Voidage Measurement of Air-Water Two-phase Flow Based on ERT Sensor and Data Mining Technology

Based on an electrical resistance tomography(ERT) sensor and the data mining technology,a new voidage measurement method is proposed for air-water two-phase flow.The data mining technology used in this work is a least squares support vector machine(LS-SVM) algorithm together with the feature extraction method,and three feature extraction methods are tested:principal component analysis(PCA),partial least squares(PLS) and independent component analysis(ICA).In the practical voidage measurement process,the flow pattern is firstly identified directly from the conductance values obtained by the ERT sensor.Then,the appropriate voidage measurement model is selected according to the flow pattern identification result.Finally,the voidage is calculated.Experimental results show that the proposed method can measure the voidage effectively,and the measurement accuracy and speed are satisfactory.Compared with the conventional voidage measurement methods based on ERT,the proposed method doesn't need any image reconstruction process,so it has the advantage of good real-time performance.Due to the introduction of flow pattern identification,the influence of flow pattern on the voidage measurement is overcome.Besides,it is demonstrated that the LS-SVM method with PLS feature extraction presents the best measurement performance among the tested methods.

Liquid holdup measurement with double helix capacitance sensor in horizontal oil-water two-phase flow pipes

This paper presents the characteristics of a double helix capacitance sensor for measurement of the liquid holdup in horizontal oil–water two-phase flow. The finite element method is used to calculate the sensitivity field of the sensor in a pipe with 20 mm inner diameter and the effect of sensor geometry on the distribution of sensitivity field is presented. Then, a horizontal oil–water two-phase flow experiment is carried out to measure the response of the double helix capacitance sensor, in which a novel method is proposed to calibrate the liquid holdup based on three pairs of parallel-wire capacitance probes. The performance of the sensor is analyzed in terms of the flow structures detected by mini-conductance array probes.

Volume fraction measurement of oil-water two-phase flow using a coaxial conductivity sensor

The accurate measurement of volume fraction of oil-water two-phase flow on line is important in the oil field.This paper presents a new coaxial conductivity sensor for measuring the volume fraction of oil-water two-phase flow.This structure may get the more uniform sensitivity field and the vertical installation may get the more axial symmetry of the flow field,which improve the measurement accuracy.In order to minimize the influence of the edge effect,guard electrodes were designed.An anti-edge effect degree Ae was defined to optimize the length of the guard electrode.Different models of effective conductivity of two materials were used in calculating the oil volume fraction of oil-water two-phase flow.The experimental results indicate that Maxwell model is the best model under the condition of oil volume fraction less than 50%and the mean value of the calculation results using Maxwell model and Bruggeman model possesses higher accuracy in the range of oil volume fraction(50%-70%).The experimental results show that the sensor obtains similar measurement performance in both vertical upward and downward flow conditions.The accuracy of the sensor system is 2%when the oil volume fraction less than 50%,and the accuracy is about 5%when the oil volume fraction between 50%and 70%.

Measurment of gas-liquid two-phase slug flow with a Venturi meter based on blind source separation

We propose a novel flow measurement method for gas–liquid two-phase slug flow by using the blind source separation technique. The flow measurement model is established based on the fluctuation characteristics of differential pressure(DP) signals measured from a Venturi meter. It is demonstrated that DP signals of two-phase flow are a linear mixture of DP signals of single phase fluids. The measurement model is a combination of throttle relationship and blind source separation model. In addition, we estimate the mixture matrix using the independent component analysis(ICA) technique. The mixture matrix could be described using the variances of two DP signals acquired from two Venturi meters. The validity of the proposed model was tested in the gas–liquid twophase flow loop facility. Experimental results showed that for most slug flow the relative error is within 10%.We also find that the mixture matrix is beneficial to investigate the flow mechanism of gas–liquid two-phase flow.

The Flow Measurement of Multiphase Flow Based on the Conductance Sensor

Oil-gas-water three-phase flow in the pipe is commonly encountered in the petroleum and nature gas industry. Its flow patterns are complex and always changeable, so it’s difficult to be measured and is becoming one of the most important subjects. Moreover, most of the oil fields in China are in such a high water fraction period that measures must be taken to meet the needs of the actual production. A conductance sensor which is widely used in the measurements of oil-water two-phase flow is used to measure the flow rate of the three-phase flow based on the research of the characteristics and the correlation theory, and a new technical solution which is suitable for measuring the oil-gas-water three-phase flow is established. A series of tests demonstrate that it’s feasible to use the conductance sensor in the measurements of oil- gas-water three-phase flow.

