EFFECTS OF STRAIN RATE & TEMPERATURE ON HOT COMPRESSION FLOW BEHAVIOR OF A HYDROGENATED CAST Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo ALLOY

The flow behavior of a cast Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo alloy based onTi3Al, with and without hydrogen content, was investigated under isothermal compression test at strain rates of 0.1s-1 to 0.001s -1 in the temperature range of 900℃ to1000 ℃. The hot compression peak stress (or the maximum flow stress) of the alloy withand without hydrogen decreases with the increasing temperature and the decreasingstrain rate. Hydrogenation makes the hot compression peak stress decrease by 37%～53%, which corresponds to lowering the deformation temperature by about 50℃.Strain rate does not change the favorable effect of hydrogenation on hot compressionflow behavior at all three deformation temperatures. The microstructure of the alloywith 0.2% H (mass %) deformed at a fixed temperature exhibits the same feature asthat of the alloys without hydrogenation deformed at higher temperatures for bothstrain rates. Hydrogenation has the same effect on microstructure as strain rate andtemperature.

Hot deformation behavior of Fe-29Ni-17Co alloy

Hot compression tests were carried out on a Fe-29Ni-17Co alloy in the temperature range of 900 ℃ to 1200 ℃ and at strain rates of 0.001-1 s-1. Dynamic recrystallization was found responsible for flow softening during hot compression. The flow behavior was successfully analyzed by the hyperbolic sine equation and the corresponding material constants A, n and αwere determined. The value of apparent activation energy was determined as 423 kJ/mol. The peak and steady state strains showed simple power-law dependence on the Zener-Hollomon parameter. The dynamic recrystallization kinetics was analyzed using Avrami equation and the corresponding exponent was determined to be about 2.7. This value, higher than 2 reported in the literatures, is associated with the mechanism of continuous dynamic recrystallization in the studied alloy. The flow curve up to the peak was modeled by the Cingara equation and the strain exponent, c, was determined about 0.85. The higher value of c compared with the value of 0.2 which has been reported for some stainless steels fortified the idea of extended dynamic recovery or continuous dynamic recrystallization in the studied alloy.

Deformation Behavior of Hot Isostatic Pressing FGH96 Superalloy

The deformation behavior of hot isostatic pressing （HIP） FGH96 superalloy was characterized in the temperature range of 1000-1100 ℃ and strain rate range of 0. 001-0. 1 s^-1 using hot compression testing. The flow curves of HIP FGH96, superalloy during hot deformation was analyzed systematically. The results show that deformation temperature, strain rate and strain are the main influence factors on flow stress of HIP FGH96 superalloy during hot deformation. The flow stress displays a peak at a critical strain and then decreases with further increase in strain. For a given strain, the flow stress decreases with the increase of deformation temperature, and increases with the increase of strain rate. A mathematical model of these flow curves was established through regression analysis and taking the strain as a modification factor. The calculated stress values agree well with the experimental values.

Hot Forging and Hot Pressing of AlSi Powder Compared to Conventional Powder Metallurgy Route

Aluminum silicon alloy of composition (Al-25%Si-3%Ni-1%Fe-2%Cu) was atomized using water atomization. The powders were cold compacted in a die to produce green cylinder compacts. Four consolidation processes were applied, namely;conventional sintering at 500℃, sintering followed by hot forging to obtain pistons, one step hot forging into pistons, and hot pressing. The microstructure of the sintered specimens showed inter-granular pores and oxide layers on particle interfaces of 84% relative density. When the sintered specimens were hot forged, both the inter-granular pores and oxide layers on particle interfaces almost disappeared and the relative densities increased up to about 95%. The same microstructure is also obtained for the one step forged specimens, but the relative densities increased to about 97%. However, the hot pressing specimens showed the presence of oxide layers on particle surfaces as well as few isolated pores. The relative density of the hot pressed specimens was about 90%. Hardness and ultimate compression strength were measured. It is noted that the strongest bulk materials are those made by hot forging, followed by those made by hot pressing and the weakest bulk materials are those made by conventional sintering.

