Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Modules Enabled by Solid-Liquid Two-Step Film Formation

A considerable efficiency gap exists between large-area perovskite solar modules and small-area perovskite solar cells.The control of forming uniform and large-area film and perovskite crystallization is still the main obstacle restricting the efficiency of PSMs.In this work,we adopted a solid-liquid two-step film formation technique,which involved the evaporation of a lead iodide film and blade coating of an organic ammonium halide solution to prepare perovskite films.This method possesses the advantages of integrating vapor deposition and solution methods,which could apply to substrates with different roughness and avoid using toxic solvents to achieve a more uniform,large-area perovskite film.Furthermore,modification of the NiO_(x)/perovskite buried interface and introduction of Urea additives were utilized to reduce interface recombination and regulate perovskite crystallization.As a result,a large-area perovskite film possessing larger grains,fewer pinholes,and reduced defects could be achieved.The inverted PSM with an active area of 61.56 cm^(2)(10×10 cm^(2)substrate)achieved a champion power conversion efficiency of 20.56%and significantly improved stability.This method suggests an innovative approach to resolving the uniformity issue associated with large-area film fabrication.

A new two-step variational model for multiplicative noise removal with applications to texture images

Multiplicative noise removal problems have attracted much attention in recent years.Unlike additive noise,multiplicative noise destroys almost all information of the original image,especially for texture images.Motivated by the TV-Stokes model,we propose a new two-step variational model to denoise the texture images corrupted by multiplicative noise with a good geometry explanation in this paper.In the first step,we convert the multiplicative denoising problem into an additive one by the logarithm transform and propagate the isophote directions in the tangential field smoothing.Once the isophote directions are constructed,an image is restored to fit the constructed directions in the second step.The existence and uniqueness of the solution to the variational problems are proved.In these two steps,we use the gradient descent method and construct finite difference schemes to solve the problems.Especially,the augmented Lagrangian method and the fast Fourier transform are adopted to accelerate the calculation.Experimental results show that the proposed model can remove the multiplicative noise efficiently and protect the texture well.

Two-step growth of β-Ga_(2)O_(3) on c-plane sapphire using MOCVD for solar-blind photodetector

In this work,a two-step metal organic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD)method was applied for growingβ-Ga_(2)O_(3) film on c-plane sapphire.Optimized buffer layer growth temperature(T_(B))was found at 700℃ and theβ-Ga_(2)O_(3) film with full width at half maximum(FWHM)of 0.66°was achieved.A metal−semiconductor−metal(MSM)solar-blind photodetector(PD)was fabricated based on theβ-Ga_(2)O_(3) film.Ultrahigh responsivity of 1422 A/W@254 nm and photo-to-dark current ratio(PDCR)of 10^(6) at 10 V bias were obtained.The detectivity of 2.5×10^(15) Jones proved that the photodetector has outstanding performance in detecting weak signals.Moreover,the photodetector exhibited superior wavelength selectivity with rejection ratio(R_(250 nm)/R_(400 nm))of 105.These results indicate that the two-step method is a promising approach for preparation of high-qualityβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)films for high-performance solar-blind photodetectors.

Effect of two-step solid solution on microstructure andδphase precipitation of Inconel 718 alloy

Inconel 718 is the most popular nickel-based superalloy and is extensively used in aerospace,automotive,and energy indus-tries owing to its extraordinary thermomechanical properties.The effects of different two-step solid solution treatments on microstructure andδphase precipitation of Inconel 718 alloy were studied,and the transformation mechanism fromγ″metastable phase toδphase was clarified.The precipitates were statistically analyzed by X-ray diffractometry.The results show that theδphase content firstly increased,and then decreased with the temperature of the second-step solid solution.The changes in microstructure andδphase were studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.An intragranularδphase formed in Inconel 718 alloy at the second-[100]_(δ)[011]γ step solid solution temperature of 925℃,and its orientation relationship withγmatrix was determined as//and(010)_(δ)//(111)γ.Furthermore,the Vickers hardness of different heat treatment samples was measured,and the sample treated by second-step solid solution at 1010℃ reached the maximum hardness of HV 446.84.

