively from Mawei to Minjiang mouth, the decay rate constants of BOD and NH3-N are 0.1 to 0.4 and 0.18 to 0.45 d-1 respectively. The capacity of dilution and assimilation for pollutants is larger.

Water quality changing trends of the Miyun Reservoir

In order to simulate changes in the water quality of the Miyun Reservoir dueto continuous descent of surface water level, a 3-D ecological hydrodynamic model was developedthrough coupling the water quality analysis simulation program (WASP) with the environmental fluiddynamics code (EFDC). The model was then calibrated and verified. Four scenarios (S1, S21, S22 andS23) were simulated using the model. Results show that the water quality of the Miyun Reservoirunder conditions of low surface water level is apparently affected by different amounts of inflowand different total phosphorus (TP) loadings. The chlorophyll-a concentration might exceed 10 μg/Lin many areas of the Miyun Reservoir (This limitative value is seen as a critical value ofeutrophication) when large loadings of TP enter due to the amount of inflow increasing. Results ofscenario S23 indicate that control of TP loadings can decrease chlorophyll-a concentrationeffectively, and the water quality of the Miyun Reservoir will improve or retain its status quo.

核电工程异形水箱流固耦合分布式参数模型与效用研究

在流固耦合动力分析领域,传统的Housner模型在工程设计中发挥重要作用。但其理论推导仅适用于规则水箱,采用集中质量总体模型描述液体晃动的整体效应,难以有效模拟异形水箱储液结构的局部精细响应,亟须建立适用于不规则水体晃荡的分布式附加质量模型。基于势流理论推导了一种模态综合法模型,实现了分布质量与储液器壁激振加速度的解耦。该模型能够有效剥离分布式的脉冲质量与对流质量;同时,实体网格的振型分析适用于任意形状水体的动力分析。通过算例的形式将该模型与精细声学-结构耦合(Acoustic-Structural coupling,CAS)模拟法进行了比较,验证了模型的精确性与可靠性。最后,基于本文的模型研究了核电异形的安全水箱在不同水位和减晃格栅分布下的动力响应规律,并检验了其在工程中的适用性。

平原河网水动力优化调度与水环境改善的响应关系研究

平原河网河道流动性较差是引起水环境污染严重的主要原因,引调水是改善平原河网地区水环境的重要措施之一。本文以佛山市三山围为例,基于实测资料构建了河网水动力水质耦合模型,采用15天的连续水动力水质监测数据对模型进行了验证,并将NSE和RMSE模型评价指标用于模型评价。同时结合地势、潮汐规律和景观水位等设计了4种闸控模式和7种景观控制水位,共28种模拟工况,模拟分析了不同条件下的水动力水质改善与内外江潮位变化、引排水流量及其空间分布、闸控方式和景观水位等综合响应机理。结果表明:构建的模型合理可靠。研究区域受引排水路径的影响,河道流动性差异较为显著。综合考虑河道流量分布、水流路径、分汊河道分流作用和外江污染物浓度等对河道水质的作用效果并有效结合潮汐河网的动态水环境容量和污染源排放的时空分布对水环境的改善作用将非常显著。与低景观控制水位相比,高景观控制水位的内江动态水环境容量相对较大,污染物浓度较低。景观控制水位从0.2 m上升至0.8 m时,不同引调水路径的引水流量上升28.00%~64.70%,断面氨氮浓度削减了0.85~5.50 mg/L,削减比例达到28.89%~67.23%。本研究为平原潮汐河网水环境优化调度研究提供了新的思路,为相关部门对平原河网的水环境改善提供了重要的参考。

Three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model for TMDL development of Lake Fuxian,China

Lake Fuxian is the largest deep freshwater lake in China. Although its average water quality meets Class I of the China National Water Quality Standard （CNWQS）, i.e., GB3838-2002, monitoring data indicate that the water quality approaches the Class II threshold in some areas. Thus it is urgent to reduce the watershed load through the total maximum daily load （TMDL） program. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model was developed for Lake Fuxian, simulating flow circulation and pollutant fate and transport. The model development process consists of several steps, including grid generation, initial and boundary condition configurations, and model calibration processes. The model accurately reproduced the observed water surface elevation, spatiotemporal variations in temperature, and total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）, and chemical oxygen demand （COD） concentrations, suggesting a reasonable numerical representation of the prototype system for further TMDL analyses. The TMDL was calculated using two interpretations of the water quality standards for Class I of the CNWQS based on the maximum instantaneous surface and annual average surface water concentrations. Analysis of the first scenario indicated that the TN, TP and COD loads should be reduced by 66%, 68% and 57%, respectively. Water quality was the highest priority; however, local economic development and cost feasibility for load reduction can pose significant issues. In the second interpretation, the model results showed that, under the existing conditions, the average water quality meets the Class I standard and therefore load reduction is unnecessary. Future studies are needed to conduct risk and cost assessments for realistic decision-making.