Finite element analysis of small-scale hot compression testing

This paper models hot compression testing using a dilatometer in loading mode.These small-scale tests provide a high throughput at low cost,but are susceptible to inhomogeneity due to friction and temperature gradients.A novel method is presented for correcting the true stress-strain constitutive response over the full range of temperatures,strain-rates and strain.The nominal response from the tests is used to predict the offset in the stress-strain curves due to inhomogeneity,and this stress offsetΔσis applied piecewise to the data,correcting the constitutive response in one iteration.A key new feature is the smoothing and fitting of the flow stress data as a function of temperature and strain-rate,at multiple discrete strains.The corrected model then provides quantitative prediction of the spatial and temporal variation in strain-rate and strain throughout the sample,needed to correlate the local deformation conditions with the microstructure and texture evolution.The study uses a detailed series of 144 hot compression tests of a Zr-Nb alloy.While this is an important wrought nuclear alloy in its own right,it also serves here as a test case for modelling the dilatometer for hot testing of high temperature alloys,particularly those with dualα-βphase microstructures(such as titanium alloys).

Role of the inter-pass cooling rate in recrystallization behaviors of Ni-based superalloy during interrupted hot compression

The microstructural evolution of a Ni-based superalloy under interrupted hot compressive deformation with different cooling rates in the inter-pass stage is investigated. It is found that metadynamic recrystallization(MDRX) in the inter-pass stage is more sensitive to the accumulated strain than the deformation temperature which is above the recrystallization temperature. The variations of both the grain distribution and the texture intensity caused by MDRX during the interpass stage result in variations of the yield stress(YS) and the work hardening(WH) rate in each stage. Results also show that the MDRX process in the inter-pass stage has a considerable influence on the final microstructure of three-pass compression. The final grain distribution is more uniform,and the compression texture gradually transforms into recrystallization texture with an increasing degree of MDRX. In order to predict the MDRX fraction in the inter-pass cooling stage, a modified kinetic equation is established, which can reasonably predict the MDRX behavior under multi-pass compression with different conditions in the inter-pass stage. Meanwhile, the influence of the interpass cooling stage on the mechanism of dynamic recrystallization(DRX) is studied. It is universally acknowledged that the discontinuous dynamic recrystallization(DDRX) process is the major deformation mechanism for the Ni-based superalloy. However, the continuous dynamic recrystallization(CDRX) process is promoted in the compression stage with a decrease of the cooling rate in each inter-pass stage.

GH4065A高温合金惯性摩擦焊接本构模型及热变形行为研究

目的为了更好地描述GH4065A合金在惯性摩擦焊接过程中的塑性流变行为,建立适用于GH4065A高温合金惯性摩擦焊接的材料本构关系,并探究焊接过程中材料的热变形行为。方法采用Gleeble-3800热模拟机对GH4065A高温合金在1000~1150℃温度和0.01~10 s^(−1)应变速率下进行等温热压缩试验,基于实测的流动应力-应变数据,分析不同温度和应变速率下的材料流变特性,对比了GH4065A合金的Johnson-Cook本构模型和Arrhenius双曲正弦本构模型的准确度,并且将建立的Arrhenius本构模型应用到GH4065A的惯性摩擦焊接有限元仿真中。结果GH4065A高温合金在高温下表现出加工硬化与动态软化的复杂相互作用,其流变应力随应变速率的上升而增大,随变形温度的上升而减小。基于Arrhenius模型的有限元模拟结果与IFW试验结果吻合较好,镦粗量的有限元模型的误差为5.6%。结论通过在不同温度和应变速率下对GH4065A高温合金的流变特性进行分析,发现该合金在高温条件下表现出加工硬化和动态软化的双重行为。采用Arrhenius本构模型对GH4065A合金的流变行为进行了描述,并通过有限元仿真验证了该模型的准确性。表明该模型能够有效地预测GH4065A合金在惯性摩擦焊接过程中的热变形行为,为焊接工艺的优化提供了理论支持。