Does shear wave elastography technology provide better value for the assessment of perianal fistulizing Crohn’s disease?

Magnetic resonance imaging is the gold standard compared other clinical fin-dings.But shear wave elastography technique combined with endoscopic ultra-sound can evaluate the degree of fibrosis of fistula tissue in Crohn’s disease patients.This topic is highly relevant to the current discourse,especially for It shows a certain degree of innovation and practicality and is worthy of study and popularization.

Assessment of perianal fistulizing Crohn’s disease activity with endoanal ultrasound: A retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND Perianal fistulas pose dual challenges to Crohn's disease(CD)patients.Low patient compliance due to the complexity of existing examination methods plagues the treatment and follow-up management of perianal CD.AIM To determine the accuracy of endoanal ultrasound(EUS)and shear wave elastography(SWE)for evaluating perianal fistulizing CD(PFCD)activity.METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study.A total of 67 patients from August 2022 to December 2023 diagnosed with CD were divided into three groups:Non-anal fistula group(n=23),low-activity perianal fistulas[n=19,perianal disease activity index(PDAI)≤4],high-activity perianal fistulas(n=25,PDAI>4)based on the PDAI.All patients underwent assessments including EUS+SWE,pelvic magnetic resonance[pelvic magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)],C-reactive protein,fecal calprotectin,CD activity index,PDAI.RESULTS The percentage of fistulas indicated by pelvic MRI and EUS was consistent at 82%,and there was good consistency in the classification of perianal fistulas(Kappa=0.752,P<0.001).Significant differences were observed in the blood flow Limberg score(χ^(2)=8.903,P<0.05)and shear wave velocity(t=2.467,P<0.05)between group 2 and 3.Shear wave velocity showed a strong negative correlation with magnetic resonance novel index for fistula imaging in CD(Magnifi-CD)score(r=-0.676,P<0.001),a weak negative correlation with the PDAI score(r=-0.386,P<0.05),and a weak correlation between the Limberg score and the PDAI score(r=0.368,P<0.05).CONCLUSION EUS combined with SWE offers a superior method for detecting and quantitating the activity of perianal fistulas in CD patients.It may be the ideal tool to assess PFCD activity objectively for management strategies.

Gallbladder perforation with fistulous communication

BACKGROUND The management of gallbladder perforation(GBP)with fistulous communication(Neimeier type I)is controversial.AIM To recommend management options for GBP with fistulous communication.METHODS A systematic review of studies describing the management of Neimeier type I GBP was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines.The search strategy was conducted in Scopus,Web of Science,MEDLINE,and EMBASE(May 2022).Data extraction was obtained for patient characteristics,type of intervention,days of hospitalization(DoH),complications,and site of fistulous communication.RESULTS A total of 54 patients(61%female)from case reports,series,and cohorts were included.The most frequent fistulous communication occurred in the abdominal wall.Patients from case reports/series had a similar proportion of complications between open cholecystectomy(OC)and laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC)(28.6 vs 12.5;P=0.569).Mortality was higher in OC(14.3 vs 0.0;P=0.467)but this proportion was given by only one patient.DoH were higher in OC(mean 26.3 d vs 6.6 d).There was no clear association between higher rates of complications of a given intervention in cohorts,and no mortality was observed.CONCLUSION Surgeons must evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the therapeutic options.OC and LC are adequate options for the surgical management of GBP,with no significant differences.

