TRESK is the most recently reported two-pore domain K^＋ channel, and different from other two-pore domain channels in gene, molecular structure, electrophysiological and pharmacological properties. Although the curre...TRESK is the most recently reported two-pore domain K^＋ channel, and different from other two-pore domain channels in gene, molecular structure, electrophysiological and pharmacological properties. Although the current knowledge of this potassium channel is inadequate, researches have demonstrated that TRESK is remarkablely linked to acute and chronic pain by activation of calcineurin. The fact that TRESK is sensitive to volatile anesthetics and localization in central nerve system implies that TRESK may play a very important role in the mechanism mediating general anesthesia. The further research of TRESK may contribute to explore the underlying mechanism of some pathological conditions and yield novel treatments for some diseases.展开更多
基于XILINX公司的TPC IP core设计了码率为3/4的TPC编解码器。此3/4Turbo乘积码(Turbo productcode,TPC)编码是在码率为(64,57)×(64,57)的二维TPC编码的基础上截短得到的。该编码采用IEEE802.16和IEEE802.16a标准中规定的生成多项...基于XILINX公司的TPC IP core设计了码率为3/4的TPC编解码器。此3/4Turbo乘积码(Turbo productcode,TPC)编码是在码率为(64,57)×(64,57)的二维TPC编码的基础上截短得到的。该编码采用IEEE802.16和IEEE802.16a标准中规定的生成多项式。设计中采用了周期为220-1的二进制伪随机序列作为信源,利用AWGN IP core生成数字高斯白噪声,对3/4TPC的性能进行了测试。采用BPSK调制在Eb/N0为4.0dB时,测得的信道的误码率为2×10-6,信息速率可以达到49Mbps,与Matlab的仿真结果相比大约有0.2dB左右的误差。所有程序都在一片FPGA VirtexII2000中完成。展开更多
The most prominent ion channel localized in plant vacuoles is the slow activating SV type. Slow vacuolar （SV） channels were discovered by patch clamp studies as early as 1986. In the following two decades, numerous ...The most prominent ion channel localized in plant vacuoles is the slow activating SV type. Slow vacuolar （SV） channels were discovered by patch clamp studies as early as 1986. In the following two decades, numerous studies revealed that these calcium- and voltage-activated, nonselective cation channels are expressed in the vacuoles of all plants and every plant tissue. The voltage-dependent properties of the SV channel are susceptible to modulation by calcium, pH, redox state, as well as regulatory proteins. In Arabidopsis, the SV channel is encoded by the AtTPC1 gene, and even though its gene product represents the by far largest conductance of the vacuolar membrane, tpcl-loss-of-function mutants appeared not to be impaired in major physiological functions such as growth, development, and reproduction. In contrast, the fou2 gain-of-function point mutation D454N within TPC1 leads to a pronounced growth phenotype and increased synthesis of the stress hormone jasmonate. Since the TPC1 gene is present in all land plants, it likely encodes a very general function. In this review, we will discuss major SV channel properties and their impact on plant cell physiology.展开更多
Plants and animals in endosomes operate TPCI/SV-type cation channels. All plants harbor at least one TPC1 gene. Although the encoded SV channel was firstly discovered in the plant vacuole membrane two decades ago, its...Plants and animals in endosomes operate TPCI/SV-type cation channels. All plants harbor at least one TPC1 gene. Although the encoded SV channel was firstly discovered in the plant vacuole membrane two decades ago, its biological function has remained enigmatic. Recently, the structure of a plant TPC1/SV channel protein was determined. Insights into the 3D topology has now guided site-directed mutation ap- proaches, enabling structure-function analyses of TPC1/SV channels to shed new light on earlier findings. Fou2 plants carrying a hyperactive mutant form of TPC1 develop wounding stress phenotypes. Recent studies with fou2 and mutants that lack functional TPC1 have revealed atypical features in local and long-distance stress signaling, providing new access to the previously mysterious biology of this vacuolar cation channel type in planta.展开更多
The plant vacuole plays a fundamental role in cell homeostasis.The successful application of patch-clamp tech-nique on isolated vacuoles allows the determination of the functional characteristics of tonoplast ion chan...The plant vacuole plays a fundamental role in cell homeostasis.The successful application of patch-clamp tech-nique on isolated vacuoles allows the determination of the functional characteristics of tonoplast ion channels and transporters.The parallel use of a sensor-based fluorescence approach capable of detecting changes in calcium and proton concentrations opens up new possibilities for investigation.In excised patch,the presence of fura-2 in the vacuolar solution reveals the direct permeation of calcium in plant TPC channels.In whole-vacuole,the activity of non-electrogenic NHX potassium proton antiporters can be measured by using the proton sensitive dye BCECF loaded in the vacuolar lumen by the patch pipette.Both vacuolar NHXs and CLCa(chloride/nitrate antiporter)are inhibited by the phosphoinositide PI(3,5)P2,suggesting a coordinated role of these proteins in salt accumulation.Increased knowledge in the molecular mechanisms of vacuolar ion channels and transporters has the potential to improve our understanding on how plants cope with a rapidly changing environment.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 30672020）；the B. Braun Anesthesia Foundation of B. Braun Medical （Shanghai） International Trading Co., Ltd.