Velocity Slip and Interfacial Momentum Transfer in the Transient Section of Supersonic Gas-Droplet Two-Phase Flows

Modelling and simulations are conducted on velocity slip and interfacial momentum transfer for supersonic two-pha.se (gas-droplet) flow in the transient section inside and outside a Laval jet(LJ). The initial velocity slip between gas and droplets causes an interfacial momentum transfer flux as high as (2.0-5.0) x 104 Pa. The relaxation time corresponding to this transient process is in the range of 0.015-0.090ms for the two-phase flow formed inside the LJ and less than 0.5ms outside the LJ. It demonstrates the unique performance of this system for application to fast chemical reactions using electrically active media with a lifetime in the order of 1 ms. Through the simulations of the transient processes with initial Mach number Mg from 2.783 to 4.194 at different axial positions inside the LJ, it is found that Mg has the strongest effect on the process. The momentum flux increases as the Mach number decreases. Due to compression by the shock wave at the end of the LJ, the flow pattern becomes two dimensional and viscous outside the LJ. Laser Doppler velocirneter (LDV) measurements of droplet velocities outside the LJ are in reasonably good agreement with the results of the simulation.

Partial phase flow rate measurements for stratified oil-water flow in horizontal wells

To accurately measure and evaluate the oil-water production profile of horizontal wells, a dynamic measurement experiment of oil-water two-phase flow in horizontal wells and numerical simulation were combined to establish a method for measuring the partial phase flow rate of oil-water two-phase stratified flow in horizontal wells. An experimental work was performed in horizontal oil-water two-phase flow simulation well using combination production logging tool including mini-capacitance sensor and mini-spinner. The combination tool provides a recording of holdup and velocity profiles at five different heights of the borehole cross-section. The effect of total flow rate and water-cut on the response of spinner and capacitive sensor at five measured positions were investigated. The capacitance water holdup interpolation imaging algorithm was used to determine the local fluid property and oil-water interface height, and the measured local fluid speed was combined with the numerical simulation result to establish an optimal calculation model for obtaining the partial phase flow rate of the oil-water two-phase stratified flow in the horizontal well. The calculated flow rates of five measured points are basically consistent with the experimental data, the total flow rate and water holdup from calculation are in agreement with the set values in the experiment too, suggesting that the method has high accuracy.

Study on Venturi nozzle for gas-liquid two-phase flow metering

Experiments were carried out to study gas-liquid two-phase flow through a horizontally mounted Venturi nozzle. The inner diameter of pipe is 25 mm and the throat diameter of Venturi nozzle is 5. 1 mm. The pressure difference and pressure loss across the nozzle were measured. It was found that the degree of pressure fluctuation strongly depends on the gas quality. However,the relationship between the standard deviation of pressure difference and the gas quality is not monotonous. Multiple solutions may occur when the relationship was used to determine gas quality. On the other hand,the standard deviation of pressure loss was found to be monotonously correlated to X. This phenomenon was applied to measured gas quality. Also a modified Lin's equation is proposed to calculate the two-phase flow rate. The experimental measurements agree well with the predicted values.

Recent Progress in JAXA Project of Boiling Two-Phase Flow Experiment onboard ISS

The amount of waste heat in a space facility became larger, because of increase in the space platform size and its power consumption. It requires development of high-performance space thermal management systems handling a large amount of waste. Boiling two-phase flow could become powerful means for this system because a boiling and condensation system is one of the most efficient modes of heat transfer due to phase change （liquid-vapor）. However, gravity effects on boiling two-phase flow phenomena and the corresponding heat transfer characteristics are not clear. Therefore, we prepare the experiments of boiling two-phase flow utilizing a long-term microgravity environment onboard a Japanese Experimental Module ＂KIBO＂ in the International Space Station （ISS） as one of the JAXA official projects. In this paper, recent progress of the preparation for the project is reported.