高Si铁素体/马氏体钢的高温变形行为

铁素体/马氏体(Ferritic/Martensitic,F/M)钢因具有优异的抗辐照性能和高温力学性能而成为先进核反应堆的候选结构材料。提高Si含量能够改善F/M钢的耐蚀性,但高硅的引入会恶化其热加工性能,因此研究高Si F/M钢的高温变形行为非常重要。在变形温度为950~1200℃和变形速率为0.01~10 s^(-1)的条件下,采用Gleeble1500型热模拟试验机对硅含量1%的10Cr1Si F/M钢进行热压缩模拟试验,研究其高温变形行为。结果表明:在0.01~0.1 s^(-1)的低变形速率下,10Cr1Si钢均发生动态再结晶;而在1~10 s^(-1)的高变形速率下发生动态回复,在本试验设计参数范围内仅在10 s^(-1)/950℃变形条件下出现了反常的动态再结晶现象。微观组织分析表明当变形温度较低而变形速率较快时,快速增殖的位错促使奥氏体动态再结晶。计算得到了10Cr1Si钢的Arrhenius本构方程和应变补偿本构模型,试验钢的真应力计算值与试验值吻合良好,可为10Cr1Si钢的热加工提供指导。

宇航紧固件用TB3钛合金棒材本构方程建立

对宇航紧固件典型规格Ф4.88 mm的TB3钛合金棒材开展了热压缩实验研究,对TB3钛合金的热压缩流变曲线进行了摩擦和温度双修正,并利用修正后的数据计算出热激活能Q、应力指数n、应力水平参数α以及与温度无关的常数ln A等参数,构建了更准确的Arrhenius双曲正弦本构方程。研究获得的TB3钛合金本构方程,可以为宇航紧固件及精密结构件的冲压成型有限元模拟及工艺优化提供支撑。

双相不锈钢热变形行为研究

采用高温压缩实验方法研究了两种不同氮含量双相不锈钢00Cr22Ni5Mo3N和00Cr22Ni1Mo0.7N在1 000-1 200℃温度范围内、应变速率为0.01-30 s^-1条件下的热变形行为.根据实验数据构建了两种双相不锈钢的热变形方程,两种双相不锈钢的形变激活能分别为534 kJ/mol和482 kJ/mol.通过对微观组织的观察和分析,确定了较高温度且较低应变速率区域为优化的热加工区域.在该优化的热加工区域进行变形时,奥氏体和铁素体发生充分的动态再结晶和动态回复;而在较低温度、较高应变速率区域进行变形时,微观组织呈现强烈的局部流变,甚至可以观察到裂纹.

NiTi合金热压缩实验数据的修正及其本构方程

对NiTi合金热压缩实验的结果进行了分析,修正了实验中由于摩擦和变形热效应引起的流变应力的误差,由实验机给出的NiTi合金在700—1000℃下．应变速率为0．01—7．8s^(-1)条件下的载荷-行程曲线得到了真应力-真应变曲线．通过对曲线的回归建立了NiTi合金高温宏观应力的本构模型,计算所得载荷-行程曲线与实验结果相符,为NiTi合金高温塑性成形过程的数值模拟提供了准确的材料模型．

T122耐热钢热变形加工图及热成形性

在Gleeble 3500热模拟试验机上进行热压缩实验、采用动态材料模型理论、双曲线本构方程及Liapunov稳定性判据，建立了T122耐热钢热变形加工图．利用所建立的加工图，分析了不同温度和应变速率下T122钢的热成形性及其与显微组织的关系、结果表明：T122钢在1085℃以上、应变速率小于0．37s^-1压缩变形时，功率耗散效率达到峰值0．2，此时发生了完全动态再结晶；对于工业热加工，建议在变形温度为1085～1150℃和应变速率大于0．13s^-1的范围内选择加工参数．

基于加工图的塑性失稳准则比较研究(英文)

介绍基于加工图理论的各种塑性失稳准则,比较分析各个准则的区别,以及各参数的物理意义,并以Ti2AlNb基合金为研究对象建立Prasad、Murty、Gegel和Malas准则的热加工图。结合试验结果分析和对比4种塑性失稳准则下加工图的区别发现:Prasad和Murty准则的塑性失稳图相似,均位于高应变速率区,且Murty准则的塑性失稳区稍窄;Gegel和Malas准则的塑性失稳图相似,塑性失稳区比Prasad和Murty准则的明显偏大,除高应变速率外,还能预测高温低应变速率的塑性失稳现象;解释可能出现各种失稳现象的原因,并结合各种塑性失稳准则提出判断材料塑性变形失稳的选用原则。