文摘TRESK is the most recently reported two-pore domain K^＋ channel, and different from other two-pore domain channels in gene, molecular structure, electrophysiological and pharmacological properties. Although the current knowledge of this potassium channel is inadequate, researches have demonstrated that TRESK is remarkablely linked to acute and chronic pain by activation of calcineurin. The fact that TRESK is sensitive to volatile anesthetics and localization in central nerve system implies that TRESK may play a very important role in the mechanism mediating general anesthesia. The further research of TRESK may contribute to explore the underlying mechanism of some pathological conditions and yield novel treatments for some diseases.
文摘基于XILINX公司的TPC IP core设计了码率为3/4的TPC编解码器。此3/4Turbo乘积码(Turbo productcode,TPC)编码是在码率为(64,57)×(64,57)的二维TPC编码的基础上截短得到的。该编码采用IEEE802.16和IEEE802.16a标准中规定的生成多项式。设计中采用了周期为220-1的二进制伪随机序列作为信源,利用AWGN IP core生成数字高斯白噪声,对3/4TPC的性能进行了测试。采用BPSK调制在Eb/N0为4.0dB时,测得的信道的误码率为2×10-6,信息速率可以达到49Mbps,与Matlab的仿真结果相比大约有0.2dB左右的误差。所有程序都在一片FPGA VirtexII2000中完成。
文摘The most prominent ion channel localized in plant vacuoles is the slow activating SV type. Slow vacuolar （SV） channels were discovered by patch clamp studies as early as 1986. In the following two decades, numerous studies revealed that these calcium- and voltage-activated, nonselective cation channels are expressed in the vacuoles of all plants and every plant tissue. The voltage-dependent properties of the SV channel are susceptible to modulation by calcium, pH, redox state, as well as regulatory proteins. In Arabidopsis, the SV channel is encoded by the AtTPC1 gene, and even though its gene product represents the by far largest conductance of the vacuolar membrane, tpcl-loss-of-function mutants appeared not to be impaired in major physiological functions such as growth, development, and reproduction. In contrast, the fou2 gain-of-function point mutation D454N within TPC1 leads to a pronounced growth phenotype and increased synthesis of the stress hormone jasmonate. Since the TPC1 gene is present in all land plants, it likely encodes a very general function. In this review, we will discuss major SV channel properties and their impact on plant cell physiology.
文摘Plants and animals in endosomes operate TPCI/SV-type cation channels. All plants harbor at least one TPC1 gene. Although the encoded SV channel was firstly discovered in the plant vacuole membrane two decades ago, its biological function has remained enigmatic. Recently, the structure of a plant TPC1/SV channel protein was determined. Insights into the 3D topology has now guided site-directed mutation ap- proaches, enabling structure-function analyses of TPC1/SV channels to shed new light on earlier findings. Fou2 plants carrying a hyperactive mutant form of TPC1 develop wounding stress phenotypes. Recent studies with fou2 and mutants that lack functional TPC1 have revealed atypical features in local and long-distance stress signaling, providing new access to the previously mysterious biology of this vacuolar cation channel type in planta.
文摘The plant vacuole plays a fundamental role in cell homeostasis.The successful application of patch-clamp tech-nique on isolated vacuoles allows the determination of the functional characteristics of tonoplast ion channels and transporters.The parallel use of a sensor-based fluorescence approach capable of detecting changes in calcium and proton concentrations opens up new possibilities for investigation.In excised patch,the presence of fura-2 in the vacuolar solution reveals the direct permeation of calcium in plant TPC channels.In whole-vacuole,the activity of non-electrogenic NHX potassium proton antiporters can be measured by using the proton sensitive dye BCECF loaded in the vacuolar lumen by the patch pipette.Both vacuolar NHXs and CLCa(chloride/nitrate antiporter)are inhibited by the phosphoinositide PI(3,5)P2,suggesting a coordinated role of these proteins in salt accumulation.Increased knowledge in the molecular mechanisms of vacuolar ion channels and transporters has the potential to improve our understanding on how plants cope with a rapidly changing environment.