Two-step strategy—conjunctival flap covering surgery combined with secondary deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty for the treatment of high-risk fungal keratitis

AIM:To investigate whether the two-step strategy[conjunctival flap covering surgery(CFCS)combined with secondary deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty(DALK)]is effective for patients with high-risk fungal keratitis(FK).METHODS:In this noncomparative,retrospective case series,10 subjects(6 males,4 females)with a mean age of 56.5±7.1(range 47-72)y with high-risk FK undergone the two-step strategy were included.Reported outcome measures were healing of the corneal ulcer,recurrence of FK,reject reaction,improvement in best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and relevant complications.RESULTS:The average diameter of corneal infiltrates was 7.50±0.39 mm,ranging from 6.94 to 8.13 mm.The mean depth of corneal infiltrates was 422.4±77.1μm,ranging from 350 to 535μm.The mean corneal thickness was 597.4±117.3μm,ranging from 458 to 851μm.Hypopyon and endothelial plaques were presented in all patients.The period between the two steps was 3.65±0.9(ranging from 3 to 5)mo.The graft diameter was 7.75±0.39 mm.At the last follow-up(average 9.25±3.39,ranging from 5.5 to 17mo),no fungal recurrence or graft rejection appeared,and all patients showed improvement of BCVA.One patient suffered from liver function impairment due to oral voriconazole for 4wk and recovered spontaneously after 1wk of drug withdrawal.CONCLUSION:The two-step strategy is safe and effective in the treatment of high-risk FK by transforming intentional therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty during acute infection to later optical DALK.It is a practical strategy,especially in areas lacking fresh donor corneas and eye bank services.

Intensified shape selectivity and alkylation reaction for the two-step conversion of methanol aromatization to p-xylene

Two-step conversion of methanol to aromatics via light hydrocarbons can significantly improve the conversion stability compared with direct aromatization of methanol,but it remains a challenge to achieve a high p-xylene(PX)selectivity.Herein,silica coating was firstly used to passivate external acid sites of ZSM-5 catalyst for the aromatization of light hydrocarbons by the chemical liquid deposition method.With the increase of SiO_(2) deposition,the density of the external acid sites of the catalyst was decreased from 0.1 to 0.03 mmol·g^(-1),which inhibited the surface secondary reactions and increased the PX/X from 34.6% to 60.0%.In view of the fact that the aromatization process in the second step was partly inhibited as methanol was consumed in advance in the upper methanol-to-light hydrocarbons catalyst layer,part of methanol was directly introduced into the lower aromatization catalyst layer to promote the alkylation process during the aromatization,which decreased the toluene selectivity from 34.5% to 14.3% but increased the xylene selectivity from 40.0%to 55.3%.It was also found that an appropriate external acid density was needed for aromatization catalyst to strengthen the alkylation process and improve the selectivity of xylene under the conditions of methanol introduction.

A two-step correction of a congenital alar cleft in an adult patient:A case report

This report describes a two-step surgical correction of an isolated left-sided congenital alar cleft in a 21-year-old male patient presenting with a 9×6.5 mm^(2)-sized cleft.Malformations of the alar structure and displacement of the lower lateral cartilage were observed.All flaps survived,and the patient was completely satisfied with the surgical results.This surgical treatment is simple and reliable,can greatly improve the nasal appearance of patients with alar clefts,and may be an alternative to the current surgical treatment.

儿童肛周瘘管型克罗恩病的临床特征及预后

目的分析儿童肛周瘘管型克罗恩病(perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease,pfCD)患儿的临床特征、治疗及预后。方法回顾性选择2015年4月—2023年4月间诊断为克罗恩病(Crohn's disease,CD)的6~17岁患儿142例为研究对象,根据是否存在肛周瘘管型病变,分为pfCD组(60例)和非pfCD组(82例),比较两组患儿的临床特征、治疗及预后。结果pfCD发生率为42.3%(60/142)。pfCD组男性比例,病变范围累及结肠、小肠结肠比例,以及合并上消化道病变的比例高于非pfCD组(P<0.05)。pfCD组英夫利西单抗诱导缓解及维持缓解治疗比例高于非pfCD组(P<0.05)。pfCD组中,复杂性肛瘘患儿占62%(37/60),肛瘘非切割性挂线引流术治疗在复杂性肛瘘患儿中比例为62%(23/37),显著高于简单性肛瘘患儿(4%,1/23)(P<0.05)。两组患儿治疗54周黏膜愈合率和临床缓解率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。pfCD组治疗54周瘘管愈合率为57%(34/60),其中简单性肛瘘患儿瘘管愈合率高于复杂性肛瘘患儿(P<0.05)。结论儿童CD患者中pfCD发生率高,pfCD患儿生物制剂使用比例高,复杂性肛瘘非切割性挂线引流术比例高,CD患儿随访中需要密切关注pfCD的发生。