考虑水动力条件及水系连通的平原河网圩区畅流活水方案

针对平原河网地区水动力条件不足等问题,以嘉兴市新塍镇为例,探究不同畅流活水方案对河道水质的改善效果。构建MIKE11水动力学水质耦合模型,分析“引水/水系连通—水质”驱动响应规律,以NH3-N浓度为主要指标,分析不同活水方案的水质改善效果,并提出优化调控方案。结果表明,集中引水对区域水质改善影响较小,分散设置多个引水点可明显提高水质;直接对水质较差河道进行补水,污染物消减率在8%~30%之间,水质改善效果较明显;合理的水系连通工程可进一步增加畅流活水方案水质改善效果。

基于Delft3D的大辽河水动力水质数值模拟

近年来,大辽河流域工业化发展迅速,带来了一系列水质恶化问题。因此,通过实测大辽河水文和水质数据,基于Delft3D建立大辽河二维水动力模型,对其进行水位和水温验证,计算值与实测值基本吻合;在水动力模型的基础上建立水质模型,对其进行NH^(+)_(4)-N(氨氮)和DO(溶解氧)验证,计算结果基本能够反映真实水质变化趋势。通过验证后的水动力水质耦合模型分析大辽河水动力水质输移特征。结果表明,大辽河具有明显的半日潮特征,河口处的流速低于内陆河道的流速;NH^(+)_(4)-N浓度年际分布较为均匀,DO浓度夏季较低,冬季较高;涨潮时,河口处NH^(+)_(4)-N浓度降低,落潮时河口处NH^(+)_(4)-N浓度升高;汛期排放的污染物浓度峰值高于枯水期的值,峰现时间也早于枯水期,在枯水期,污染物更容易在河口处滞留;整合排污口和减排两种方式均能降低河道内污染物浓度,靠近河道上游整合排污口方式优于减排方式,靠近河口减排方式略优于整合排污口。研究成果可为大辽河水质管理提供参考。

数字孪生丹江口水质模型关键技术与应用

数字孪生技术作为近年来的创新技术,通过构建精确的虚拟模型实现了对实际物理世界的高度映射,为解决传统水质安全管理中的难题提供了全新的视角和方法。水质模型是实现数字孪生湖库水质安全精准映射和虚实互动的核心。围绕南水北调中线工程的水源地——丹江口水库的水质安全管理需求,针对传统模型存在的模拟失真、误差累积、计算速度慢及无法满足突发污染事件实际决策要求等各种技术难题,提出了一种新型三维水动力水质模型,并利用实地流场观测和水质监测数据进行了模型校验。结果表明:该模型主要改进了组合σ/z网格、总磷本构方程、突发污染投药处置模拟、OpenMP并行计算、水动力预计算和双时间步长模式、污染团扩散轨迹示踪等关键技术,显著提升了模型的计算效率和模拟精度;通过在2023年汉江秋汛期间对丹江口水库水质安全管理的实际应用,证明了该模型能有效支持水质安全“四预”功能(预报、预警、预演、预案),模拟结果为汉江秋汛防御及汛后蓄水水质安全保障提供了重要技术支撑。

汉江中下游水质时空特征及环境流量确定

近年来,汉江中下游水质问题频发,且河道内环境流量尚未明确,严重威胁沿岸用水安全。为探明汉江中下游水质时空分布特征和河道环境流量,收集调研了2015—2019年汉江中下游黄家港、襄阳、皇庄、沙洋、潜江、仙桃和汉川等7个控制断面的pH、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷5项水质指标,基于水质单因子评价方法分析了水质时空变化特征。通过建立一维水动力-水质模型,构建了基于保障各控制断面水质的环境流量计算方法;根据不同水源的输入,计算了汉江中下游河道环境流量,并提出了保障方案。结果表明,汉江中下游丰水期氨氮和枯水期总磷在皇庄以下断面均未达到Ⅱ类水标准,氨氮沿程变化不明显,总磷从上游至下游逐渐升高。环境流量保障需结合引江济汉补水工程和丹江口下泄流量,丰水期和枯水期当引调长江水分别为500 m^(3)/s和350 m^(3)/s时,还需丹江口水库分别下泄214 m^(3)/s和315 m^(3)/s才能满足河道内的环境流量。研究为汉江中下游水质安全保障和合理分配丹江口水资源提供了参考。

