Battlefield dynamic scanning and staring imaging system based on fast steering mirror

This paper presents the design of an experimental battlefield dynamic scanning and staring imaging system based on a fast steering mirror(FSM), which is capable of real-time monitoring of hot targets and wide-area reconnaissance of hot regions. First,the working principle and working sequence of the FSM are briefly analyzed. The mathematical model of the FSM system is built by modeling its dynamic and electrical properties, and the rationality of the model is validated by means of model identification. Second,the influence of external sources of disturbance such as the carrier and moment on the control precision of the FSM is effectively suppressed by the jointly controlling of proportional integral(PI)and disturbance observer(DOB), thus realizing a high precision and strong robustness control of the FSM system. Then, this paper designs an experimental prototype and introduces a special optical structure to enable the infrared camera to share the FSM with the visible light camera. Finally, the influence of the velocity difference between the mirror of the FSM and the rotating platform on the imaging quality of the system is experimentally analyzed by using the image sharpness evaluation method based on point sharpness. A good dynamic scanning and staring imaging result is achieved when the velocity of these two components correspond.

Structured mirror array for two-dimensional collimation of a chromium beam in atom lithography

Direct-write atom lithography,one of the potential nanofabrication techniques,is restricted by some difficulties in producing optical masks for the deposition of complex structures.In order to make further progress,a structured mirror array is developed to transversely collimate the chromium atomic beam in two dimensions.The best collimation is obtained when the laser red detunes by natural line-width of transition 7S3 → 7P40 of the chromium atom.The collimation ratio is 0.45 vertically（in x axis）,and it is 0.55 horizontally（in y axis）.The theoretical model is also simulated,and success of our structured mirror array is achieved.

Endoscopic Optical Doppler Tomography Based on Two-Axis Scanning MEMS Mirror

We study the feasibility of endoscopic optical Doppler tomography with a micro-electro-mechanical system(MEMS) mirror based probe. The additional phase shifts introduced by the probe are tracked and formulated.The suppression method of the probe phase shifts is proposed and validated by fluid flow detection experiments.In vivo blood flow detection is also implemented on a hairless mouse. The velocities of the blood flow in two directions are obtained to be-8.1 mm/s and 6.6 mm/s, respectively.

A Compact MEMS-Based Optical Scanning System with Large Field of View for Lidars

In this work, a design of a compact optical MEMS-based lidar scanning system with a large field of view (FOV) and small distortion is presented. The scanning system applies an off-axis structure and the length of the system can be reduced to about 10 cm in an optimized way. Simulation results show that a large FOV is achieved under a uniform scanning scheme. In addition, the spot size less than 20 cm at distance of 100 m is also realized. The optical scanning system can be used for the vehicle-mounted Lidar.

Fabrication and Application of Nano-SQUID Magnetometer to Scanning Imaging of Two-Dimensional Quantum Materials

Superconducting quantum interference devices(SQUIDs)are directly sensitive to magnetic flux.Nano-fabricated SQUID chip with miniaturized superconducting circuits can be further utilized as scanning probes for imaging of materials.Scanning SQUID microscopy(SSM)combines both high spatial resolution and high magnetic field sensitivity and is especially suitable for studying low dimensional materials with small sensing volumes.Here,we briefly review the fabrication of different types of nano-SQUIDs and the recent progress of utilizing them for scanning microscopy of quantum materials.We focus on but are not limited to topological states,unconventional superconductivity and exotic magnetism with a particular interest in two-dimensional materials.The magnet-ometry,susceptometry and current imaging modes of the SSM coupled with the external tuning of the material by magnetic field,electrical field gating and strain reveals a multitude of information beyond the scopes of charge-sensing probes.

Two-dimensional precise figuring of 500 mm-long X-ray mirror using one-dimensional ion beam system

In this study,a new method was developed to realize two-dimensional(2D)figure correction of grazing-incidence X-ray mirrors using a one-dimensional(1D)ion-beam figuring system.A mask of holes was specifically designed to generate removal functions at different widths and extend the figuring capability over a wide area.Accordingly,a long mirror could be manufactured.Using this method,the surface height root-mean-square(RMS)error of the center area of 484 mm×16 mm was reduced from 11.49 nm to 2.01 nm,and the 1D meridional RMS error reached 1.0 nm.The proposed method exhibits high precision and cost effectiveness for production of long X-ray mirrors.

Structure and Growth of Two-dimensional Ices at the Surfaces Probed by Scanning Probe Microscopy

Scanning probe microscopy(SPM) stands out as one of the most powerful tools for characterizing the solid surface and the adsorbed molecules with ?ngstr?m resolution in real space. In particular, this unique technique provides an unprecedented opportunity for directly probing the low-dimensional ices at surfaces. In this perspective, we first review the recent advances of scanning tunneling microscopy(STM) imaging of various two-dimensional(2 D) ice structures on metal[1-7], insulator[8-12], graphite[13-15] surfaces and under strong confinement[10, 16-19]. We then introduce that noncontact atomic-force microscopy(AFM) with a CO-terminated tip enables atomic imaging of a genuine 2 D ice grown on a hydrophobic Au(111) surface with minimal perturbation[20], paying particular attention to the growth processes at the edges of 2 D ice. In the end, we present an outlook on the future applications of 2 D ice as well as the relation between the 2 D and 3 D ice growth.

