The second order spectrum of two-dimensional random waves

On the basis of the second order solution of two-dimensional random gravity waves in finite uniform depth,which is rederived by a perturbation expansion method,the analytical expression of the second order spectrum is strictly deduced, and for infinite depth, the correct form of the kernel function is given for each octant do main.In fact,the present study improves and corrects the generally accepted results obtained by Tick

Three-dimensional dynamic sea surface modeling based on ocean wave spectrum

In conventional marine seismic exploration data processing,the sea surface is usually treated as a horizontal free boundary.However,the sea surface is affected by wind and waves and there often exists dynamic small-range fluctuations.These dynamic fluctuations will change the energy propagation path and affect the final imaging results.In theoretical research,different sea surface conditions need to be described,so it is necessary to study the modeling method of dynamic undulating sea surface.Starting from the commonly used sea surface mathematical simulation methods,this paper mainly studies the realization process of simple harmonic wave and Gerstner wave sea surface simulation methods based on ocean wave spectrum,and compares their advantages and disadvantages.Aiming at the shortcomings of the simple harmonic method and Gerstner method in calculational speed and sea surface simulation effect,a method based on wave equation and using dynamic boundary conditions for sea surface simulation is proposed.The calculational speed of this method is much faster than the commonly used simple harmonic method and Gerstner wave method.In addition,this paper also compares the new method with the more commonly used higher-order spectral methods to show the characteristics of the improved wave equation method.

Parameterized first-guess spectrum method for retrieving directional spectrum of swell-dominated waves and huge waves from SAR images

A method to retrieve ocean wave spectra from SAR images, named Parameterized First-guess Spectrum Method （PFSM）, was proposed after interpretation of the theory to ocean wave imaging and analysis of the drawbacks of the retrieving model generally used. In this method, with additional information and satellite parameters, the separating wave-number is first calculated to determine the maximum wave-number beyond which the linear relation can be used. The separating wave-number can be calculated using the additional information on wind velocity and parameters of SAR satellite. And then the SAR spectrum can be divided into SAR spectrum of wind wave and of swell according to the result of separating wave-number. The portion of SAR spectrum generated by wind wave, is used to search for the most suitable parameters of ocean wind wave spectrum, including propagation direction of ocean wave, phase speed of dominating wave and the angle spreading coefficient. The swell spectrum is acquired by directly inversing the linear relation of ocean wave spectrum to SAR spectrum given the portion of SAR spectrum generated by swell. We used the proposed method to retrieve the ocean wave spectrum from ERS-SAR data from the South China Sea and compared the result with altimeter data. The agreement indicates that the PFSM is reliable.

A joint method to retrieve directional ocean wave spectra from SAR and wave spectrometer data

This paper proposes a joint method to simultaneously retrieve wave spectra at dif ferent scales from spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) and wave spectrometer data. The method combines the output from the two dif ferent sensors to overcome retrieval limitations that occur in some sea states. The wave spectrometer sensitivity coeffi cient is estimated using an ef fective signifi cant wave height(SWH), which is an average of SAR-derived and wave spectrometer-derived SWH. This averaging extends the area of the sea surface sampled by the nadir beam of the wave spectrometer to improve the accuracy of the estimated sensitivity coeffi cient in inhomogeneous sea states. Wave spectra are then retrieved from SAR data using wave spectrometer-derived spectra as fi rst guess spectra to complement the short waves lost in SAR data retrieval. In addition, the problem of 180° ambiguity in retrieved spectra is overcome using SAR imaginary cross spectra. Simulated data were used to validate the joint method. The simulations demonstrated that retrieved wave parameters, including SWH, peak wave length(PWL), and peak wave direction(PWD), agree well with reference parameters. Collocated data from ENVISAT advanced SAR(ASAR), the airborne wave spectrometer STORM, the PHAROS buoy, and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting(ECMWF) were then used to verify the proposed method. Wave parameters retrieved from STORM and two ASAR images were compared to buoy and ECMWF wave data. Most of the retrieved parameters were comparable to reference parameters. The results of this study show that the proposed joint retrieval method could be a valuable complement to traditional methods used to retrieve directional ocean wave spectra, particularly in inhomogeneous sea states.

