This article is a tentative study of the relationship between semantics and pagmatics through a detailed analysis of Leech’s classical questions about the meaning of X. It makes a discrimination of the different aspe...This article is a tentative study of the relationship between semantics and pagmatics through a detailed analysis of Leech’s classical questions about the meaning of X. It makes a discrimination of the different aspects of meaning that the two branches of linguistics focus upon respectively. Both semantics and pragmatics are studies of the meanings of language. Semantics studies the meaning within the system of language while pragmatics studies the meaning with the speaker involved, that is to say from the social angle. Pragmatics is based on the knowledge of semantics. Given the fact that neither semantics nor pragmatics alone can solve the myth of the meaning of language, it may not be wise to make a clear cut between semantics and pragmatics.\;展开更多
Special determiner即为当代语法中的特殊限定词,也就是传统语法中的冠词(Articles)。Special determiner的有无往往对semantic meaning(语义)产生极大影响。本文试将其与nouns(名词)结合起来说明其造成的语义功能(semantic functions)...Special determiner即为当代语法中的特殊限定词,也就是传统语法中的冠词(Articles)。Special determiner的有无往往对semantic meaning(语义)产生极大影响。本文试将其与nouns(名词)结合起来说明其造成的语义功能(semantic functions)的变化。 1、影响句子语态。试看下面的具有四个相同选项的单项选择题: ①We are——the classroom. ②The classroom is——us. A、in the possession of B、in φpossession of C、in φpossessions of D、in the possessions展开更多
Listening comprehension is an important part in English teaching,and it is also an important research theme in second language acquisition(SLA).Through the application of psycholinguistic research results,this paper a...Listening comprehension is an important part in English teaching,and it is also an important research theme in second language acquisition(SLA).Through the application of psycholinguistic research results,this paper attempts to explore the process of comprehending semantic meaning of sentences in listening comprehension,thus providing solutions to improve listening skills.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Previous studies regarding primary progressive aphasia （PPA） have focused on progressive, non-fluent aphasia. Little information is available with regard to the use of diffusion tensor imaging compared ...BACKGROUND： Previous studies regarding primary progressive aphasia （PPA） have focused on progressive, non-fluent aphasia. Little information is available with regard to the use of diffusion tensor imaging compared with conventional magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of subtle structural abnormalities. OBJECTIVE： To investigate and localize brain abnormalities in a Chinese patient with semantic dementia. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A concurrent, non-randomized, case-controlled, neuroimaging, clinical trial was performed at the Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University in March 2009. PARTICIPANTS： One 75-year-old male patient, who was diagnosed with semantic dementia, and 21 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers were recruited for the study. METHODS： Diffusion tensor imaging was used to determine mean diffusion （MD） and fractional anisotropy （FA） in the brains of the patient and the 21 healthy subjects. Voxel-based analysis of MD and FA values was performed using statistical parametric mapping. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： MD and FA value maps differences between patient and controls. RESULTS： MD was significantly increased in both cerebra, but was predominant on the left side and expanded to outside of the language-related region. Reduced MD was not detected in any of the brains. FA was shown to be decreased in the corpus callosum, but was increased in the basal ganglia. CONCLUSION： The present study provided clear in vivo magnetic imaging evidence of diffuse brain involvement in semantic dementia. Increases in MD were greater than in FA when brain diffusion alterations were detected, which suggested that MD could be a better marker of disease progression.展开更多
In recent years, more and more foreigners begin to learn Chinese characters, but they often make typos when using Chinese. The fundamental reason is that they mainly learn Chinese characters from the glyph and pronunc...In recent years, more and more foreigners begin to learn Chinese characters, but they often make typos when using Chinese. The fundamental reason is that they mainly learn Chinese characters from the glyph and pronunciation, but do not master the semantics of Chinese characters. If they can understand the meaning of Chinese characters and form knowledge groups of the characters with relevant meanings, it can effectively improve learning efficiency. We achieve this goal by building a Chinese character semantic knowledge graph (CCSKG). In the process of building the knowledge graph, the semantic computing capacity of HowNet was utilized, and 104,187 associated edges were finally established for 6752 Chinese characters. Thanks to the development of deep learning, OpenHowNet releases the core data of HowNet and provides useful APIs for calculating the similarity between two words based on sememes. Therefore our method combines the advantages of data-driven and knowledge-driven. The proposed method treats Chinese sentences as subgraphs of the CCSKG and uses graph algorithms to correct Chinese typos and achieve good results. The experimental results show that compared with keras-bert and pycorrector + ernie, our method reduces the false acceptance rate by 38.28% and improves the recall rate by 40.91% in the field of learning Chinese as a foreign language. The CCSKG can help to promote Chinese overseas communication and international education.展开更多