不同调水方案对沙湖水动力及水质影响研究

由于地处降雨量少、蒸发量大的特殊地理环境,沙湖每年都需要调水引流以达到改善水质和维持总体水量的目的。因此调水水量及调水路线的选取对沙湖水质改善有关键的影响。文章基于环境流体力学模型(Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code,EFDC)模型构建了沙湖水动力-水质模型,模拟沙湖水动力、总氮和总磷的时空分布特征,发现与实际数值拟合度较高;并基于沙湖实际调水方案,设置四种调水方案,探究了不同调水方案对沙湖水动力及水质的影响。结果表明调水引流工程能有效加快沙湖水体流速同时降低总氮、总磷浓度,但也会造成沙湖水质波动。相较于减水方案,增水方案对提高沙湖水体流速和降低总氮、总磷浓度的效果更好;与八一渠入流相比,东干渠入流更利于提升沙湖水体流速和降低沙湖总氮、总磷浓度。总体而言,4种调水方案中方案一(增水方案)是改善沙湖水动力条件和水质的最佳方案。

北江下游河道地形演变及其对物质输运的影响分析

基于1998、2012和2020年三期河道实测地形数据,较为系统地研究了北江下游石角-三水河段近20年来河道地形的时空变化特征,同时采用有限体积法建立研究区域二维水动力水质耦合模型,定量研究了不同地形和洪水量级下石角-三水河段水力滞留时间的空间分布。研究结果表明,1998-2012年该段河道存在明显冲刷,研究区域平均高程降低2.9 m,平均深泓点高程降低7.8 m,河道断面存在显著的由宽浅向窄深发展的趋势;2012-2020年,研究区域平均高程降低0.7 m,平均深泓点高程增加0.4 m,变幅显著低于1998-2012年,河道断面形态趋于稳定。研究区域水力滞留时间的空间分布表现为从上游至下游逐渐增大,且河道中心的水力滞留时间一般低于两岸。在同一地形条件下,洪水量级越大,研究区域水力滞留时间越小,物质输运速度越快;在2020年地形条件下,P=1%时出口位置水力滞留时间为11.99 h,低于P=5%时的12.69 h及P=20%时的13.08 h;从时间尺度来看,1998-2020年研究区域平均水力滞留时间增加0.72~0.75 h,出口位置水力滞留时间增加2.20~2.35 h。通过对比出口位置水力滞留时间与区间内各水文站点平均流速,发现二者呈显著的负相关性,并最终采用幂函数建立水力滞留时间的估算公式。相关研究成果可为今后北江下游突发污染事故的预警和管理提供科学参考。

基于MIKE21研究生态补水对巢湖水质时空分布的影响

选取引江济淮工程中引江济巢段的2条生态补水路线,设计3种生态补水方案:方案一为西兆线、菜巢线双线引入巢湖,经裕溪河巢湖闸流出;方案二为兆河单线引入巢湖,由白石天河的白山节制枢纽流出;方案三为生态补水经兆河单线进入巢湖,经裕溪河巢湖闸流出。利用MIKE21软件建立巢湖水动力水质耦合模型,模拟巢湖水动力和水质时空变化过程及4个敏感区域(南淝河入湖口、峔山岛、忠庙和饮用水水源地)的水质改善效果。总体看来,方案二对南淝河入湖口、峔山岛、忠庙水质改善效果最优,而方案三使饮用水水源地总磷(TP)浓度降幅最大。方案二降低了峔山岛、忠庙区域蓝藻暴发的潜在风险,使总氮(TN)/TP分别从14.7、13.4降至7.4、4.0;方案三使饮用水水源地的TN/TP从10.0降至4.8,降低了饮用水水源地蓝藻暴发的潜在风险,但3个生态补水方案中南淝河入湖口区域的TN/TP均在15~20,表明蓝藻暴发风险依然较高。引江济巢工程对巢湖水环境改善有积极的效果,可以保证巢湖市饮用水水源地的水质安全,但由于西半湖的水动力环境未得到改善,蓝藻暴发的潜在风险依然较高,因此,要优化生态补水方案,并有效控制入湖河流流域的地表径流污染、农业面源污染及城市合流制系统的溢流污染。