Defect-induced Surface and Interface Reconstruction in Novel Two-dimensional Materials Revealed by Low Voltage Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Two-dimensional(2 D) materials attracted substantial attention due to their extraordinary physical properties resulting from the unique atomic thickness. 2 D materials could be considered as material systems with flat surfaces at both sides, while the van der Waals gap is a natural out-of-plane interface between two monolayers. However, defects are inevitably presented and often cause significant surface and interface reconstruction, which modify the physical properties of the materials being investigated. In this review article, we reviewed the effort achieved in probing the defect structures and the reconstruction of surface and interface in novel 2 D materials through aberration corrected low voltage scanning transmission electron microscopy(LVSTEM). The LVSTEM technique enables us to unveil the intrinsic atomic structure of defects atom-by-atom, and even directly visualize the dynamical reconstruction process with single atom precision. The effort in understanding the defect structures and their contributions in the surface and interface reconstructions in 2 D materials shed light on the origin of their novel physical phenomenon, and also pave the way for defect engineering in future potential applications.

基于双楔形扫描镜的甲烷气体光谱成像方法

随着我国油气管道铺设数量的增加,对管道的维护工作也需予以更多的重视.目前,在油气输送站场内,主要采用人工巡检、对射式和云台式检测设备来检测天然气泄漏.但是这些方法存在响应度差、检测区域受限、泄漏点定位较慢等问题.为了满足对油气管道泄漏实时监测和快速定位的需求,本文设计了一种快速、精确控制的双楔形扫描镜系统,结合可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术,使得气体测量由原来的点测量转换为面测量.通过反解迭代优化算法,控制楔形镜的转角获得高效均匀的光束扫描轨迹,并将激光束的偏转方向及检测位置与对应的甲烷浓度信息相融合,构建了包含有位置信息的甲烷浓度数据,实现甲烷气体的光谱成像.实验中为了定量验证测量准确度及空间分辨率,通过标准气袋模拟甲烷泄漏分布,结果表明系统的成像浓度检测限小于500 ppm·m(1 ppm=10^(–6)),位置分辨率小于6 cm.同时该方法可以依据油气站场的测量距离调节扫描步进节点,从而实现成像分辨率的可调节,该成像方法为精确定位甲烷气体泄漏提供了新的思路.

Bimorph deformable mirror based adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope for retina imaging in vivo

A bimorph deformable mirror （DM） with a large stroke of more than 30 μm using 35 actuators is presented and characterized for an adaptive optics （AO） confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope application. Facilitated with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, the bimorph DM-based AO operates closed-loop AO corrections for hu- man eyes and reduces wavefront aberrations in most eyes to below 0.1 μm rms. Results from living eyes, including one exhibiting ~5D of myopia and ~2D of astigmatism along with notable high-order aberrations, reveal a prac- tical efficient aberration correction and demonstrate a great benefit for retina imaging, including improving resolution, increasing brightness, and enhancing the contrast of images.

Field induced Chern insulating states in twisted monolayer–bilayer graphene

Unraveling the mechanism underlying topological phases, notably the Chern insulators(Ch Is) in strong correlated systems at the microscopy scale, has captivated significant research interest. Nonetheless, Ch Is harboring topological information have not always manifested themselves, owing to the constraints imposed by displacement fields in certain experimental configurations. In this study, we employ density-tuned scanning tunneling microscopy(DT-STM) to investigate the Ch Is in twisted monolayer–bilayer graphene(t MBG). At zero magnetic field, we observe correlated metallic states.While under a magnetic field, a metal–insulator transition happens and an integer Ch I is formed emanating from the filling index s = 3 with a Chern number C = 1. Our results underscore the pivotal role of magnetic fields as a powerful probe for elucidating topological phases in twisted Van der Waals heterostructures.

Photoacoustic microscopy by scanning mirror-based synthetic aperture focusing technique

Photoacoustic imaging with a synthetic aperture focusing technique（SAFT） is an effective method to improve the lateral resolution for out-of-focus regions in scanning microscopy systems, which commonly require a decent motorized scanning stage for a lateral scan of a transducer to obtain a cross-sectional image. In this study, we propose and test a photoacoustic imaging system with a scanning mirror-based SAFT（SM-SAFT） for simple and fast data acquisition, without the need for a physical scan of the transducer. Photoacoustic images of hair phantoms acquired by SM-SAFT are demonstrated, serving as a proof-of-concept experiment to show the feasibility and potential of the proposed approach.

