Lithium primary batteries are widely used in various fields where high energy densities and long storage times are in demand.However,studies on lithium primary batteries are currently focused on the gravimetric energy...Lithium primary batteries are widely used in various fields where high energy densities and long storage times are in demand.However,studies on lithium primary batteries are currently focused on the gravimetric energy densities of active materials and rarely account for the volumetric energy requirements of unmanned devices.Herein,CuF_(2)/CF_(x) composites are prepared via planetary ball milling(PBM)to improve the volumetric energy densities of lithium primary batteries using the high mass density of CuF_(2),achieving a maximum volumetric energy density of 4163.40 Wh L^(-1).The CuF_(2)/CF_(x) hybrid cathodes exhibit three distinct discharge plateaus rather than simple combinations of the discharge curves of their components.This phenomenon is caused by charge redistribution and lattice modulation on the contact surfaces of CuF_(2) and CF_(x) during PBM,which change the valence state of Cu and modify the electronic structures of the composites.As a result,CuF_(2)/CF_(x) hybrid cathodes exhibit unique discharge behaviors and improved rate capabilities,delivering a maximum power density of 11.16 kW kg^(-1)(25.56 kW L^(-1)).Therefore,it is a promising strategy to further improve the comprehensive performance of lithium primary batteries through the use of interfacial optimization among different fluoride cathodes.展开更多
A few classes of organic compounds are promising electrode-active materials due to their high power and energy densities,low cost,environmental friendliness,and functionality.In the present work,the possibility of usi...A few classes of organic compounds are promising electrode-active materials due to their high power and energy densities,low cost,environmental friendliness,and functionality.In the present work,the possibility of using Klason lignin extracted from buckwheat husks as a cathode-active material for a primary lithium battery has been investigated for the first time.The reaction mechanism in the lithium/lignin electrochemical cell was suggested based on the deep galvanostatic discharge（up to 0.005 V） data and cyclic voltammetry results.The dependence of the electrochemical behavior of the Klason lignin on the milling degree was evaluated.The maximum specific capacity of the lignin is equal to 600 m Ah g-1at a discharge current density of 75 μA cm-2.Beneficial effect of the thermal treatment of the Klason lignin cathode at250°C on the cell performance was established.It was found that the discharge capacity of the cell increased by 30% in the range from 3.3 to0.9 V for the treated cathode material.These results demonstrate the prospects of using Klason lignin-based electrochemical cells as low-rate primary power sources.展开更多
This article is to highlight recent work from Prof.Yunhua Xu published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2022,119,e2116775119.Organic electrode materials are promising candidates for battery elect...This article is to highlight recent work from Prof.Yunhua Xu published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2022,119,e2116775119.Organic electrode materials are promising candidates for battery electrode materials due to the abundant resource,structural diversity,environmental friendliness,and potential low cost.[1]However,most of reported organic materials rely on one-electron redox reaction per active group.展开更多
Although metal-air batteries(MABs)including Mg-air batteries possess high theoretical energy densities and are promising in energy storage systems,the poor performances and high cost of corresponding electrocatalysts ...Although metal-air batteries(MABs)including Mg-air batteries possess high theoretical energy densities and are promising in energy storage systems,the poor performances and high cost of corresponding electrocatalysts and air cathodes significantly limit practical application.Based on this,the present review gives a summary of the recent progress in the development of cost effective non-noble metal electrocatalysts and their associated air cathodes for MABs,with a particular focus on Mg-air batteries including the aspects of corresponding catalyst synthesis and characterization,catalyzed oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)mechanism,air cathode fabrication and performance validation.The paper also provides an analysis on the issues that challenge the development of advanced electrocatalysts and the associated air cathodes for Mg-air batteries,as well as a discussion of potential research directions that may help resolve these issues and facilitate the practical application of Mg-air batteries.展开更多