热变形参数对Ti53311S合金组织的影响

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对Ti53311S合金进行了变形温度为880～1080℃、变形速率为0．001—10s^-1的热压缩试验，分析了合金的热变形行为并观察了金相组织。结果表明，该合金流变应力均随应变速率的增加而升高，随温度的升高而降低。在相变点以下变形，随温度增加，合金中β相数量有所增加，但晶粒尺寸变化不大。在高温两相区980℃变形，低应变速率的组织较粗大，中等变形速率0．1s^-1可以得到晶粒细小、均匀的组织，而应变速率高于1s^-1，则会造成变形组织明显不均匀。在高温β区变形时的变形机理主要为动态回复，而且在该回复区域增加变形量并不能起到细化组织的效果。

GH4169高温合金的静态再结晶动力学

对GH4169高温合金在Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机进行了双道次和单道次热压缩实验。分析了变形温度、应变速率、间隔保温时间、变形量和初始晶粒尺寸对GH4169高温合金静态再结晶体积分数的影响。实验结果表明:变形温度越高、应变速率越大、道次间隔时间越长,变形量越大,初始晶粒度越小,静态再结晶体积分数越大。根据实验结果,建立了GH4169高温合金的静态再结晶模型,并将所建立的模型的预测结果和实验结果进行了对比分析,二者比较吻合。

AZ31镁合金高温变形行为及本构模型

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机,对AZ31镁合金在变形温度为523~723 K、应变速率为0.01~10.00 s-1、最大变形程度为60%的条件下进行热压缩实验。结果表明,流变应力随应变的增加而显著增大,到达峰值后逐渐降低并趋于稳态,变形呈明显的动态再结晶特征。变形温度和应变速率对流变应力影响显著,本文采用包含Arrheniues项的本构方程来描述AZ31镁合金的高温变形行为。

U720Li镍基高温合金不同失稳判据的热加工图

在Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机上对U720Li镍基高温合金进行高温压缩模拟试验.在Gegel提出的动态材料模型（DMM）概念的基础上,分别对Prasad,Gegel,Malas,Murthy,Semiatin几种不同的失稳判据进行综合分析与比较,并结合该合金在高温压缩变形过程中的显微组织演变规律得出以下结论：在温度为950~1 050℃,应变速率为5×10-4~10-1s-1的区域U720Li合金功率耗散率值均大于40%,并且在此区域内变形时该合金没有出现流变失稳现象.因此,该合金在此区域内适合成形加工.

新型钴基耐热合金高温流变变形行为

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上,采用等温压缩试验,研究了一种含Ti和Al的新型钴基耐热合金在850～1150℃温度范围的压缩变形行为.实验结果表明：该合金具有良好的抗高温流变性能,在850℃及应变速率0.0021～2.1 s^-1范围时其峰值流变应力可以达到360～475MPa.合金的流变行为可用Zener-Hollomon参数来描述.

热压缩流变应力曲线的修正方法

对低碳Si-Mn系TRIP钢的单次热压缩实验的结果进行了研究。根据熔点时压缩应力极小的状态,提出了一种简单的修正热效应对热压缩流变应力影响的方法。结合修正摩擦对热压缩流变应力影响的理论公式,修正了实验数据的误差。

H62黄铜热变形微观组织演化规律研究

运用等温热压缩试验、微观组织观测、理论分析以及数值模拟的方法,研究了H62黄铜在温度范围为650～800℃、应变速率为0. 01、0. 1、1和10 s^（-1）的情况下的热变形行为和微观组织中α相的晶粒尺寸的演变规律。建立了材料的微观组织演变模型,并进行了验证。结果表明：α相微观组织演化模型计算结果与试验结果进行比较,平均误差均在10%以内,最大误差在15%以内。模拟实验的结果与热压缩的应力-应变曲线转变规律和微观组织演化规律能够很好的吻合,可较好的描述材料微观组织演化过程。