Trial application of the envelope method to the potential ambiguity problem

The optical potential ambiguity is a long-standing problem in the analysis of elastic scattering data.For a specific collid-ing system,ambiguous potential families can lead to different behaviors in the nearside and farside scattering components.By contrast,the envelope method can decompose the experimental data into two components with negative and positive deflection angles,respectively.Hence,a question arises as to whether the comparison between the calculated nearside(or farside)component and the derived positive-deflection-angle(or negative-deflection-angle)component can help analyze the potential ambiguity problem.In this study,we conducted a trial application of the envelope method to the potential ambiguity problem.The envelope method was improved by including uncertainties in the experimental data.The colliding systems of 16O+28Si at 215.2 MeV and 12C+12C at 1016 MeV were considered in the analyses.For each colliding system,the angular distribution experimental data were described nearly equally well by two potential sets,one of which is“surface transpar-ent”and the other is refractive.The calculated angular distributions were decomposed into nearside and farside scattering components.Using the improved envelope method,the experimental data were decomposed into the positive-deflection-angle and negative-deflection-angle components,which were then compared with the calculated nearside and farside components.The capability of the envelope method to analyze the potential ambiguities was also discussed.

An envelope-based machine learning workflow for locating earthquakes in the southern Sichuan Basin

The development of machine learning technology enables more robust real-time earthquake monitoring through automated implementations. However, the application of machine learning to earthquake location problems faces challenges in regions with limited available training data. To address the issues of sparse event distribution and inaccurate ground truth in historical seismic datasets, we expand the training dataset by using a large number of synthetic envelopes that closely resemble real data and build an earthquake location model named ENVloc. We propose an envelope-based machine learning workflow for simultaneously determining earthquake location and origin time. The method eliminates the need for phase picking and avoids the accumulation of location errors resulting from inaccurate picking results. In practical application, ENVloc is applied to several data intercepted at different starting points. We take the starting point of the time window corresponding to the highest prediction probability value as the origin time and save the predicted result as the earthquake location. We apply ENVloc to observed data acquired in the southern Sichuan Basin, China, between September 2018 and March 2019. The results show that the average difference with the catalog in latitude, longitude, depth, and origin time is 0.02°,0.02°, 2 km, and 1.25 s, respectively. These suggest that our envelope-based method provides an efficient and robust way to locate earthquakes without phase picking, and can be used in earthquake monitoring in near-real time.

A New Dynamic and Vertical Photovoltaic Integrated Building Envelope for High-Rise Glaze-Facade Buildings

Substantially glazed facades are extensively used in contemporary high-rise buildings to achieve attractive architectural aesthetics.Inherent conflicts exist among architectural aesthetics,building energy consumption,and solar energy harvesting for glazed facades.In this study,we addressed these conflicts by introducing a new dynamic and vertical photovoltaic integrated building envelope(dvPVBE)that offers extraordinary flexibility with weather-responsive slat angles and blind positions,superior architectural aesthetics,and notable energy-saving potential.Three hierarchical control strategies were proposed for different scenarios of the dvPVBE:power generation priority(PGP),natural daylight priority(NDP),and energy-saving priority(ESP).Moreover,the PGP and ESP strategies were further analyzed in the simulation of a dvPVBE.An office room integrated with a dvPVBE was modeled using EnergyPlus.The influence of the dvPVBE in improving the building energy efficiency and corresponding optimal slat angles was investigated under the PGP and ESP control strategies.The results indicate that the application of dvPVBEs in Beijing can provide up to 131%of the annual energy demand of office rooms and significantly increase the annual net energy output by at least 226%compared with static photovoltaic(PV)blinds.The concept of this novel dvPVBE offers a viable approach by which the thermal load,daylight penetration,and energy generation can be effectively regulated.

Hepatitis B surface antigen-negative but hepatitis B envelope antigen-positive false occult hepatitis B virus infection:A case report

BACKGROUND Occult hepatitis B infection(OBI)is characterized by the detection of hepatitis B virus(HBV)DNA in serum(usually HBV DNA<200 IU/mL)or the liver but negativity for hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg).The diagnosis of OBI relies on the sensitivity of assays used in the detection of HBV DNA and HBsAg.HBsAg assays with inadequate sensitivity or inability to detect HBV S variants may lead to misdiagnosis of OBI in people with overt HBV infection.CASE SUMMARY We report a HBsAg-negative but hepatitis B envelope antigen-positive patient who had a significant HBV DNA level.The patient was initially diagnosed as having OBI.However,sequence analysis revealed a unique insertion of amino acid residues at positions 120-124 in the S protein,which affects the formation of a disulfide bond that is associated with the formation of a loop.It is well known that there is an overlap between the S protein and Pol protein.We found that this new insertion site occurred in polymerase/reverse transcriptase domain,indi-cating that this insertion might be involved in HBV pathogenicity.The patient was finally diagnosed with a false OBI.CONCLUSION An insertion of amino acid residues at positions 120-124 of the S protein affects the formation of immunodominant epitopes and results in negative HBsAg levels.