Effect of non-Gaussian properties of the sea surface on the low-incidence radar backscatter and its inversion in terms of wave spectra by an ocean wave spectrometer

The principle of ocean wave spectrometers was first presented several decades ago to detect the directional wave spectrum with real-aperture radar(Jackson,1981). To invert wave spectra using an ocean wave spectrometer,for simplicity,the hydrodynamic forcing and wave-wave interaction effect are neglected and a Gaussian slope probability density function(pdf) is used to calculate the normalized backscattering cross-section( σ 0) of the ocean surface. However,the real sea surface is non-Gaussian. It is not known whether the non-Gaussian property of the sea surface will affect the performance of the inversion of the wave spectrum if following existing inversion steps and methods. In this paper,the pdf of the sea surface slope is expressed as a Gram-Charlier fourth-order expansion,which is quasi-Gaussian. The modulation transfer function(MTF) is derived for a non-Gaussian slope pdf. The effects of non-Gaussian properties of the sea surface slope on the inversion process and result are then studied in a simulation of the SWIM(Surface Waves Investigation and Monitoring) instrument configuration to be used on the CFOSAT(China-France Oceanography Satellite) mission. The simulation results show that the mean trend of σ 0 depends on the sea slope pdf,and the peakedness and skewness coefficients of the slope pdf affect the shape of the mean trend of σ 0 versus incidence and azimuth; owing to high resolution of σ 0 in the range direction,MTF obtained using the mean trend of σ 0 is almost as accurate as that set in the direct simulation; in the inversion,if ignoring the non-Gaussian assumption,the inversion performances for the wave spectrum decrease,as seen for an increase in the energy error of the inverted wave slope spectrum. However,the peak wavelength and wave direction are the same for inversions that consider and ignore the non-Gaussian property.

Theory and Analysis for First-Order Interaction Between HF Radio Waves and Ocean Waves

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Ocean wave diffraction in near-shore regions observed by Synthetic Aperture Radar

Observation and analysis of ocean wave diffraction in near-shore and near-island region was performed with Synthetic Aperture Radar （SAR） data, using an optimized retrieval method named parameterized first-guess spectrum retrieval method. The results retrieved from ERS-SAR and ENVISAT-ASAR images showed that, in the region sheltered by land jut, the energy of long waves is reduced by 10%-20% and that the propagation direction of long waves is changed due to the effect of topography. In the shadow zone behind the island, ocean wave can propagate along the seashore instead of perpendicular to the coastline, as shown by SAR images.

海洋环境对海洋低频水声扩频通信的影响分析

水声通信是水下舰艇通信的主要手段,从基本物理原理的角度仿真分析海洋环境对水声扩频信号的可能影响,相较于实际海试实验降低了实验难度。选取等熵性质的非均匀介质中的声传播波动方程推导,建立水声信道动力学模型,分析了不同幅度海洋背景噪声下和不同海水密度区间中水声扩频信号传播后的幅频特性和通信误码率的变化。文中,利用Matlab进行微分方程数值解求解和水声传播信号的幅频特性分析。结果表明:1)海洋背景噪声在信噪比高于-20 dB时满足通信准确度要求;2)海水密度的变化对水声扩频通信准确度没有显著影响。

Modified Omega-K algorithm for processing helicopter-borne frequency modulated continuous waveform rotating synthetic aperture radar data

With appropriate geometry configuration, helicopter- borne rotating synthetic aperture radar （ROSAR） can break through the limitations of monostatic synthetic aperture radar （SAR） on forward-looking imaging. With this capability, ROSAR has extensive potential applications, such as self-navigation and self-landing. Moreover, it has many advantages if combined with the frequency modulated continuous wave （FMCW） technology. A novel geometric configuration and an imaging algorithm for helicopter-borne FMCW-ROSAR are proposed. Firstly, by per- forming the equivalent phase center principle, the separated trans- mitting and receiving antenna system is equalized to the case of system configuration with antenna for both transmitting and receiving signals. Based on this, the accurate two-dimensional spectrum is obtained and the Doppler frequency shift effect in- duced by the continuous motion of the platform during the long pulse duration is compensated. Next, the impacts of the velocity approximation error on the imaging algorithm are analyzed in de- tail, and the system parameters selection and resolution analysis are presented. The well-focused SAR image is then obtained by using the improved Omega-K algorithm incorporating the accurate compensation method for the velocity approximation error. FJnally, correctness of the analysis and effectiveness of the proposed al- gorithm are demonstrated through simulation results.