Novel two-step process to improve efficiency of bio-oxidation of Axi high-sulfur refractory gold concentrates

In order to improve the bio-oxidation efficiency of Axi refractory gold concentrate, a two-step process including a high temperature chemical oxidation and a subsequent bio-oxidation, combined with p H control during the bio-oxidation step was used. The results revealed that the optimum mode was to maintain solution p H at 1.0-1.2 during the biological oxidation stage. Under this condition, the activity of mixed culture could be sustained and the formation of jarosite could be diminished, thus the oxidation efficiency was improved. The oxidation levels of iron and sulfur were improved by 12.50% and 15.49%, and the gold recovery was increased by 21.02%. Therefore, the two-step process combined with p H control is an effective method for oxidizing the biohydrometallurgical process of Axi gold concentrate, and it will have a broad prospect of application in dealing with complex refractory gold concentrate.

Optimization of Sporulation Conditions of Biocontrol Bacteria B579 by Two-step Control Strategy

[Objective] For preparing the biopesticide of Bacillus subtilis B579 with high spore concentration,the sporulation conditions were optimized.[Method] Two-step fermentation control strategy was used,in which,the first phase（0-10 h）was to improve cell growth,and the second phase（10-30 h）was to promote spore formation.Four factors including initial glucose concentration,fermentation pH,temperature（in the second phase）and shaking speed（in the second phase）were optimized using the methods of single factor test and orthogonal experiment.[Result] The initial glucose concentration showed a significant effect on sporulation.The optimal conditions for the spore formation of B.subtilis B579 were as follows：initial glucose concentration 5 g/L,fermentation pH 7.0,the temperature for the first phase 37 ℃,and the shaking speed for the first phase 180 r/min,the temperature for the second phase 40 ℃,and the shaking speed for the second phase 200 r/min;in addition,the first phase was 10 h and the second phase of fermentation was conducted for 30 h.Under such conditions,the spore concentration and spore formation rate could reach 9.43×108 CFU/ml and 90.99%,respectively,which represented 6.70-fold and 2.43-fold increase compared with those before optimization.[Conclusion] The spores concentration of biocontrol agent was improved using two-step control strategy,which provided the basis for biopesticide production in large scale.

Accelerated Sequential Deposition Reaction via Crystal Orientation Engineering for Low-Temperature,High-Efficiency Carbon-Electrode CsPbBr_(3) Solar Cells

Low-temperature,ambient processing of high-quality CsPbBr_(3)films is demanded for scalable production of efficient,low-cost carbon-electrode perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Herein,we demonstrate a crystal orientation engineering strategy of PbBr_(2)precursor film to accelerate its reaction with CsBr precursor during two-step sequential deposition of CsPbBr_(3)films.Such a novel strategy is proceeded by adding CsBr species into PbBr_(2)precursor,which can tailor the preferred crystal orientation of PbBr_(2)film from[020]into[031],with CsBr additive staying in the film as CsPb_(2)Br_(5)phase.Theoretical calculations show that the reaction energy barrier of(031)planes of PbBr_(2)with CsBr is lower about 2.28 eV than that of(O2O)planes.Therefore,CsPbBr_(3)films with full coverage,high purity,high crystallinity,micro-sized grains can be obtained at a low temperature of 150℃.Carbon-electrode PSCs with these desired CsPbBr_(3)films yield the record-high efficiency of 10.27%coupled with excellent operation stability.Meanwhile,the 1 cm^(2)area one with the superior efficiency of 8.00%as well as the flexible one with the champion efficiency of 8.27%and excellent mechanical bending characteristics are also achieved.