Pepper mild mottle virus coat protein interacts with pepper chloroplast outer envelope membrane protein OMP24 to inhibit antiviral immunity in plants

Pepper mild mottle virus(PMMoV)is a devastating viral pathogen of pepper(Capsicum annuum)but it is unclear whether and how peppers protect against PMMoV infection.The expression of the chloroplast outer membrane protein 24(OMP24)of C.annuum was upregulated under PMMoV infection and it interacted with PMMoV coat protein(CP).Silencing of OMP24 in either C.annuum or Nicotiana benthamiana facilitated PMMoV infection,whereas overexpression of N.benthamiana OMP24 in transgenic plants inhibited PMMoV infection.Both C.annuum OMP24(CaOMP24)and N.benthamiana OMP24(NbOMP24)localized to the chloroplast and have a moderately hydrophobic transmembrane domain that is necessary for their localization.Overexpression of CaOMP24 induced stromules,perinuclear chloroplast clustering,and accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),the typical defense responses of chloroplasts transferring the retrograde signaling to the nucleus to regulate resistance genes.The expression of PR1 and PR2 was also upregulated significantly in plants overexpressing OMP24.Self-interaction of OMP24 was demonstrated and was required for OMP24-mediated plant defense.Interaction with PMMoV CP interfered with the self-interaction of OMP24 and impaired OMP24-induced stromules,perinuclear chloroplast clustering and ROS accumulation.The results demonstrate the defense function of OMP24 in pepper during viral infection and suggest a possible mechanism by which PMMoV CP modulates the plant defense to facilitate viral infection.

Density-dependent carrier-envelope phase shift in attosecond pulse generation from relativistically oscillating mirrors

The carrier-envelope phase(CEP)φ_(0)is one of the key parameters in the generation of isolated attosecond pulses.In particular,“cosine”pulses(φ_(0)=0)are best suited for generation of single attosecond pulses in atomic media.Such“cosine”pulses have the peak of the most intense cycle aligned with the peak of the pulse envelope,and therefore have the highest contrast between the peak intensity and the neighboring cycles.In this paper,the dynamics of single attosecond pulse generation from a relativistically oscillating plasma mirror is investigated.We use an elementary analytical model as well as particle-in-cell simulations to study few-cycle attosecond pulses.We find that the phase of the field driving the surface oscillations depends on the plasma density and preplasma scale length.This leads us to a counterintuitive conclusion:for the case of normal incidence and a sharp plasma-vacuum boundary,the CEP required for the generation of a single attosecond pulse phase is closer toφ_(0)=π/2(a“sine”pulse),with the exact value depending on the plasma parameters.

Failure Envelopes of Single-Plate Rigid Helical Anchors for Floating Offshore Wind Turbine

Helical anchor is a kind of novel foundation for floating offshore wind turbines,which should be subjected to combined tensile loading caused by wind,wave and current.However,the research about the capacity of helical anchor was mainly examined under uniaxial loading and scarcely explored under combined loading.In this study,three-dimensional finite element limit analysis is adopted to assess the bearing capacities of single-plate rigid helical anchors with different ratios of helix to shaft diameter,D_(H)/D_(S) and embedment ratios L/D_(S).Result shows that the vertical,horizontal and moment bearing capacities increase with increasing D_(H)/D_(S) and L/D_(S).The normalized V-H failure envelopes expands with increasing L/D_(S),while the normalized V-M failure envelopes tend to contract with the increase of D_(H)/D_(S).With increasing D_(H)/D_(S) or decreasing L/D_(S),the normalized H-M failure envelopes expand when the horizontal and moment loading act in the same direction and contract when they act in the opposite direction.The effect of D_(H)/D_(S) and L/D_(S) on the shape of H-M failure envelope become insignificant when L/D_(S)≥4.A series of failure mechanisms under different loading conditions were observed and can be used to explain the trend.Besides,a series of approximate expressions were proposed to fit the uniaxial bearing capacities and the failure envelopes.

