Simultaneous optimization and control for polypropylene grade transition with two-layer hierarchical structure

In this paper,a two-layer hierarchical structure of optimization and control for polypropylene grade transition was raised to overcome process uncertain disturbances that led to the large deviation between the open-loop reference trajectory and the actual process.In the upper layer,the variant time scale based control vector parametric methods(VTS-CVP) was used for dynamic optimization of transition reference trajectory,while nonlinear model predictive controller(NMPC) based on closed-loop subspace and piece-wise linear(SSARX-PWL) model in the lower layer was tracking to the reference trajectory from the upper layer for overcoming high-frequency disturbances.Besides,mechanism about trajectory deviation detection and optimal trajectory updating online were introduced to ensure a smooth transition for the entire process.The proposed method was validated with the real data from an industrial double-loop propylene polymerization reaction process with developed dynamic mechanism mathematical model.

A Glance on the Mineral Deposits and Stratigraphic Sequential Variations and Structures in Different Sections of Indus Basin (Pakistan): New Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaurs from the Latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation of Pakistan

Indus basin hosts many significant mineral deposits like gypsum and cement raw materials, gemstones, iron, coal, marble, dimension and construction stones, petroleum and water resources, world class pink salt and other many minerals in different regions which need further exploitation and development. The construction of new water dams in different regions are vital (for availability of cheap electricity), because of available barren and fertile lands and wastage of water as flood. Further the installation of more cement industries in different regions of Indus Basin especially in middle Indus (Sulaiman Range where gypsum, clays and limestones can be available via belt) can increase export to receive more foreign exchange and make local cement cheap for the sustainable development of Pakistan. 31 stratigraphic sequential sections at different sections of Indus basins are presented to know the variation and local stratigraphy. Further here three new titanosaur taxa are being described. Saraikimasoom is based on snout;Gspsaurus, (Maojandino), Nicksaurus and Khanazeem are based on cranial, vertebral and appendicular elements;Balochisaurus, Marisaurus, Pakisaurus, and 3 new genera and species Imrankhanhero zilefatmi, Qaikshaheen masoomniazi and Ikqaumishan smqureshi based on vertebral and appendicular elements;and Sulaimanisaurus and Khetranisaurus based on only caudal vertebrae. Although Pakistani Titanosaurians seem to be proliferated found from one horizon of Vitakri Formation just below the K-Pg boundary they have a wide range of diagnostic features and key elements among titanosaurs which can be used for comparison and phylogenetic analyses with broad updated character data set of titanosaurs.

3-D seismic interpretation of stratigraphic and structural features in the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous sequence of the Gullfaks Field,Norwegian North Sea:A case study of reservoir development

The 3-D seismic dataset is a key tool to analyze and understand the mechanism of structural and stratigraphic hydrocarbon(HC)trapping in the subsurface.Conventionally used subsurface seismic characterization methods for fractures are based on the theory of effective anisotropy medium.The aim of this work is to improve the structural images with dense sampling of 3-D survey to evaluate structural and stratigraphic models for reservoir development to predict reservoir quality.The present study of the Gullfaks Field,located in the Norwegian North Sea Gullfaks sector,identifies the shallowest structural elements.The steepness of westward structural dip decreases eastward during the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous deposition.Reservoir sands consist of the Middle Jurassic deltaic deposits and Lower Jurassic fluvial channel and delta plain deposits.Sediment supply steadily prevails on sea-level rise and the succession displays a regressive trend indicated by a good continuous stacking pattern.The key factor for the development of reservoirs in the Gullfaks Field is fault transmissibility with spatially distributed pressure.The majority of mapped faults with sand-to-sand contacts are non-sealing,which provide restriction for the HC flow between the fault blocks.The traps for HC accumulation occur between the post-rift and syn-rift strata,i.e.antiform set by extensional system,unconformity trap at the top of syndeposition,and structural trap due to normal faults.Overall reservoir quality in the studied area is generally excellent with average 35%porosity and permeability in the Darcy range.Our findings are useful to better understand the development of siliciclastic reservoirs in similar geological settings worldwide.

Integrated Energy System Planning at Modular Regional-user Level Based on a Two-layer Bus Structure

An integrated energy system(IES)planning method with modular simulation and optimization models is proposed in this paper.A two-layer bus structure is adopted in the simulation model,where the external bus structure is used for power balance while the internal bus structure simulates the fast dynamics of electricity and slow dynamics of heat network in detail.In addition,an improved self-adaptive genetic algorithm(GA)is adopted in the optimization model to solve the multi-dimension and multi-time-scales optimization problem for the regional-user level IEPS.The proposed method can improve the extension flexibility of the system optimal planning model with expected accuracy.A case study is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed planning method.

