Experiment Investigation and Control Strategies on Two-Phase Refrigerant Injection Heat Pump System for Electric Vehicle in Start-up Stage

Due to the poor heating performance and operating safety in low ambient temperature,traditional Air Source Heat Pump(ASHP)for Electric Vehicles(EVs)has many limits in cold region,which can be solved by the ASHP with refrigerant injection.During the start-up stage of EV in winter,the inlet air temperature of the in-car condenser is the same as the ambient temperature.At this situation,the performance and control strategy of the heat pump require special attention.In the present study,a series of experiments were carried out on the heating performance of the Refrigerant Injection Heat Pump(RIHP)system in start-up stage of EV,at the ambient temperature from–20℃ to–5℃.The effects of compressor speed and injected refrigerant state on the heating performance of the system were discussed in depth.According to the results,the control strategies during start-up stage have been discussed in the end of the article.The study provides a practical control strategy for the RIHP system during the start-up stage of electric vehicles,helping to efficiently operate electric vehicles in cold regions.

TWO-PHASE FLOW FOR A HORIZONTAL WELL PENETRATING A NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIR WITH EDGE WATER INJECTION

This paper examines the two-phase flow for a horizontal well penetrating a naturally fractured reservoir with edge water injection by means of a fixed streamlinemodel,The mathematical model of the verical two-dimensional flow or oil-water for a horizontal well in a medium with double-porosity is established ,and whose accuratesolutions are obtained by using the characteristic method .The saturation distributionsin the fractured system and the matrix system as well as the formula of the time of water free production are presented .All these results provide a theoretical basis and a computing method for oil displacement by edge water from naturally fracturedreservirs.

Simulation of Air Source Heat Pump with Refrigerant Injection for Heating Operation

An air source heat pump(ASHP)with refrigerant injection is proposed for the air conditioning system of electric vehicles(EVs),especially for efficient heating in cold winter,when there is no wasted heat of engines.The simulation model is built with the framework of two-phase fluid network,where the compressor is separated as two compressors and the economizer is treated as two heat exchangers in the injection path and the main refrigerant path.With the validated simulation model,the heating performance is analyzed,and the results show that the coefficient of performance(COP)of ASHP with refrigerant injection is higher than 1.4 and the discharge temperature is less than 100℃ when the outdoor temperature is-20℃.The above performance ensures that the air conditioning system and EVs can operate normally with high efficiency even in the cold winter,which is much helpful for the practicability of EVs.

Simulation of Non-isothermal Injection Molding for a Non-Newtonian Fluid by Level Set Method

A non-isothermal injection molding process for a non-Newtonian viscous pseudoplastic fluid is simulated.A conservative interface capturing technique and the flow field solving method are coupled to perform a dynamic simulation.The validity of the numerical method is verified by a benchmark problem.The melt interface evolution versus time is captured and the physical quantities such as temperature,velocity and pressure at each time step are obtained with corresponding analysis.A"frozen skin"layer with the thickness increasing versus time during the injection process is found.The fact that the"frozen skin"layer can be reduced by increasing the injection velocity is numerically verified.The fountain flow phenomenon near the melt interface is also captured.Moreover,comparisons with the non-isothermal Newtonian case show that the curvatures of the interface arcs and the pressure contours near the horizontal mid-line of the cavity for the non-Newtonian pseudoplastic case is larger than that for the Newtonian case.The velocity profiles are different at different positions for the non-Newtonian pseudoplastic case,while in the case of Newtonian flow the velocity profiles are parabolic and almost the same at different positions.