A two-parameter multiple shooting method and its application to the natural vibrations of non-prismatic multi-segment beams

This paper presents an enhanced version of the standard shooting method that enables problems with two unknown parameters to be solved.A novel approach is applied to the analysis of the natural vibrations of Euler-Bernoulli beams.The proposed algorithm,named as two-parameter multiple shooting method,is a new powerful numerical tool for calculating the natural frequencies and modes of multi-segment prismatic and non-prismatic beams with different boundary conditions.The impact of the axial force and additional point masses is also taken into account.Due to the fact that the method is based directly on the fourth-order ordinary differential equation,the structures do not have to be divided into many small elements to obtain an accurate enough solution,even though the geometry is very complex.To verify the proposed method,three different examples are considered,i.e.,a three-segment non-prismatic beam,a prismatic column subject to non-uniformly distributed compressive loads,and a two-segment beam with an additional point mass.Numerical analyses are carried out with the software MATHEMATICA.The results are compared with the solutions computed by the commercial finite element program SOFiSTiK.Good agreement is achieved,which confirms the correctness and high effectiveness of the formulated algorithm.

Intelligent Digital Envelope for Distributed Cloud-Based Big Data Security

Cloud computing offers numerous web-based services.The adoption of many Cloud applications has been hindered by concerns about data security and privacy.Cloud service providers’access to private information raises more security issues.In addition,Cloud computing is incompatible with several industries,including finance and government.Public-key cryptography is frequently cited as a significant advancement in cryptography.In contrast,the Digital Envelope that will be used combines symmetric and asymmetric methods to secure sensitive data.This study aims to design a Digital Envelope for distributed Cloud-based large data security using public-key cryptography.Through strategic design,the hybrid Envelope model adequately supports enterprises delivering routine customer services via independent multi-sourced entities.Both the Cloud service provider and the consumer benefit from the proposed scheme since it results in more resilient and secure services.The suggested approach employs a secret version of the distributed equation to ensure the highest level of security and confidentiality for large amounts of data.Based on the proposed scheme,a Digital Envelope application is developed which prohibits Cloud service providers from directly accessing insufficient or encrypted data.

Envelope Method and More General New Global Structures of Solutions for Multi-dimensional Conservation Law

For the two-dimensional(2D)scalar conservation law,when the initial data contain two different constant states and the initial discontinuous curve is a general curve,then complex structures of wave interactions will be generated.In this paper,by proposing and investigating the plus envelope,the minus envelope,and the mixed envelope of 2D non-selfsimilar rarefaction wave surfaces,we obtain and the prove the new structures and classifications of interactions between the 2D non-selfsimilar shock wave and the rarefaction wave.For the cases of the plus envelope and the minus envelope,we get and prove the necessary and sufficient criterion to judge these two envelopes and correspondingly get more general new structures of 2D solutions.

Coherent Parameter Measurement Based on Partial Coherent Envelope Demodulation

The key parameters of laser energy concentration and coherence can be characterized by laser linewidth, which determines the detection range, measurement resolution and signal-to-noise ratio of laser precision measurement technology. Up to now, the laser linewidth is mainly measured by the energy distribution width in the frequency domain, but the coherence of the laser has not been measured or characterized directly. In this work, we propose the concept of coherent linewidth based on the coherent envelope of delayed self-heterodyne detection to directly characterize the time-frequency coherence of lasers. In the proof-of-concept experiment, we obtain the coherence coefficient through the Fourier transform of the partial coherence envelope, and then measure the coherence linewidth of the laser. The measured coherent linewidth is smaller than the traditional integral linewidth and larger than the intrinsic Lorentzian linewidth, indicating that the coherent linewidth is less affected by low-frequency 1/f noise. The concept of coherent linewidth proposed in this article can serve as a candidate method for directly characterizing the coherence of narrow linewidth lasers. .