THE MEASUREMENT OF DNA IN TUMOUR CELLS OF SEROUS CYSTOADENOMAS OF OVARY WITH MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETER BY MIRROR SCANNING METHOD

The biochemical methods usually were used to measure the content of cellular DNA. In these procedures the DNA must be separated from cells and purified before quantitative deter mination. But there are many difficulties in separation and purification of cellular DNA by those overloading procedures. In the last decade, microspectrophotometry appeared

Slow Phase Transition-Induced Scan Rate Dependence of Spin Crossover in a Two-Dimensional Supramolecular Fe(III)Complex

Spin crossover(SCO)is commonly accompanied by a synchronous phase transition.A few phase transitioncoupled SCO compounds have been reported,yet the synergy between SCO and phase transition on different time scales has not been explored.Herein,we report an[Fe(H-5-Cl-thsa-Et)(5-Cl-thsa-Et)]·H2O(1·H2O;H2-5-Cl-thsa-Et=5-chloro-salicylaldehyde ethylthiosemicarbazone)Fe(III)complex that displays a two-dimensional supramolecular structure and SCO behavior above room temperature.Its dehydrated form1 exhibits a two-step spin transition with aplateau in the temperature-dependent magnetization(M−T)curve at room temperature and a 51 K thermal hysteresis loop(Tc↑↓=299/248 K)at a rate of 5 K/min.The improved SCOperformance in 1 could be attributed to the stronger intralayer but weaker interlayer interactions,which is supported by single-crystal structural analysis and density functional theory calculations.Remarkably,complex 1 displays an unusual scan rate-dependent SCO behavior at rates of 0.5−30 K/min,in whichM−T curveplateaus appear at lower scan rates(<10 K/min)but vanish at faster scan rates(≥10 K/min).Scan rate-dependent differential scanning calorimetry,powder X-ray diffractometry,timedependent magnetic moment decays,and infrared spectroscopy consistently reveal that the slow structural relaxation is coupled with a slowcrystallographic phase transition,which is the mechanism for the unusual scan rate-dependent SCO.

45°二维扫描镜扫描轴系特性分析

对工作于三轴稳定平台的45°扫描镜绕不同轴系摆动时的摆动范围及扫描轨迹进行了分析比较,给出了扫描镜选用不同轴系时的扫描摆动角度的计算方法,在工程应用中具有重要实用意义。

成像光谱仪运动补偿扫描镜的研制

基于光、机、电一体化的设计思想,研制了一套高精度扫描镜机构,用于提高空间相机对某些特定暗目标的观测能力。首先,根据相机总体下达的性能指标,讨论了可行的驱动方案,确定了以步进电机为核心的系统控制方法。然后,介绍了驱动单元、精密轴系和扫描镜支撑结构3项关键技术。最后,给出了扫描镜机构的工程分析结果并进行了相关例行试验。试验结果表明:设计的扫描镜机构定位误差优于40″,在工作速度范围内相对速度精度优于7%(均方根值),主轴径向跳动误差为2μm,满足了空间相机对扫描镜机构在稳定性、位置和速度精度、体积、重量等方面的要求。

航空相机的像旋转特性分析及其补偿方法

航空相机在多航迹成像方式中,随着45°反射镜绕光轴旋转对物进行扫描,物体反射像也将绕光轴进行旋转,为此必须采取消除像旋转的措施来保证成像质量。为阐述产生像旋转的原因,分析了扫描反射镜的像旋转特性;并在探讨消除像旋技术理论的基础上,提出了一种反射镜与探测器同步转动消除像旋转的方法。在多航迹工作方式中,此方法为相机扫描机构连续扫描成像提供了必要条件。利用此方法还改进了以往步进式扫描机构的惯量大、扫描效率低的问题,并在实际工程中得以应用和证明。试验结果表明,该方法的同步旋转误差小于1/3像元,能够获得良好的图像效果。

扫描镜动态面形变化和模态分析

为了分析某热像仪帧扫描镜在工作状态下的面形变化和产生2000 H z共振的原因,并提供改进设计依据,根据帧扫描镜运动曲线计算了帧扫描镜的扫描角速度和角加速度,用有限元分析软件I-DEA S计算了扫描镜在扫描、加速、减速过程中面型的变化和前10阶固有模态,分析了扫描镜在试验中产生2000 H z共振的原因,并对扫描镜结构进行了改进,重新计算了面型变化和前10阶模态,试验证明消除了共振现象。最后提出了扫描镜设计时应注意动态下的面型变化是否满足要求,以及固有模态要避开驱动力矩中的干扰频率等要点。

二维扫描镜扫描特性理论分析

在航天遥感仪器中,为了缩小二维指向镜的大小可将45°镜偏转一定角度,如60°镜。在光学反射矢量理论基础上,对不同角度指向镜的摆动范围、像旋特性进行分析比较。从扫描特性角度分析了倾斜扫描镜使其减小尺寸的可行性。

消除45°旋转扫描反射镜像旋转系统的研究及应用

研制了在宽波段范围内采用“Ｋ镜”来消除４５°旋转扫描反射镜像旋转的系统，并进行了理论上的推导和海洋卫星水色扫描仪的实际应用，证明该系统能很好地消除４５°旋转扫描反射镜产生的像旋转，从而提出４５°旋转扫描反射镜加“Ｋ镜”