Polarimetric entropy of the ocean surface with a two-scale scattering model

The relationships among an ocean wave spectrum,a fully polarimetric coherence matrix,and radar parameters are deduced with an electromagnetic wave theory.Furthermore,the relationship between the polarimetric entropy and ocean wave spectrum is established based on the definition of entropy and a twoscale scattering model of the ocean surface.It is the first time that the polarimetric entropy of the ocean surface is presented in theory.Meanwhile,the relationships among the fully polarimetric entropy and the parameters related to radar and ocean are discussed.The study is the basis of further monitoring targets on the ocean surface and deriving oceanic information with the entropy from the ocean surface.The contrast enhancement between human-made targets and the ocean surface with the entropy is presented with quad-pol airborne synthetic aperture radar（AIRSAR） data.

Dynamic Response Analysis of Risers Subjected to Combined Wave and Current Loading

A dynamic response analysis in the frequency domain is presented for risers subjected to combined wave and current loading. Considering the effects of current, a modified wave spectrum is adopted to compute the linearized drag force. An additional drag force convolution term is added to the linearized drag force spectrum, therefore the error is reduced which arises from the truncation of higher order terms in the drag force auto-correlation function. An expression of linearized drag force spectrum is given taking the relative velocity into account. It is found that the additional term is a fold convolution integral. In this paper dynamic responses of risers are investigated, while the influence of floater motion on risers is considered. The results demonstrate that the accuracy of the present method reaches the degree required in time domain analysis.

A Wave Modulation Model of Ripples over Long Surface Waves

A study is presented on the modulation of ripples induced by a long surface wave (LW) and a new theoretical modula-tion model is proposed. In this model, the wind surface stress modulation is related to the modulation of ripple spectrum. The model results show that in the case of LW propagating in the wind direction with the wave age parameter of LW increasing, the area with enhanced shear stress shifts from the region near the LW crest on the upwind slope to the LW trough. With a smaller wave age parameter of LW, the ripple modulation has the maximum on the upwind slope in the vicinity of LW crest, while with a larger parameter the enhancement of ripple spectrum does not occur in that region. At low winds the amplitude of ripple modulation transfer function (MTF) is larger in the gravity wave range, while at moderate or high winds it changes little in the range from short gravity waves to capillary waves.

目标海域中航行船舶横摇谱密度值的预报策略

横摇功率谱密度的预报是船舶耐波性分析的重要环节。本文以带有舭龙骨的船舶模型DTMB 5512为研究对象,采用CFD方法对船舶横摇频率响应进行计算。首先利用重叠网格法建立船舶在自由液面中横摇运动的数值模型,进而在可靠验证的基础上,数值研究航速、遭遇频率和波浪方向对船舶横摇响应的影响;接着,基于P-M波谱公式推导出海浪自相关函数表达式,结合目标海域的海浪数据对其进行参数修正,获取该目标海域的自相关函数,从而得到目标海域海浪谱;最后,将频率响应谱与该目标海浪谱相结合,得到横摇谱密度。

基于二维海浪谱的风涌浪分离方法研究

海浪通常以风浪和涌浪混合的形式存在。二者的成长、消衰、传播和破坏机制各不相同,实现风涌浪分离对海洋研究和工程应用具有重要意义。基于斯里兰卡汉班托塔海域的实测数据,讨论了传统波龄法中波龄阈值的选取问题,并对汉班托塔海域的海浪特征进行分析,最后利用波龄法对新提出的不依赖风速风向信息的超射法进行了研究。结果表明,波龄阈值取1.7时最为合理。汉班托塔海域为外海涌浪主导。超射法对外海涌浪的识别结果与波龄法一致,而对高频位置的风浪和局地涌浪给出了不同的结果,这主要是由海浪物理特性的改变慢于风速风向的变化引起。

基于中法海洋卫星波谱仪观测的一维海浪谱模型对比

海浪谱模型不仅能表征粗糙海表面,还能揭示海浪能量随波数和方向的分布,为海洋探测等研究和应用提供必要信息。中法海洋卫星搭载的波谱仪可实现全球海浪方向谱的空间观测。根据现有海浪谱模型和海浪谱观测的发展现状,对波谱仪观测的海浪参数进行统计特征分析,在波谱仪观测的波数范围内(0.01~0.25rad·m^(–1)),进行不同海态下实测海浪谱与以Apel谱、Elfouhaily谱和Goda谱为代表的波高谱和曲率谱模型的比较,得到现有海浪谱观测与上述三种谱模型的差异,并结合海浪参数统计特征,对产生差异的原因进行讨论分析。结果表明,现有谱与波谱仪观测的差异来自于其对海态的不完全表达,且所表示的海态在自然状态中仅占有限比例。研究结论可以为海浪谱模型和观测的后续研究提供支持。