Experiment on Boiling Heat Transfer of Refrigerant R134a in Mini-channels

The flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of refrigerant R134 a flowing inside two different kinds of minichannels are investigated. One channel is multi-port extruded with the hydraulic diameter of 0.63 mm,and the other one is rectangular with offset fins and a hydraulic diameter of 1.28 mm. The experiments are performed with a mass flow rate between 68 and 630 kg/(m^2·s),a heat flux between 9 and 64 kW/m^2,and a saturation pressure between 0.24 and 0.63 MPa,under the constant heat flux heating mode. It is found that the effect of mass flow rate on boiling heat transfer is related to heat flux,and that with the increase of heat flux,the effect can only be efficient in higher vapor quality region. The effects of heat flux and saturation pressure on boiling heat transfer are related to a threshold vapor quality,and the value will gradually decrease with the increase of heat flux or saturation pressure. Based on these analyses,a new correlation is proposed to predict the boiling heat transfer coefficient of refrigerant R134 a in the mini-channels under the experimental conditions.

Numerical Modelling of Performance of R22 and R290 in Adiabatic Capillary Tubes Considering Metastable Two-Phase Region ——Theoretical Model Description and Validation

A homogeneous theoretical model is developed to predict the performance of R22 and R290 in adiabatic capillary tubes. The model is based on conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy. Metastable both liquid and two-phase flow regions are considered in the model. In metastable two-phase region, superheated liquid is introduced into the metastable mixture viscosity and two methods are presented to evaluate it. The model is validated by comparing the predicted pressure and temperature profile and mass flow rate with several investigators′ experimental data of R22 and one of its alternatives R290 reported in literature. All of the predicted mass flow rates are within ±800 of measured values. Comparisons are also made between the present model and other investigators′ models or sizing correlation. The model can be used for design or simulation calculation of adiabatic capillary tubes.

TWO－PHASE FLOW FOR A HORIZONTAL WELL PENETRATING A NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIR WITH EDGE WATER INJECTION

ＴＷＯ－ＰＨＡＳＥＦＬＯＷＦＯＲＡＨＯＲＩＺＯＮＴＡＬＷＥＬＬＰＥＮＥＴＲＡＴＩＮＧＡＮＡＴＵＲＡＬＬＹＦＲＡＣＴＵＲＥＤＲＥＳＥＲＶＯＩＲＷＩＴＨＥＤＧＥＷＡＴＥＲＩＮＪＥＣＴＩＯＮＧｕｏＤａｌｉ（郭大立）ＬｉｕＣｉｑｕｎ（刘慈群）（Ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ...

Refrigerant Distribution Characteristics in Vertical Header of Flat-Tube Heat Exchanger without Internal Protrusion

A heat exchanger that arranges flat tubes horizontally has a vertical header that distributes the refrigerant to each tube. When the heat exchanger works as an evaporator, differences in flow conditions at each branch, such as the ratio and distribution of vapor and liquid, due to the differences in densities and momentums of vapor and liquid in the two-phase flow make equal distribution difficult. This paper describes the distribution characteristics of a four-branch header that has a rectangular cross-section without the internal protrusion of flat tubes in the case of the inflow of the refrigerant R32 from the bottom of the header by using an equipment that can estimate the distribution ratio of the liquid and vapor phase to each branch. This paper also discusses the distribution characteristics on the basis of the flow visualization in the header. The flow visualization shows that a liquid level that contains vapor phase exists in the header and affects the distribution greatly.

采用非共沸制冷剂的双喷气增焓两级压缩热泵循环研究

提出一种采用非共沸制冷剂的双喷气增焓两级压缩热泵循环(DVIC),该循环在普通喷气增焓循环(VIC)的基础上采用分液冷凝技术,并增加一组闪蒸器,减少系统不可逆损失,改善热力性能。采用R290/R1336mzz(Z)非共沸制冷剂,对DVIC进行研究,并与VIC进行比较。结果表明:在设定工况下,DVIC比VIC拥有更优的循环性能,系统COP和(火用)效率分别提高5.82%和8.41%,压缩机功耗降低6.39%;在较低蒸发温度或较高冷凝温度的运行工况下,DVIC性能的改善效果更加明显。