Investigating the Stratigraphy and the Gender of Nano-Fossils in the Lower Part of the Abtalkh Formation in Kopet Dagh Zone

A structural-sediment zone of Kopet Dagh is one of the geological units. The southern Kopet Dagh zone is limited to Binalood and the northern limit is with the Turan plateau fault and is created as sediment (Trough) in the late Triassic. The main fault zones are divided into two groups of foundation faults and overthrust. Kopet Dagh is a giant gas field between Turkmenistan, Iran and Afghanistan. Most areas of the region have a temperate climate so cold. From the middle Cambrian to the present, five phases of orogeny have occurred in the region. The geographic location of the study area is 37°43'03"N latitude and 55°35'47"E. In terms of stratigraphic formations in the Cretaceous period, Kopet Dagh area, respectively, is from old to new, including: Shurijeh, Zard, Tiregan, Sar Cheshmeh, Sanganeh, Aitamir, Abderaz, Abtalkh, Neyzar and Kalat. Abtalkh formation is one of the most important rock units in the late Cretaceous in the Kopet Dagh Basin. Abtalkh formation is 489 m and its stratigraphic units are 80 meters of dark grayshale, 20 km dark grayshale with calcareous layers with Inoseramus, 50 m gray marl tend to bluish with Siliceous limestone interlayers, 19 meters of gray-blueshale, 320 meters of light gray shale withthinlayer limestone interlayers. To take pictures of the samples, 100× objective lens and digital camera were used. In the course of this study, the lower part of Abtalkh formation was in Itamir cutting of the study and 9 genera were identified. Recognized calcareous Nannofossil had diversity and abundance. In general, in the greater thickness of the study, samples have moderate preservation. In some cases, the impact of dissolution phenomenon was so great that the main part of the species were corroded. Paying attention to the range of the rise and fall of index species and fossil assemblages, 4 biozones were identified for cutting according to the zones (CC18-CC21) of Sysyngzoning, 1977.

鄂尔多斯盆地含铝岩系天然气成藏主控因素与勘探启示

基于野外露头、岩心、录井、测井、试气及分析化验等资料,采用天然气成藏与铝土岩成矿一体化研究方法,分析鄂尔多斯盆地含铝岩系有效储层发育控制因素、煤系烃源岩与含铝岩系的源储配置关系,构建天然气成藏模式,对煤下含铝岩系天然气勘探潜力进行评价。研究表明:(1)鄂尔多斯盆地含铝岩系的有效储层主要为一水硬铝石含量超过75%,具有多孔状残余豆鲕、碎屑结构的蜂窝状铝土岩,溶蚀孔为主要储集空间;(2)铝土岩储层形成模式为夷平化作用提供含铝岩系发育的物质基础、岩溶古地貌控制含铝岩系发育、陆表淋滤作用改善储集性能;(3)晚石炭世—早二叠世,受湿热气候环境和海平面变化控制,古陆或古岛边缘的相对低洼带发育典型的煤-铝-铁三段式地层结构;(4)煤系烃源岩广覆式生烃,天然气在煤下含铝岩系储层富集,为源下成藏;(5)中国华北陆块的上石炭统—下二叠统含铝岩系气藏呈透镜状点群式聚集,勘探潜力大,有望成为华北克拉通上古生界重要的天然气勘探新领域。

塔里木盆地西北缘乌什西次凹的地层系统和构造特征

乌什西次凹位于塔里木盆地西北缘,隶属于库车坳陷的乌什凹陷。它位于南天山主山脉(哈尔克山)和塔里木盆地柯坪—温宿凸起之间。区域构造格局上,这里是塔里木克拉通向西北自然延伸的部分。次凹北缘的阿合奇断裂是南天山造山带和塔里木克拉通的分界。乌什西次凹内发育与柯坪—温宿凸起相似的晚前寒武纪—古生代地层系统,包括寒武系、奥陶系和石炭系的烃源岩。新近系—第四系碎屑岩建造直接不整合于变形的古生代被动大陆边缘碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩沉积建造之上;剖面上,向南天山方向加厚,向塔里木克拉通方向减薄,呈现典型的前陆盆地剖面结构特征。这是一个晚新生代陆内前陆盆地,叠加在晚海西期—燕山期古隆起之上。这里的构造变形主要有3期,分别是中海西期、晚海西期—印支期和晚喜山期。变形以厚皮冲断构造及其相关褶皱为主,薄皮构造不发育。平面上,主构造线走向NE-SW。剖面上,以南天山向塔里木冲断为主。