Application of Electrical Capacitance Tomography to the Concentration Measurement in a Cyclone Dipleg

Accurate solid concentration measurement plays a key role in the process industry. Measurements analyzed offline can be used to estimate process efficiencies, to identify problems in a flow, and to validate computational models. Online measurements can be used for active control. Electrical capacitance tomography （ECT） is a unique measuring technique with great potential in multiphase flow measurement. Experimental studies are carried out on a solid concentration measurement in a cyclone separator dipleg, using ECT. In this experiment eight electrodes are selected for the ECT sensor that is placed on the straight tube of the dipleg. The fluctuating characteristics according to the screw feeder and the effect of the airflow rate from the top of the cyclone are analyzed. The feasibility andreliability of the method are verified by the experimental results.

Measurement of Particle Velocity, Particle Size Distribution and Concentration in Particulate Suspension by Transmission Fluctuation Correlation Spectrometry

In coal-fired power generation industry, parameters such as particle size affect combustion efficiency. Especially in the application of two-phase flow clean energy, the parameters such as particle velocity, particle size distribution and concentration are very important, because the coal particle velocity, concentration or size range have an impact on the whole combustion process. This paper introduces an optical measurement setup based on the transmission fluctuation correlation spectrum measurement technique, which realizes the simultaneous measurement of particle velocity, particle size distribution and concentration. Compared with image method, ultrasonic spectrum method and other methods, the experimental device is simple and low-cost.

PDA MEASUREMENTS OF TWO-PHASE FLOW STRUCTURE AND PARTICLE DISPERSION FOR A PARTICLE-LADEN JET IN CROSSFLOW

The two-phase flow structure and particle dispersion for a dilute particle-laden jet in crossflow （JICF） were experimentally investigated by means of Phase Doppler Anemometry （PDA） measurement. The two-phase flow experiments were conducted for different flow conditions and solid particle parameters, including the ratio of the jet velocity to crossflow velocity, the particle size and mass loading. The experimental results indicate that the fine particles with the size of 70 micron and the mass loading of 0.05% have a minor influence on the mean and fluctuation velocity fields of the two-phase JICF. However, the fine particle transport by the two-phase JICF is dominantly and preferentially affected by the shear layer vortices and exhibits a somewhat enhanced dispersion as compared to the fluid. For the coarse particles with the particle size ranging from 300 micron to 700 micron and the mass loading less than 0.16%, the effect of the particle parameters on the fluid phase is associated with both the anisotropic properties of the flow field and the trajectory deviation of the settling particles from the fluid. Compared to the single-phase JICF, the two-phase JICF laden with the coarse particles is recognized to possess more pronounced mean velocity alteration and turbulence modulation of the fluid phase in the presence of the particles with the larger particle size and higher mass loading.

一种基于声层析的河道实时流速测量系统设计与实验

针对河道实时流速测量系统存在的电源有限功率约束和河道的声传输噪声复杂问题,设计了一种基于m序列相关法的声层析河道实时流速测量系统,系统采用m序列码作为扩频发送信号来解决背景噪声干扰,在接收端使用正交解调(In-Phase and Quadrature Demodulation,IQ解调)解决同步解调信噪比低的问题。在有限电源功率下,分析了m序列的阶数、扩频倍数对时间测量的影响。系统使用了国产的RT-Thread操作系统和北斗卫星导航系统,实现各站点定位和授时。选择10阶m序列调制信号,在长江流域进行现场验证,所测流速与多普勒流速仪验证比对,两者平均误差为1.2%。

多普勒超声波技术在河道断面流速流量监测中的应用

基于多普勒超声波技术的基本原理,分析其在河道断面流速流量监测中的具体应用,包括多点流速剖线测量、走航式流量测量、湍流监测。通过一条典型河流的应用实例,验证了该技术在复杂河道条件下的有效性和高效性。结果表明,多普勒超声波技术为水文过程研究和河流管理提供了重要的数据支持。

液体颗粒测量技术鞘流系统的设计与仿真

液体颗粒测量技术是基于光散射法或光阻法,对液体中含有的颗粒物的粒径和数量等进行分析检测的技术。针对液体颗粒测量技术对测量精度的要求,基于流体动力聚焦原理,利用SolidWorks软件设计了用于液体中颗粒测量的鞘流系统模型。通过COMSOL的流体计算模块对该模型进行流体仿真计算,对聚焦流宽度的变化和系统对颗粒的聚焦性能进行仿真。仿真结果表明:该鞘流系统对样品流的聚焦性能与理论推导的一致,并且在样品流速度为0.1 m/s时,可将其聚焦到0.24 mm的宽度。并利用COMSOL颗粒追踪模块对该宽度下的颗粒轨迹进行仿真,实现了对颗粒的有效聚焦。在此基础上,对颗粒流经检测区时的状态进行分析,得出了重合误差的影响因素,对液体颗粒测量技术鞘流系统的实际设计具有一定的理论指导意义。