Arrhenius relationship and two-step scheme in AF hyperdynamics simulation of diffusion of Mg/Zn interface

The accelerating factor （AF） method is a simple and appropriate way to investigate the atomic long-time deep diffusion at solid-solid interface. In the framework of AF hyperdynamics （HD） simulation, the relationship between the diffusion coefficient along the direction of z-axis which is normal to the Mg/Zn interface and temperature was investigated, and the AF＇s impact on the diffusion constant （D0） and activation energy （Q^＊） was studied. Then, two steps were taken to simulate the atomic diffusion process and the formation of new phases： one for acceleration and the other for equilibration. The results show that： the Arrhenius equation works well for the description of Dz with different accelerating factors; the AF has no effect on the diffusion constant Do in the case of no phase transition; and the relationship between Q＊ and Q conforms to Q^＊=Q/A. Then, the new Arrhenius equation for AFHD is successfully constructed as Dz=Doexp[-Q/（ART）]. Meanwhile, the authentic equilibrium conformations at any dynamic moment can only be reproduced by the equilibration simulation of the HD-simulated configurations. Key words： accelerating factor method; Arrhenius equation; two-steps scheme; Mg/Zn interface; hyperdynamic simulation

居民消费结构转型升级的碳减排效应研究

降低各地区的碳排放强度对于“双碳”目标的实现具有重要意义。近年来,我国居民消费结构发生了重大变化,居民消费结构转型升级对碳排放强度有显著影响。本文采用2000-2020年我国30个省级地区的空间面板样本数据,利用动态面板模型研究了居民消费结构转型对碳排放强度是否存在非线性影响机制;对产业结构能否充当中介变量进行分析,对东中西部地区的异质性进行了研究;研究表明居民消费结构对碳排放强度能够产生明显的抑制效果,东部地区的影响更为显著,并且产业结构能够作为中介效应影响碳排放强度。本研究结论与政策启示对于居民消费结构转型升级实现“双碳”目标具有一定的现实意义。

1例对英夫利西单抗失应答肛瘘型克罗恩病患者的病例分析

1例反复发作的难治性肛瘘型克罗恩病患者使用英夫利西单抗出现继发性失应答,经治疗药物监测,联合硫唑嘌呤及剂量强化后仍无法达到预期治疗目标。临床药师参与其个体化药物治疗及监护过程,参考相关指南与文献后,对英夫利西单抗失应答的危险因素及原因进行分析,建议转换方案首选乌司奴单抗。治疗过程中,除了临床药师协助医师制定药物治疗方案,同时进行疗效和不良反应监护与随访,用药12周后患者粪便钙卫蛋白和C反应蛋白明显下降且实现瘘管愈合。本文可为类似复杂肛瘘型克罗恩病患者经优化治疗后英夫利西单抗仍失应答的方案调整提供用药参考。