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘宁县—正宁地区延长组地层结构重建及页岩油富集模式探讨

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组页岩油资源丰富,但不同地区勘探研究程度差异大,延长组地层结构及页岩油形成及富集控制因素认识有待深化。利用伊陕斜坡南部宁县—正宁地区新采集的三维地震资料,以及区内的钻井、录井、测井、各类分析测试成果,对延长组地层分布结构和长7段页岩油形成及富集控制因素进行了探讨。综合研究认为,研究区延长组长7—长2段地层具有逐层向湖盆中心进积的楔状地层结构特征;延长组物源主要来自秦岭造山带,各期楔形地层内顺物源方向以河流—三角洲—半深湖—深湖重力流序列充填,具有“同期异相”特征;长7段发育砂质碎屑流及浊流沉积,储层横向变化快,非均质性强,总体属于低孔—特低孔、超低渗致密储层;延长组围绕长7段主力烃源岩,具有上生下储、自生自储、下生上储三种成藏组合类型,长7段主要发育自生自储(夹层)型页岩油,具有优质烃源岩—优势相带—断裂—构造共同控藏特征,其中烃源岩控制页岩油有利发育区,优势相带和断裂控制页岩油富集部位。

基于二维地震数据的北部湾南康盆地南缘地层结构探测研究

近地表二维地震数据在地层结构探测中应用广泛,但从二维地震数据体提取相关地震属性并应用于沉积环境解释的案例较少。通过采用多种叠前噪音去除、振幅补偿、反褶积、高精度速度分析与叠加等处理技术,获得供地层结构划分与属性提取的高信噪比叠加地震剖面。提取盆地基底等T0值,并优选均方根振幅、瞬时频率、主频率、带宽等地震属性,计算了基底埋深等T0空间分布图、相关地震属性分布图。结果表明,盆地基底西北部埋深小于东南部,呈现北西—南东向倾斜入海的趋势;盆地埋深浅的基底目标沉积环境,对应均方根振幅高、带宽值高,埋深大的基底目标沉积环境,对应均方根振幅低、带宽值低,瞬时频率与主频率也呈现低值特征。

Main controlling factors and exploration enlightenment of aluminous rock series gas reservoirs in Ordos Basin,NW China

Based on the data of outcrop,core,logging,gas testing,and experiments,the natural gas accumulation and aluminous rock mineralization integrated research was adopted to analyze the controlling factors of aluminous rock series effective reservoirs in the Ordos Basin,NW China,as well as the configuration of coal-measure source rocks and aluminous rock series reservoirs.A natural gas accumulation model was constructed to evaluate the gas exploration potential of aluminous rock series under coal seam in the basin.The effective reservoirs of aluminous rock series in the Ordos Basin are composed of honeycomb-shaped bauxites with porous residual pisolitic and detrital structures,with the diasporite content of greater than 80%and dissolved pores as the main storage space.The bauxite reservoirs are formed under a model that planation controls the material supply,karst paleogeomorphology controls diagenesis,and land surface leaching improves reservoir quality.The hot humid climate and sea level changes in the Late Carboniferous–Early Permian dominated the development of a typical coal-aluminum-iron three-stage stratigraphic structure.The natural gas generated by the extensive hydrocarbon generation of coal-measure source rocks was accumulated in aluminous rock series under the coal seam,indicating a model of hydrocarbon accumulation under the source.During the Upper Carboniferous–Lower Permian,the relatively low-lying area on the edge of an ancient land or island in the North China landmass was developed.The gas reservoirs of aluminous rock series,which are clustered at multiple points in lenticular shape,are important new natural gas exploration fields with great potential in the Upper Paleozoic of North China Craton.

海南岛西部单道地震和浅地层剖面资料联合解释

结合近年来采集的单道地震和浅地层剖面数据,探讨单一数据在解释工作中存在片面性和精度不足的问题。利用海南岛西部海域单道地震和浅地层剖面仪同步测量数据开展联合解释,分析认为其在划分浅地层结构、识别灾害地质体、圈定海砂资源分布等方面具有更高的可靠性。分析结果显示:在高精度地震资料解释需求的背景下,开展联合解释可有效提高对地质演化的认识,降低地质解释的多解性,优化海砂资源靶区,为海洋开发和海洋工程建设提供更准确可信的地质信息和依据。

煤矿地质钻探中的关键问题分析

随着中国经济的持续发展和工业化进程的加速推进,煤矿资源的开发显得尤为重要,然而,煤矿地质钻探作为勘探和开发的重要环节,还面临着诸多挑战,因此,深入分析了煤矿地质钻探中的关键问题及解决方案。首先,介绍了地质钻探的基本原理,着重阐述了钻探技术的发展;其次,探讨了煤矿地质钻探的关键问题,包括目标层位识别、地层构造解析和煤层性质评价;最后,提出了解决这些问题的方案与创新技术,包括应用先进的钻探设备及数据处理与分析技术。