基于Radon变换的时空图像纹理角识别方法

时空图像测速法以河流表面自然特征为分析对象,检测生成的时空图像中的纹理主方向,根据物象变换关系、拍摄所得视频参数和纹理方向倾角的正切值计算出河流表面的一维时均流速。针对实际应用中生成的时空图像受噪声干扰而导致时空图像纹理倾斜角检测精度出现较大误差的问题,本文提出采用改进的同态滤波器来增强河流表面图像的纹理特征,采用融合了自适应直方图均衡化的频域滤波对时空图像去噪,再利用Radon变换检测纹理角方向。通过模拟纹理图像实验,较高、较低流速条件下实地河道实验验证本文改进方法的有效性,实验结果表明,对于标准的模拟纹理图,Radon变换角度检测结果相对误差小于0.03%,对于干扰较多的复杂的实地河道环境,较低和较高流速条件下,基于Radon变换的时空图像纹理角识别结果与人工手动目测值间的相对误差分别小于1.56%和1.80%。实验表明,Radon变换法可行且较其他纹理角检测算法有更高的精度。

浅析原油计量交接提升改造系统应用现状

原油的交接计量是采油厂生产管理的一项基础工作,它在采油厂开发、生产、经营、管理过程中占有十分重要的地位。随着计量技术信息化、数字化、智能化的发展,孤东油气集输管理中心对内部原油交接点开展计量技术改造升级,逐步由“体积流量计+实验室化验”向“质量流量计+在线含水仪”转变,以信息化、自动化手段取代原油交接日常人工化验,提高数据准确率,实现贸易交接计量工作水平的整体提升。

Characteristics of pressure drop for singlephase and two-phase flow across sudden contraction in microtubes

Single-phase and gas-liquid two-phase pressure drops caused by a sudden con-traction in microtubes were experimentally investigated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure,using nitrogen and water. The experimental results on pressure drop with a novel measurement method,the tiny gaps on the tubes,were used to characterize the sudden contraction pressure drop for tube diameters from 850 to 330 μm. The ranges of the gas and liquid superficial velocity were 2.55―322.08 and 0.98―9.78 m/s in the smaller tube respectively. In single-phase flow experiments,the contraction loss coefficients were larger than the experimental results from conventional tubes in the laminar flow. While in the turbulent flow,the contraction loss coefficients were slightly smaller than those from conventional tubes and predicted well by Kc=0.5×(1-σ2)0.75. In two-phase flow experiments,the slip flow model with a velocity slip ratio S=(ρL/ρG)1/3 showed a good prediction that reveals the occurrence of velocity slip. An empirical correlation for two-phase flow pressure drops caused by the sudden contraction was developed based on the proposed contraction loss coefficients correlation for single-phase flow and Mar-tinelli factor.

无人机图像法流量测验技术及其应用

流量是水文的主要测验要素之一,传统的水文测流方法是使用转子式流速仪或浮标法进行测量,不仅劳动强度大,而且历时较长,费工费力,还存在一定的安全隐患。近年来,多旋翼无人机在各行各业中得到越来越广泛的应用,赣江上游水文水资源监测中心利用大疆无人机进行了技术攻关与应用研究,通过无人机搭载摄像机、RTK模块采集河道水面视频图像,利用视频图像识别系统进行数据处理,成功获得流量数据,精度满足水文技术规范要求。采用非接触方式测流方法,使测流更加安全、可靠、灵活。

烟草制丝工艺质量影响因素及控制措施分析

烟草制丝作为卷烟生产的关键环节,直接影响到整个产品的质量,由于制丝产线工艺流程复杂,影响因素较多,为进一步保障烟草制丝的工艺质量,从水分控制、温度控制、流量控制、组分控制四个因素阐述其对烟草制丝工艺质量的影响,并结合卷烟工艺控制要求重点探析了如何对影响因素采取控制措施,旨在保障卷烟产品在制丝过程中的工艺质量。