Retrieving capillary-gravity wave spectrum from polarimetric microwave radiation of ocean surface

A new simple two-scale model on the polarimetric microwave emission of ocean surface is derived at first, which can be ex-pressed as an integral of weighting functions (M0 and M2) and ocean surface curvature spectrum coefficients (C0 and C2). This provides a simple way to investigate the effect of curvature spectrum on ocean emission. It is found that ocean waves with wavelengths both comparable to and much greater than the electromagnetic wavelength can contribute to the harmonics of ocean surface microwave emission, depending on the magnitude of the ocean surface spectrum in these length scales. Bright-ness temperature predictions differ significantly due to present diverse spectrum models, and thus a study on wave spectrum obtained inversely from brightness temperature measurements is necessary. From the ocean surface radiation data measured by polarimetric microwave radiometer, we derived an ocean wave spectrum with a wider wave number range, using the proposed two-scale model and constrained linear least-squares method. The derived ocean wave spectrum is useful for comparing with present diverse models.

The effects of the ocean surface wave spectrum on low frequency ambient noise in deep water

An ocean surface wave spectrum which is used for low frequency ambient noise in deep water is proposed. It explains the mechanism of low frequency ambient noise from the theoretical relation between the spectrum of sound pressure and wave. Combining the surface wave spectrum and local wind speed in deep water, a theoretical expression of low frequency ambient noise is obtained with wave generated noise theory. Simulation results show that the wave spectrum is crucial to the intensity and the spectral slope of radiated noise spectrum,and the theoretical noise spectrum could be used to predict the ambient noise in deep water.The predicting results axe verified through the experimental data recorded by an ocean bottom seismometer that was deployed on the floor of deep water in April 2016. It is observed that the statistical noise levels from the experimental data for frequencies from 1 Hz to 100 Hz are larger than 70 dB, and the low frequency ambient noise spectrum follows the shape of inverted"N",the valley of noise spectrum is at 3-4 Hz, and the noise intensity is 70 dB. The peak of noise spectrum is at 50 Hz, and the noise intensity is 92 dB. The correlation coefficient is 0.95 between the model spectrum and measured data.

基于线性海浪理论的海浪数值模拟

概述了海浪理论发展的历史和现状,对几种海浪研究方法进行了简要说明。详细论述了基于线性海浪理论进行海浪数值模拟的线性叠加法和线性过滤法,给出了具体的数值算法,讨论了工程应用数值模拟与视觉效果模拟之间的区别及各自的处理方法。并分析了工程应用领域内进行海浪数值模拟所采用的其他一些理论和方法,指出了现有海浪数值模拟方法存在的局限性。最后,对海浪数值模拟研究的发展趋势进行了展望。

高频地波雷达东海海洋表面矢量流探测试验

OSMAR2 0 0 0高频地波雷达系统采用线性调频中断连续波体制 ,天线阵收发共用 ,应用多重信号分类法(MUSIC)和最小方差法 (MVM)获得海面回波到达角 .2 0 0 0年 10月 2 3～ 2 9日进行了OSMAR2 0 0 0同传统海洋测量设备以及其他雷达系统的对比验证试验 .文中首先介绍雷达系统和提取海流信息所用的回波到达角估计算法 ,然后给出这次试验中海洋表面矢量流的有关对比测量结果 .结果表明了所研制雷达系统以及所采用信号处理方法在海洋表面流探测中的有效性 .

南海东北部海洋内波的反射地震研究

已有的内波研究多来自单点的垂直剖面观测资料,但研究内波水平特征的实测资料却非常缺乏.利用反射地震方法研究海水温盐结构,具有高水平分辨率和短时间内对整个海水垂直剖面进行成像的优势,能够弥补传统物理海洋学观测方法的缺陷,为研究海洋内波提供有前景的新手段.本文通过对南海东北部地震剖面的重新处理、分析,认为地震叠加剖面上同相轴呈现的起伏变化反映了内波的总体形态.计算的水平波数能量密度谱与GM76模型谱基本一致,但在低波数段和高波数段中,两者的振幅及斜率存在着一定差异,经分析认为这种差异主要与内潮波和复杂海底地形的强烈非线性相互作用以及内波破碎等因素有关.