Battery hybridization in hydropower plants is a hydropower flexibility enhancement technology innovation that can potentially expand hydropower’s contributions to the grid,but its fundamental characteristics and infl...Battery hybridization in hydropower plants is a hydropower flexibility enhancement technology innovation that can potentially expand hydropower’s contributions to the grid,but its fundamental characteristics and influencing mechanisms are still unclear.In this paper,primary frequency regulation(PFR)performance and the mechanism of this new technology are studied.A battery hybridized hydropower plant(BH-HPP)model,based on a field-measured-data-based hydropower plant(HPP)model and a verified battery simplified model,is established.Analysis of system stability and dynamics is undertaken for three different battery control strategies by root locus and participation factor methods.Compared to conventional HPPs,analysis results theoretically reveal BH-HPP can not only accelerate system regulation rapidity but also effectively enlarge HPP stability region during PFR process.Time domain simulation verifies the results and further shows synthetic control has better performance among introduced strategies.Besides,initial design ranges of control parameters considering battery capacity and a renewable energy source scenario case are also discussed.This work could provide theoretical support for flexibility enhancement solutions for hydropower systems.展开更多
In this work,two kinds of primary batteries,both of which included a Zn anode,C rod cathode,copper wire and electrolyte composed of Cd^(2+)-contaminated water or soil,were constructed in the first attempt to both remo...In this work,two kinds of primary batteries,both of which included a Zn anode,C rod cathode,copper wire and electrolyte composed of Cd^(2+)-contaminated water or soil,were constructed in the first attempt to both remove Cd^(2+)and generate electricity.Unlike traditional technologies such as electrokinetic remediation with high energy consumption,this technology could realize Cd^(2+)migration to aggregation and solidification and generate energy at the same time through simultaneous galvanic reactions.The passive surface of Zn and C was proven via electrochemical measurements to be porous to maintain the relatively active galvanic reactions for continuous Cd^(2+)precipitation.Cd^(2+)RE(removal efficiency)and electricity generation were investigated under different conditions,based on which two empirical models were established to predict them successfully.In soil,KCl was added to desorb Cd^(2+) from soil colloids to promote Cd^(2+) removal.These systems were also proven to remove Cd^(2+) efficiently when their effects on plants,zebrafish,and the soil bacterial community were tested.LEDs could be lit for days by utilizing the electricity produced herein.This work provides a novel,green,and low-cost route to remediate Cd^(2+) contamination and generate electricity simultaneously,which is of extensive practical significance in the environmental and energy fields.展开更多
Fluorinated carbons CF_xhold the highest theoretical energy density(e.g.,2180 W h kg^(-1)when x=1)among all cathode materials of lithium primary batteries.However,the low conductivity and severe polarization limit it ...Fluorinated carbons CF_xhold the highest theoretical energy density(e.g.,2180 W h kg^(-1)when x=1)among all cathode materials of lithium primary batteries.However,the low conductivity and severe polarization limit it to achieve its theory.In this study,we design a new electrolyte,namely 1 M LiBF_(4)DMSO:DOL(1:9 vol.),achieving a high energy density in Li/CF_xprimary cells.The DMSO with a small molecular size and high donor number successfully solvates Li^(+)into a defined Li^(+)-solvation structure.Such solvated Li^(+)can intercalate into the large-spacing carbon layers and achieve an improved capacity.Consequently,when discharged to 1.0 V,the CF_(1.12)cathode demonstrates a specific capacity of 1944 m A h g^(-1)with a specific energy density of 3793 W h kg^(-1).This strategy demonstrates that designing the electrolyte is powerful in improving the electrochemical performance of CF_(x) cathode.展开更多
Forming an ultrathin conducting layer on a fluorinated carbon(CFx)surface for reducing severe electrochemical polarization in lithium/fluorinated carbon primary batteries(Li/CF_(x))remains a considerable challenge for...Forming an ultrathin conducting layer on a fluorinated carbon(CFx)surface for reducing severe electrochemical polarization in lithium/fluorinated carbon primary batteries(Li/CF_(x))remains a considerable challenge for achieving batteries with excellent rate capability.Herein,CFxwas modified by using acetylene/argon mixture plasma combined with MnO_(2)particles.The CF_(x)/C/MnO_(2)composite effectively reduced the voltage hysteresis and improved the electrochemical performance of Li/CF_(x).The excellent rate performance of CF_(x)/C/MnO_(2)was due to the high electrochemical activity provided by the atomicscale conductive carbon layer and ultrafine MnO_(2)particles.Compared with pristine CF_(x),the charge transfer resistance of the optimized CF_(x)/C/MnO_(2)decreased from 218.5 to 48.2Ω,the discharge rate increased from 2C to 10C,and the power density increased from 3.11 to 13.44 kW·g^(-1),The intrinsic reason for the enhanced rate performance was attributed to the fact that the ultrathin carbon layer acted as a conductive bridge to reduce the voltage hysteresis at the initial stage of the Li/CF_(x)discharge,and the high electrochemical activity of the ultrafine MnO_(2)particles provided a faster lithium-ion diffusion rate.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFA0202302)the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51633007 and 52130303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51773147 and 51973151).