准二级压缩多联机严寒地区供暖性能研究

为了推动多联机在严寒地区的应用,在哈尔滨搭建了一个准二级压缩多联机实验台,采用根据室外温度分段控制压缩机吸气状态的控制策略,进行了91天的测试。结果表明:采用提出的控制策略,实验机组在整个测试期间均可以稳定运行,最高排气温度为90.6℃,季节性能系数为2.40,且室内温度能够满足供暖需要;导致机组在严寒地区制热量不足的主要因素是误除霜,而不是室外低温,误除霜引起的最大逐时制热量不足率为24.31%,而室外低温环境只有7.74%;在室外温度为-22.5~7.5℃时实验机组的供暖效果较好,室外温度低于-22.5℃时存在制热量不足;因严寒地区的机组选型较大且受压缩机最低频率限制,故在室外温度高于7.5℃时,机组存在频繁启停现象。

高温工况下两相补气对空调压缩机热力性能的影响研究

在夏季超高温条件下,室外局部环境温度可达到50℃以上。过高的冷凝温度意味着压缩机排气压力较高、压比较大,同时压缩机散热困难,导致压缩机的排气温度超过120℃,压缩机内润滑油面临碳化风险,严重地影响了压缩机的可靠性。此外,在夏季超高温条件下,空调的制冷量快速衰减,制冷效果不尽人意。对于上述问题,在现有补气增焓技术的基础上提出两相补气,以解决夏季超高温工况下压缩机排气温度过高、制冷量衰减较大的问题。

螺杆压缩机补气系统在冷链物流库中的综合利用

本文介绍了一种利用螺杆压缩机补气负荷制取低温载冷剂,为穿堂等高温度低负荷用冷场所提供冷源的工程设计经验。采用本文设计方式,单台机组可以同时为高低温两套制冷系统制冷,有效减少制冷机组数量,提高系统整体运行效率,达到降低初投资、低充注、节能减排的目的。

Experimental research on the heating performance of a single cylinder refrigerant injection rotary compressor heat pump with flash tank

A single cylinder rotary compressor was applied in the refrigerant injection air-source heat pump to improve the heating performance in cold regions. In this study, the performance of an R410 A single cylinder rotary compressor vapor injection(SCRCVI) system was measured and analyzed by varying the compressor frequency f and injection pressure Pi njat the ambient temperature To d=–10°C.The experimental results indicated that an optimum injection pressure to gain the maximum COP_h (coefficient of performance) existed in the SCRCVI cycle. However, the maximum COP_h of the SCRCVI system decreased as the increase of the frequency, and the maximum COPhwas even lower than that of the CSVC system at high compressor frequency. Therefore, in view of the energy saving and emission reduction, the SCRCVI system should be switched to single stage compression system when the heating capacity demand could be satisfied at high compressor frequency f. Compared to the conventional single-stage vapor compression(CSVC) system, refrigerant injection could enhance the heating capacities and COP_h by 28.2% and 7.91%, respectively. The average total mass flow rate of the SCRCVI system was 24.68% higher than that of the CSVC system. As the SCRCVI system worked at the optimum injection pressure, the variation trends of the different system parameters were investigated in detail. These trends were reliably used to optimize the refrigerant injection system design and the control strategy. The parameter of(P_(inj)–P_s) could be adopted as the signals to control the opening of the upper stage electronic expansion valve EEV1.

Two-phase Flow of Liquid-gas in Diesel Fuel Injection System and Their Effect on Engine Performances

In this paper, by using high-speed camera, CCD camera, signal and graph acquisition system, and other experimental instruments, investigation on liquid-gas two-phase flow in diesel fuel injection system and their effect on engine performances were made. Emerging and bursting of cavitation in the cavity above pump delivery valve, in injection pipe, and in fuel trough of injector of the fuel injection system were observed and mechanism of cavitation were discussed. Effects of liquid-gas two-phase flow on propagation velocity of pressure wave of the system and on irregular injection were analyzed. Two types of cavitation, long Living time cavitation and short living time cavitation, in the cavity above pump delivery valve of diesel fuel injection system were observed.