Comparative Studies on the Fine Structure and Elemental Composition of Envelopes of Trachelomonas and Strombomonas (Euglenophyta)

Fine structure and elemental composition of envelopes of 10 taxa of Trachelomonas and Strombomonas from natural freshwater bodies in China were studied and phylogeny of both genera were discussed. The results indicate that iron (Fe) and silicon (Si) are the primary mineral elements of the envelopes. Composition of mineral elements was uncorrelated with envelope color, however, it was highly correlated with the microarchitecture of the envelopes. Content of Si was higher than that of Fe in all species of Strombomonas and some species of Trachelomonas with rough surface. In most species of Trachelomonas, especially those with dense and smoothy surface, content of Fe was higher than that of Si. Based on the above results, we propose to assign those species of Strombomonas into Trachelomonas and consider them as a group of the latter. These species were the most primitive among the group with envelopes in Euglenaceae.

Elastic envelope inversion using multicomponent seismic data with filtered-out low frequencies

The absence of low-frequency information in seismic data is one of the most difficult problems in elastic full waveform inversion. Without low-frequency data, it is difficult to recover the long-wavelength components of subsurface models and the inversion converges to local minima. To solve this problem, the elastic envelope inversion method is introduced. Based on the elastic envelope operator that is capable of retrieving low- frequency signals hidden in multicomponent data, the proposed method uses the envelope of multicomponent seismic signals to construct a misfit function and then recover the long- wavelength components of the subsurface model. Numerical tests verify that the elastic envelope method reduces the inversion nonlinearity and provides better starting models for the subsequent conventional elastic full waveform inversion and elastic depth migration, even when low frequencies are missing in multicomponent data and the starting model is far from the true model. Numerical tests also suggest that the proposed method is more effective in reconstructing the long-wavelength components of the S-wave velocity model. The inversion of synthetic data based on the Marmousi-2 model shows that the resolution of conventional elastic full waveform inversion improves after using the starting model obtained using the elastic envelope method. Finally, the limitations of the elastic envelope inversion method are discussed.

Injective Envelopes of a Hilbert C~*Module

As in homology, the notion of injectivity is introduced in the category whose objects are Hilbert C * module over a C * algebra and whose morphism are bounded module operators. The definition of injective envelopes of an extension of a Hilbert C * modules over a C * algebra is introduced, and is characterized in terms of the injectivity and essence. It is shown that every Hilbert C * module has a unique (up to H isometrics) injective envelope if it exists. It is also shown that an extension of a Hilbert C * module is an injective envelope if and only if it is an injective and essential extension. Moreover, every Hilbert C * module over a W * algebra has a unique (up to H isometrics) injective envelope and the injective envelope of a Hilbert C * module H is maximal essential extension of H .

INVESTIGATION OF AIR FLOW ON FLIGHT DECK AND SHIPBOARD OPERATION ENVELOPE

The Shipboard Operation Envelope(SOE) is the safe boundary of the helicopter/ship dynamic interface. The night deck on a ship is usually behind the hangar, where the airflow is turbulent due to the influence of the upper structure, wind and ship speed. The turbulent airnow is the major adverse factor for the safety of shipboard operations. In this paper, the night deck abbot is analysed as the superposition of two penyndicular 2-D airflows.N-S equations are used to calculate the velocity field and the range of turbulent airflow using finite element method. The result is correspondent well with test. Incorporating the influence of the airflow and giving some restrictions on the movements of the ship and on the control margin of the helicopter, the operation envelopes are calculated. The operation envelopes include three types for hovering over the deck, taking-off from and landing on ship, and landing with a landing-aid system. These results are helpful to the pilot training and night safety.

Prestack migration velocity analysis based on simplified two-parameter moveout equation

Stacking velocity V_（C2）,vertical velocity ratio γ_0,effective velocity ratio γ_（eff）,and anisotropic parameter x_（eff） are correlated in the PS-converted-wave（PS-wave） anisotropic prestack Kirchhoff time migration（PKTM） velocity model and are thus difficult to independently determine.We extended the simplified two-parameter（stacking velocity V_（C2） and anisotropic parameter k_（eff）） moveout equation from stacking velocity analysis to PKTM velocity model updating and formed a new four-parameter（stacking velocity V_（C2）,vertical velocity ratio γ_0,effective velocity ratio γ_（eff）,and anisotropic parameter k_（eff）） PS-wave anisotropic PKTM velocity model updating and process flow based on the simplified twoparameter moveout equation.In the proposed method,first,the PS-wave two-parameter stacking velocity is analyzed to obtain the anisotropic PKTM initial velocity and anisotropic parameters;then,the velocity and anisotropic parameters are corrected by analyzing the residual moveout on common imaging point gathers after prestack time migration.The vertical velocity ratio γ_0 of the prestack time migration velocity model is obtained with an appropriate method utilizing the P- and PS-wave stacked sections after level calibration.The initial effective velocity ratio γ_（eff） is calculated using the Thomsen（1999） equation in combination with the P-wave velocity analysis;ultimately,the final velocity model of the effective velocity ratio γ_（eff） is obtained by percentage scanning migration.This method simplifies the PS-wave parameter estimation in high-quality imaging,reduces the uncertainty of multiparameter estimations,and obtains good imaging results in practice.