文摘Lithium primary batteries are widely used in various fields where high energy densities and long storage times are in demand.However,studies on lithium primary batteries are currently focused on the gravimetric energy densities of active materials and rarely account for the volumetric energy requirements of unmanned devices.Herein,CuF_(2)/CF_(x) composites are prepared via planetary ball milling(PBM)to improve the volumetric energy densities of lithium primary batteries using the high mass density of CuF_(2),achieving a maximum volumetric energy density of 4163.40 Wh L^(-1).The CuF_(2)/CF_(x) hybrid cathodes exhibit three distinct discharge plateaus rather than simple combinations of the discharge curves of their components.This phenomenon is caused by charge redistribution and lattice modulation on the contact surfaces of CuF_(2) and CF_(x) during PBM,which change the valence state of Cu and modify the electronic structures of the composites.As a result,CuF_(2)/CF_(x) hybrid cathodes exhibit unique discharge behaviors and improved rate capabilities,delivering a maximum power density of 11.16 kW kg^(-1)(25.56 kW L^(-1)).Therefore,it is a promising strategy to further improve the comprehensive performance of lithium primary batteries through the use of interfacial optimization among different fluoride cathodes.
基金supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (14-29-04072)supported by a research grant from the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and graduate students (CP-2593.2013.1)
文摘A few classes of organic compounds are promising electrode-active materials due to their high power and energy densities,low cost,environmental friendliness,and functionality.In the present work,the possibility of using Klason lignin extracted from buckwheat husks as a cathode-active material for a primary lithium battery has been investigated for the first time.The reaction mechanism in the lithium/lignin electrochemical cell was suggested based on the deep galvanostatic discharge（up to 0.005 V） data and cyclic voltammetry results.The dependence of the electrochemical behavior of the Klason lignin on the milling degree was evaluated.The maximum specific capacity of the lignin is equal to 600 m Ah g-1at a discharge current density of 75 μA cm-2.Beneficial effect of the thermal treatment of the Klason lignin cathode at250°C on the cell performance was established.It was found that the discharge capacity of the cell increased by 30% in the range from 3.3 to0.9 V for the treated cathode material.These results demonstrate the prospects of using Klason lignin-based electrochemical cells as low-rate primary power sources.
文摘This article is to highlight recent work from Prof.Yunhua Xu published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2022,119,e2116775119.Organic electrode materials are promising candidates for battery electrode materials due to the abundant resource,structural diversity,environmental friendliness,and potential low cost.[1]However,most of reported organic materials rely on one-electron redox reaction per active group.
文摘Although metal-air batteries(MABs)including Mg-air batteries possess high theoretical energy densities and are promising in energy storage systems,the poor performances and high cost of corresponding electrocatalysts and air cathodes significantly limit practical application.Based on this,the present review gives a summary of the recent progress in the development of cost effective non-noble metal electrocatalysts and their associated air cathodes for MABs,with a particular focus on Mg-air batteries including the aspects of corresponding catalyst synthesis and characterization,catalyzed oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)mechanism,air cathode fabrication and performance validation.The paper also provides an analysis on the issues that challenge the development of advanced electrocatalysts and the associated air cathodes for Mg-air batteries,as well as a discussion of potential research directions that may help resolve these issues and facilitate the practical application of Mg-air batteries.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under No.52079096。
文摘Battery hybridization in hydropower plants is a hydropower flexibility enhancement technology innovation that can potentially expand hydropower’s contributions to the grid,but its fundamental characteristics and influencing mechanisms are still unclear.In this paper,primary frequency regulation(PFR)performance and the mechanism of this new technology are studied.A battery hybridized hydropower plant(BH-HPP)model,based on a field-measured-data-based hydropower plant(HPP)model and a verified battery simplified model,is established.Analysis of system stability and dynamics is undertaken for three different battery control strategies by root locus and participation factor methods.Compared to conventional HPPs,analysis results theoretically reveal BH-HPP can not only accelerate system regulation rapidity but also effectively enlarge HPP stability region during PFR process.Time domain simulation verifies the results and further shows synthetic control has better performance among introduced strategies.Besides,initial design ranges of control parameters considering battery capacity and a renewable energy source scenario case are also discussed.This work could provide theoretical support for flexibility enhancement solutions for hydropower systems.