长江下游河湖水系连通的生态效应与联合调度

现行的水系连通工程规划和实施普遍侧重于水资源调度、防洪抗旱和航运畅通等需求,对连通河湖水生态环境质量的影响机制和协同管理措施仍不明确。引江济太等水系连通工程在恢复长江下游水系连通性的同时,会引起河湖水位、水动力、水沙输移、水质等要素变化,促使水体和底质生境条件改变,导致河湖关键生物种群、生态系统结构及“清水草型”/“浊水藻型”生态类型动态演替,从而深刻影响河湖生态环境。在梳理河湖水系连通联合调度方法的基础上,提出开展长江下游河湖水系连通工程的科学调控,需将水文水动力联动、生境条件变化、生态系统响应、水系连通动态调控有机结合起来,系统分析水系连通下相连河湖的生态响应机理,建立水动力-水质-水生态耦合模型进行仿真模拟,提出保障防洪安全、生态流量、循环畅通的多目标联合调度方案,充分发挥其在水网建设、河湖生态环境复苏等方面的成效。

基于水动力水质模型的浅水型湖泊水环境治理目标可达性评估

当前湖泊水环境治理仍然面临着湖泊水质的实际改善效果与工程方案预期不相符的难题,特别是城市浅水型湖泊,其受外源污染、底泥释放、降雨冲击等因素,对治理成效扰动响应更为剧烈,因此,进行多因素成效评估对城市浅水型湖泊水环境治理尤为重要。采用InfoWorks ICM模型,以武汉市墨水湖为例,搭建浅水型湖泊水质水动力模型,依据气象水文、城市开发建设、湖泊污染情况等现状数据,基于模型计算原理,研究COD、NH_(3)-N、TP等污染物的变化趋势,定量分析不同工况情景下湖泊水质的可达性,评估规划拟建工程的实施效果,可为同类湖泊水环境治理工程方案优化提供参考。

基于MIKE21模型模拟的异龙湖水动力特性与生态补水效果研究

异龙湖是云南九大高原湖泊中面积最小、水量最少、最易受人类活动干扰的湖泊,近年来湖泊水质波动性变化特征明显,湖区水质尚未企稳向好。针对异龙湖流域水文资料匮乏、水质资料较少且湖区水质受气候及人类活动干扰响应明显等特点,依托数值模拟技术来模拟并反演湖区水动力与水质演变过程十分必要。采用GPS示踪浮标法、声学多普勒流速剖面仪监测法和加密加频监测入湖河流与湖泊水质的方式,开展异龙湖生态补水前后的湖泊水动力与湖区水质监测,具象化分析及展示补水水质改善效果,并同时构建了基于MIKE21的平面二维水动力与水质耦合模型。模拟预测结果表明,在常年主导风场西南偏西风下,南北湖岸流向为西北—东南,湖心呈顺时针环流,湖东存在逆时针小环流,在湖西有明显的弱流区,不利于水量、物质交换;年内水质浓度COD总体呈现湖西低-湖中湖东高、雨季明显高于旱季的时空分布格局;在年补水量约3 500万m^(3)和多点、最大补水能力1.95 m^(3)/s的“旱季(11月至次年5月)补水”方案下,湖西、湖中、湖东3个点位COD年均浓度分别可改善约27.6%、24.0%、18.1%,补水带来的水质改善效果十分明显,可为异龙湖生态调度与湖泊水生态修复改善提供良好的决策支撑。

数字孪生丹江口工程突发水污染事故模型研发与应用

针对丹江口水库水域面积广、库岸线长、污染来源分散且类型多的特点,基于有限体积方法自主研发丹江口水库二维水动力水质机理模型,基于拉格朗日粒子追踪方法自主研发丹江口水库二维“油粒子”随机模型。通过机理模型和随机模型相结合,实现丹江口水库任意位置、不同污染类型和排放方式情景的突发水污染场景的快速构建,模拟库区水流运动及污染物输移扩散过程,实时输出污染团前锋运动轨迹、距陶岔里程及预计到达时间等。基于“云境”数字孪生模拟仿真平台实现计算结果的可视化展示,并在丹江口水库多次水污染事故应急处置工作中成功应用,为南水北调中线水源工程应对突发水污染事故和保障水质安全提供有力技术支撑。