Rolling Bearing Feature Frequency Extraction using Extreme Average Envelope Decomposition

The vibration signal contains a wealth of sensitive information which reflects the running status of the equipment. It is one of the most important steps for precise diagnosis to decompose the signal and extracts the effective information properly. The traditional classical adaptive signal decomposition method, such as EMD, exists the problems of mode mixing, low decomposition accuracy etc. Aiming at those problems, EAED（extreme average envelope decomposition） method is presented based on EMD. EAED method has three advantages. Firstly, it is completed through midpoint envelopment method rather than using maximum and minimum envelopment respectively as used in EMD. Therefore, the average variability of the signal can be described accurately. Secondly, in order to reduce the envelope errors during the signal decomposition, replacing two envelopes with one envelope strategy is presented. Thirdly, the similar triangle principle is utilized to calculate the time of extreme average points accurately. Thus, the influence of sampling frequency on the calculation results can be significantly reduced. Experimental results show that EAED could separate out single frequency components from a complex signal gradually. EAED could not only isolate three kinds of typical bearing fault characteristic of vibration frequency components but also has fewer decomposition layers. EAED replaces quadratic enveloping to an envelope which ensuring to isolate the fault characteristic frequency under the condition of less decomposition layers. Therefore, the precision of signal decomposition is improved.

Design of a memory polynomial predistorter for wideband envelope tracking amplifiers

Efficiency and linearity of the microwave power amplifier are critical elements for mobile communication systems. A memory polynomial baseband predistorter based on an indirect learning architecture is presented for improving the linearity of an envelope tracing （ET） amplifier with application to a wireless transmitter. To deal with large peak-to-average ratio （PAR） problem, a clipping procedure for the input signal is employed. Then the system performance is verified by simulation results. For a single carrier wideband code division multiple access （WCDMA） signal of 16-quadrature amplitude modulation （16-QAM）, about 2% improvement of the error vector magnitude （EVM） is achieved at an average output power of 45.5 dBm and gain of 10.6 dB, with adjacent channel leakage ratio （ACLR） of -64.55 dBc at offset frequency of 5 MHz. Moreover, a three-carrier WCDMA signal and a third-generation （3G） long term evolution （LTE） signal are used as test signals to demonstrate the performance of the proposed linearization scheme under different bandwidth signals.

Envelope函数与Chebyshev滤波的滚动轴承故障诊断

为了更有效的提取变工况下滚动轴承的故障特征,抑制振动信号中由转速或载荷波动引起的趋势项。文章针对变工况条件下的滚动轴承故障诊断,提出了一种基于Envelope函数与包络阶次谱的变工况下滚动轴承故障诊断。在传统的故障诊断方法中,求某一信号包络时用的最多的是希尔伯特变换,但并不是希尔伯特变换适用于所有信号包络的情况。文章运用契比雪夫滤波方法提高信号中的信噪比,为避免转速升降、波动或载荷变化引起的趋势项对测试信号的影响,用Envelope函数计算信号包络。通过仿真数据和实验数据分析表明基于Envelope函数的包络能更有效的计算出变工况下调幅信号中的调制阶次,用切比雪夫波滤波可以使得变工况下信号中故障特征阶次更加明显,更有利于故障识别,为变工况下的机械故障诊断提供参考。

Virus entry mediated by hepatitis B virus envelope proteins

Hepatitis B virus(HBV),a major cause of human liver disease worldwide,encodes three envelope proteins needed for the attachment and entry of the virus into susceptible host cells.A second virus,hepatitis delta virus,which is known to enhance liver disease in HBV infected patients,diverts the same HBV envelope proteins to achieve its own assembly and infection.In the lab,lentiviral vectors based on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 can be assembled using the HBV envelope proteins,and will similarly infect susceptible cells.This article provides a partial review and some personal reflections of how these three viruses infect and of how recipient cells become susceptible,along with some consideration of questions that remain to be answered.