经皮经肝Ⅰ期胆道造瘘联合分步胆道镜治疗Roux-en-Y胆肠吻合术后结石复发的肝胆管结石患者疗效研究

目的探讨经皮经肝Ⅰ期胆道造瘘(PTOBF)联合分步经皮经肝胆道镜取石术(PTCSL)治疗Roux-en-Y胆肠吻合术经治复发的肝胆管结石患者的疗效。方法2020年1月~2022年12月我院接受过Roux-en-Y胆肠吻合术治疗后结石复发的肝胆管结石患者83例,其中31例对照组接受PTCSL取石术,52例观察组接受PTOBF联合PTCSL取石术治疗、超声检查随访。结果观察组手术时间和术后住院日分别为(136.3±29.5)min和6.1(4.7,7.8)d,显著长于对照组【分别为(63.9±7.7)min和4.1(3.9,5.2)d,P<0.05】;观察组一次穿刺成功率和一次瘘道扩张成功率分别为76.9%和94.2%,显著高于对照组的54.8%和67.7%(P<0.05);术前术后,两组肝功能指标变化无显著性差异(P>0.05);术后观察组引流管脱出发生率为1.9%,显著低于对照组的25.8%(P<0.05),而两组胆道出血和胸腔积液发生率无显著性差异(分别为1.9%对3.2%和3.9%对3.2%,P>0.05);术后随访7~43个月,观察组结石再复发率为3.9%,显著低于对照组的16.1%(P<0.05)。结论采取PTOBF联合PTCSL术治疗复发性肝胆管结石患者效果显著,且术中一次穿刺成功率和一次瘘道扩张成功率均较高,术后引流管脱出和结石再复发率较低。

Socioeconomic traits and the risk of Barrett’s esophagus and gastroesophageal reflux disease: A Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND Previous observational studies have shown that the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)and Barrett’s esophagus(BE)is associated with socioeconomic status.However,due to the methodological limitations of traditional observational studies,it is challenging to definitively establish causality.AIM To explore the causal relationship between the prevalence of these conditions and socioeconomic status using Mendelian randomization(MR).METHODS We initially screened single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)to serve as proxies for eight socioeconomic status phenotypes for univariate MR analysis.The inverse variance weighted(IVW)method was used as the primary analytical method to estimate the causal relationship between the eight socioeconomic status phenotypes and the risk of GERD and BE.We then collected combinations of SNPs as composite proxies for the eight socioeconomic phenotypes to perform multivariate MR(MVMR)analyses based on the IVW MVMR model.Furthermore,a two-step MR mediation analysis was used to examine the potential mediation of the associations by body mass index,major depressive disorder(MDD),smoking,alcohol consumption,and sleep duration.RESULTS The study identified three socioeconomic statuses that had a significant impact on GERD.These included household income[odds ratio(OR):0.46;95% confidence interval(95%CI):0.31-0.70],education attainment(OR:0.23;95%CI:0.18-0.29),and the Townsend Deprivation Index at recruitment(OR:1.57;95%CI:1.04-2.37).These factors were found to independently and predominantly influence the genetic causal effect of GERD.Furthermore,the mediating effect of educational attainment on GERD was found to be mediated by MDD(proportion mediated:10.83%).Similarly,the effect of educational attainment on BE was mediated by MDD(proportion mediated:10.58%)and the number of cigarettes smoked per day(proportion mediated:3.50%).Additionally,the mediating effect of household income on GERD was observed to be mediated by sleep duration(proportion mediated:9.75%)CONCLUSION This MR study shed light on the link between socioeconomic status and GERD or BE,providing insights for the prevention of esophageal cancer and precancerous lesions.

经肛门引流管在回肠末端近回盲部肠吻合术中的临床应用

目的分析经肛门引流管在回肠末端近回盲部肠吻合术中的临床应用。方法回顾分析2015年1月至2021年12月赣州市妇幼保健院收治的60例新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎造瘘后远端回肠狭窄患儿的临床资料。在距离回肠末端5 cm以内的回肠吻合手术中,根据手术方式的不同分为对照组与观察组,每组30例。对照组采取保留回盲部直接行回肠吻合术,观察组采取回肠末端近回盲部肠吻合术治疗。比较两组临床病情控制优良率、手术时间、术后开始肠内营养时间、住院时间及并发症发生率。结果观察组临床病情控制优良率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组手术时间比较差异无统计学意义;观察组术后开始肠内营养时间、住院时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论回肠末端近回盲部肠吻合术治疗新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎造瘘后远端回肠狭窄的效果更佳,在距离回肠末端5 cm以内的回肠吻合手术中,采用经肛门引流管相对于以往保留回盲部一期行回肠吻合手术,病情控制较好,可缩短术后开始肠内营养时间、住院时间,且术后相关并发症少,值得推广应用。