电子膨胀阀对物流车冷冻系统性能的影响

为了研究电子膨胀阀开度对纯电动物流车冷冻系统性能的影响,在焓差实验室搭建一套中压补气型纯电动物流车冷冻系统实验台,通过改变主路和补路电子膨胀阀开度进行实验。结果表明:主阀开度由10%逐渐升高到22%时,排气温度降低11.92%;主阀开度为14%时,制冷量、制冷效率(COP)和能效比(EER)分别取得最大值1.41 kW、1.57、1.04;补阀开度从10%升高到25%的过程中,制冷量、COP和EER分别降低3.52%、7.40%和7.30%,压缩机功率升高4.55%。

冰箱抽屉注塑成型CAE分析

使用Moldflow CAE分析软件,采用燕山石化公司聚丙烯K6810材料及韩国三星聚丙烯BU510材料进行了冰箱抽屉模流分析。采用正交试验方法进行试验设计,对冰箱抽屉模型进行了填充、保压、冷却及翘曲模拟分析。通过优化分析确定了熔体温度、模具温度、注射时间、注射压力等工艺参数,讨论了不同加工工艺条件对两种原材料的加工性能的影响。优化加工工艺结果表明,两种原材料具有相似的加工性能,通过优化的合适注塑加工工艺可以得到翘曲量较小、质量较好的冰箱抽屉制件产品。

变频多联机吸气喷射热动力特性研究

搭建了采用过冷器喷射旁通的试验平台,研究了喷射量对制热热动力特性的影响。试验结果表明:随着喷射量逐渐增大,压缩机的排气温度也在不断降低,可以确保机组在寒冷区域稳定运行;室外温度小于0℃的情况下,辅路出口温度、入口温度相当时,机组制热能力、能效最大,随着喷射量进一步增大增加,机组制热能力、能效开始降低;室外温度高于0℃的情况下,喷射量为“0”时,机组制热能力、能效最大。

采用自然工质水的高温热泵系统性能分析

面对严重的能源与环境问题,开发节能与环保的新技术一直都是国内外特别重视的研究热点。采用自然工质水的高温热泵系统结合了高温热泵与自然工质水的优势,不仅可以有效地回收低品位热能,而且绿色环保,是理想的下一代高温热泵技术。从理论计算以及实验验证两方面对采用自然工质水的高温热泵系统进行了性能分析研究。结果表明,负压条件下蒸发、正压条件下冷凝的水蒸气闭式热泵循环系统是可行的,同时实验结果表明当压缩机吸气温度为80℃,排气饱和温度从117℃提高到133℃,系统压比从3.47升高到5.94时,采用自然工质水的高温热泵系统COP从5.6下降到3.7。其中压缩机的排气饱和温度为120℃,压比为4.2时,热泵系统的COP接近于5,性能优越,在工业生产中具有较大的推广应用价值。

半封闭活塞式制冷压缩机喷液的研究

文章分析了喷液对半封闭活塞式制冷压缩机性能的影响,并以三洋C-L150M82型号压缩机进行试验,试验分析了不同工况下喷液对压缩机的排气温度、制冷量、功耗和COP的影响,以及喷液量随蒸发温度与冷凝温度的变化趋势。试验表明制冷剂喷射可以有效的降低排气温度,但同时也降低了制冷量和COP,增加了功耗。喷液的质量流量主要由喷液管和喷液吸气腔的压差,喷液率的变化与制冷量以及温度的变化不是简单的线性比例关系,合理的选择喷液毛细管,就可以优化喷液量,既能有效的降低压缩机的排气温度,又能确保压缩机的性能。

新型冰箱压缩/喷射混合制冷循环的研究

提出一种新型冰箱压缩/喷射混合制冷循环,该循环相对冰箱传统的简单制冷循环改动较小,只引入了一个冰箱用喷射器,易于实现。针对此循环进行了理论分析和计算,结果表明,混合循环与简单循环相比:制冷系数增加6%—12%,容积制冷量增加10%—18%,尤其对于大冷藏室的双温和多温冰箱节能效果更好。进而论述了喷射器喷嘴的临界截面直径和出口截面直径的设计与制冷量和制冷设计工况之间的对应关系。