基金the Plan of Anhui Major Provincial Science and Technology Project(202203a06020001)the University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province(GXXT-2021-059)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771284,52000025)the Key R&D Program of Guangdong Province(2020B0202010005)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2232020D-22)the Key R&D Program of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2021GG0300)the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province and the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology。
文摘In this work,two kinds of primary batteries,both of which included a Zn anode,C rod cathode,copper wire and electrolyte composed of Cd^(2+)-contaminated water or soil,were constructed in the first attempt to both remove Cd^(2+)and generate electricity.Unlike traditional technologies such as electrokinetic remediation with high energy consumption,this technology could realize Cd^(2+)migration to aggregation and solidification and generate energy at the same time through simultaneous galvanic reactions.The passive surface of Zn and C was proven via electrochemical measurements to be porous to maintain the relatively active galvanic reactions for continuous Cd^(2+)precipitation.Cd^(2+)RE(removal efficiency)and electricity generation were investigated under different conditions,based on which two empirical models were established to predict them successfully.In soil,KCl was added to desorb Cd^(2+) from soil colloids to promote Cd^(2+) removal.These systems were also proven to remove Cd^(2+) efficiently when their effects on plants,zebrafish,and the soil bacterial community were tested.LEDs could be lit for days by utilizing the electricity produced herein.This work provides a novel,green,and low-cost route to remediate Cd^(2+) contamination and generate electricity simultaneously,which is of extensive practical significance in the environmental and energy fields.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52072061,22322903,12174162)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan,China(No.2023NSFSC1914)21C Innovation Laboratory,Contemporary Amperex Technology Ltd.by project No.21C-OP-202103。
文摘Fluorinated carbons CF_xhold the highest theoretical energy density(e.g.,2180 W h kg^(-1)when x=1)among all cathode materials of lithium primary batteries.However,the low conductivity and severe polarization limit it to achieve its theory.In this study,we design a new electrolyte,namely 1 M LiBF_(4)DMSO:DOL(1:9 vol.),achieving a high energy density in Li/CF_xprimary cells.The DMSO with a small molecular size and high donor number successfully solvates Li^(+)into a defined Li^(+)-solvation structure.Such solvated Li^(+)can intercalate into the large-spacing carbon layers and achieve an improved capacity.Consequently,when discharged to 1.0 V,the CF_(1.12)cathode demonstrates a specific capacity of 1944 m A h g^(-1)with a specific energy density of 3793 W h kg^(-1).This strategy demonstrates that designing the electrolyte is powerful in improving the electrochemical performance of CF_(x) cathode.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51972045)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Chinese Central Universities,China(No.ZYGX2019J025)。
文摘Forming an ultrathin conducting layer on a fluorinated carbon(CFx)surface for reducing severe electrochemical polarization in lithium/fluorinated carbon primary batteries(Li/CF_(x))remains a considerable challenge for achieving batteries with excellent rate capability.Herein,CFxwas modified by using acetylene/argon mixture plasma combined with MnO_(2)particles.The CF_(x)/C/MnO_(2)composite effectively reduced the voltage hysteresis and improved the electrochemical performance of Li/CF_(x).The excellent rate performance of CF_(x)/C/MnO_(2)was due to the high electrochemical activity provided by the atomicscale conductive carbon layer and ultrafine MnO_(2)particles.Compared with pristine CF_(x),the charge transfer resistance of the optimized CF_(x)/C/MnO_(2)decreased from 218.5 to 48.2Ω,the discharge rate increased from 2C to 10C,and the power density increased from 3.11 to 13.44 kW·g^(-1),The intrinsic reason for the enhanced rate performance was attributed to the fact that the ultrathin carbon layer acted as a conductive bridge to reduce the voltage hysteresis at the initial stage of the Li/CF_(x)discharge,and the high electrochemical activity of the ultrafine MnO_(2)particles provided a faster lithium-ion diffusion rate.