复杂地层结构的正演模拟与储层定量刻画研究——以渤海A油田东三段为例

渤海A油田东三段发育辫状河三角洲前缘沉积,实钻井揭示砂岩含量介于5%~65%之间,局部地区储层内部发育5.4~22.6 m厚火成岩,呈层状分布。东三段储层可划分为火成岩发育区及水下分流河道、远砂坝、席状砂发育区,精细井震标定研究表明,地震振幅属性与不同相带地层结构有较好相关性。通过开展基于不同沉积相带复杂地层结构的正演模拟实验,建立了砂岩含量与地震振幅关系。结果表明:当岩性为砂岩、泥岩互层时,均方根振幅值在1 160~4 808之间,砂岩含量与均方根振幅值呈现三段式关系;当岩性为砂岩、泥岩及火成岩互层时,均方根振幅值高于7 266,砂岩含量随均方根振幅值增大而降低。通过井点校正得出不同相带内砂岩含量与均方根振幅值的函数关系,分区带定量刻画了渤海A油田东三段砂岩含量分布。将该成果应用于地质精细建模中,优化20口开发井井位部署,单井砂岩钻遇率平均提高22.3%,通过模型预测,提高采收率1.2%。

复杂砂岩矿物组分的定量评价方法——以陇东地区上古生界储层为例

陇东地区上古生界储层岩屑成分种类复杂且多变,分选性很差,从成分到结构差异性都很大;储层孔隙结构变化大,孔渗关系复杂;复杂孔隙结构导致储层电性受孔隙结构影响大,对流体性质响应弱,流体性质判识难。元素测井是目前定量评价岩石矿物组分精度最高的测井方法,但受成本所限,不能普遍应用,因此利用常规测井曲线定量评价复杂砂岩矿物组分是一种有效的尝试。经实践证明,应用能谱岩石矿物组分定量评价技术,可精细评价岩性,识别低阻气层,其中,陇东地区上古生界解释符合率提高至80%,助力盒8段、山1段发现多个有利含气砂带,新增含气面积4444.1 m 2,预测地质储量2524×108 m 3,取得了良好效果。

刚果(金)FTB矿区铜钴矿地质特征及找矿方向

刚果(金)FTB矿区铜钴矿矿体呈透镜状、脉状赋存于罗安群矿山组。区内大面积出露卡莫阿-卡库拉铜矿恩古巴群含矿地层。地层、构造对成矿的控制作用明显。本文在重新梳理矿床地质特征、控矿因素和化探异常特征基础上,结合卡莫阿-卡库拉铜矿地质特征,优选出三个出露恩古巴群底部杂砾岩层位靶区为下步找矿方向,实现找矿突破,为矿山建设开发提供资源基础。

松辽盆地双城断陷白垩系营城组四段致密油成藏主控因素及模式

综合利用地震资料和岩心分析测试资料如包裹体均一温度、岩石热解和储层物性等,对松辽盆地双城断陷白垩系营城组四段(营四段)致密油藏类型、分布特征、成藏期次进行了分析,并从烃源岩评价、储层特征、构造活动和输导体系4个方面对致密油成藏的主控因素进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)松辽盆地双城断陷营四段致密油藏的类型及分布规律为,自中部洼槽向两侧斜坡依次发育源内岩性油藏、近源断层-岩性、地层油藏和远源构造油藏,油藏为一期成藏,主成藏期为晚白垩世姚家组沉积末期—嫩江组沉积初期(80~78 Ma)。(2)研究区营四下亚段发育的湖相泥岩、油页岩的生烃潜力较大,中部洼槽为生、排烃中心,生、排烃强度均较高,分别为(20~300)×10^(4)t/km^(2)和(5~53)×10^(4)t/km^(2);营四上亚段发育的扇三角洲相含砾砂岩储层厚度大、连续性好,前缘砂体延伸入湖,平均孔隙度为11.4%,平均渗透率为0.95 mD,其中孔隙度大于8.0%、渗透率高于0.85 mD的相对优质储层是致密油富集的有利目标;深层各类圈闭在早白垩世泉头组沉积末期即已形成,而主成藏期时研究区构造活动较弱,有利于油藏的形成和保存;由断裂、不整合和连通砂体组成的多类型立体输导体系是油气运移主要通道,促进油气向两侧斜坡汇聚。(3)研究区致密油成藏受“源-扇-体”耦合控制,围绕生烃洼槽呈环带状分布,具有大面积分布、局部富集的特点,中部洼槽为源内“源-储叠置、网毯连接、扇体聚集”成藏模式,东部斜坡为近源“源-储紧邻、断-砂匹配、阶梯运移”成藏模式,西部陡坡为远源“源-储分离、‘Y’型运聚、高点富集”成藏模式。被泥岩包裹或与泥岩互层式接触的扇体、油源断裂附近的断层-岩性圈闭和地层圈闭、靠近油源断裂的背斜和断背斜圈闭分别是中部洼槽、东部斜坡和西部斜坡的有利勘探目标。

塔里木盆地北部库车地区秋里塔格构造带地层结构及其对构造变形的制约

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