The present study examines affective meaning of pronouns （in Russian） represented by the semantic differential. Of direct relevance to the present study is the theory of affective meaning propounded by Osgood. Two h...The present study examines affective meaning of pronouns （in Russian） represented by the semantic differential. Of direct relevance to the present study is the theory of affective meaning propounded by Osgood. Two hypotheses were tested. According to a ＂magnitude＂ hypothesis, affective dimensions （each of evaluation, potency, and activity taken separately） differ in their magnitude across pronouns I, My, Me, and They. A ＂structural＂ hypothesis stated that the affective dimensions yield latent factors across （the generality） and within （the concept-scale interaction） the pronoun concepts. Repeated-measures analysis of variance （1-way ANOVA） and confirmatory factor analysis were employed to process data. It was found that each of the evaluation and potency measures yield a significant magnitude change across the pronouns, but there was indicated no significant change across the pronouns with respect to the activity dimension. Therewith, the pronoun My gained a salient value and the pronoun They the smallest value. Using confirmatory factor analysis five models were tested. Among them one model was good fit to the data. It engaged a four-factor solution resulted in that four pronouns are latent affective distinct but related factors and the evaluation, potency, and activity are their indicators.展开更多
Cognitive linguistics studies the relationship between language and cognition,which claims that semantics structures reflect the mental categories which people have formed their experiences of growing up and acting in...Cognitive linguistics studies the relationship between language and cognition,which claims that semantics structures reflect the mental categories which people have formed their experiences of growing up and acting in the world.The lexical and semantics combined together to be the foundations of language which makes into people' s communication.As the main branch of cognition,the prototype and stereotype theory have a close relationship to the lexical semantics.Thus,it is essential and useful to make a research on the lexical semantics under the influence of the "prototype and stereotype theory" and it will help a lot in teaching methodology.展开更多
Theology is one of the main areas in which linguistics and semantics take up a significant space. The same issue also appears in the Islamic theological works known ＂kalam＂. There are two main semantical approaches ...Theology is one of the main areas in which linguistics and semantics take up a significant space. The same issue also appears in the Islamic theological works known ＂kalam＂. There are two main semantical approaches regarding the theological doctrines in the Islamic thought. However the theological reasons are the primary aims in these semantical works, but they include serious philosophical and linguistic content. One of them is the main Islamic strand （orthodox Islam） represented by some astonishing Islamic scholars such as Ici, Guwaini, Sahristani, Ghazali, and Razi. According to this tradition, meaning is an inner state and a state of mind which is specified by the intent of the interlocutor or the author. The utterances have only an instrumentel role in speech. This approach can also be compared to the primary semantic view ranging from Aristotele to P. Grice---with some variations in the Western philosophical tradition. The second thesis is argued by the Mu＇tazili sect who are called Islamic rationalists that objected to Ahl us-Sunnah in their prominent ideas. From Mu＇tazila＇s point of view meaning should only be looked for among linguistic facts. There is no intentional content in the mind before the utterances. Meaning is produced within the structure of language itself and the conventional social context. In other words, meaning is nothing but the usage of the language, These two approaches also mean that there is going to arise different forms of interpretation in the theological perception. The aforementioned approach carries similarities with the approaches of Western thinkers like Wittgenstein and his followers. In this paper, the author deal with these two theological approaches by focusing on their linguistic and semantic views and comparing them with some modem western theories.展开更多
English preposition is flexible word with various meaning and preposition"in"is a high-frequent word used widely in English expression. As we know, there are about 70% English sentences are metaphors, and pr...English preposition is flexible word with various meaning and preposition"in"is a high-frequent word used widely in English expression. As we know, there are about 70% English sentences are metaphors, and preposition is used frequently as the backbone of metaphorical expression. Therefore, the preposition cognitive interpretation is an effective way to understand the semantic extension of preposition. This article mainly analysis the prototypical meaning and the image schema of preposition "in"and discusses the mapping process from the spatial domain to the other cognitive domain. Through analysis the metaphor semantic extension process, we might get a better understanding of it.展开更多
文摘This article is a tentative study of the relationship between semantics and pagmatics through a detailed analysis of Leech’s classical questions about the meaning of X. It makes a discrimination of the different aspects of meaning that the two branches of linguistics focus upon respectively. Both semantics and pragmatics are studies of the meanings of language. Semantics studies the meaning within the system of language while pragmatics studies the meaning with the speaker involved, that is to say from the social angle. Pragmatics is based on the knowledge of semantics. Given the fact that neither semantics nor pragmatics alone can solve the myth of the meaning of language, it may not be wise to make a clear cut between semantics and pragmatics.\;
文摘Special determiner即为当代语法中的特殊限定词,也就是传统语法中的冠词(Articles)。Special determiner的有无往往对semantic meaning(语义)产生极大影响。本文试将其与nouns(名词)结合起来说明其造成的语义功能(semantic functions)的变化。 1、影响句子语态。试看下面的具有四个相同选项的单项选择题: ①We are——the classroom. ②The classroom is——us. A、in the possession of B、in φpossession of C、in φpossessions of D、in the possessions
文摘Listening comprehension is an important part in English teaching,and it is also an important research theme in second language acquisition(SLA).Through the application of psycholinguistic research results,this paper attempts to explore the process of comprehending semantic meaning of sentences in listening comprehension,thus providing solutions to improve listening skills.
文摘BACKGROUND： Previous studies regarding primary progressive aphasia （PPA） have focused on progressive, non-fluent aphasia. Little information is available with regard to the use of diffusion tensor imaging compared with conventional magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of subtle structural abnormalities. OBJECTIVE： To investigate and localize brain abnormalities in a Chinese patient with semantic dementia. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A concurrent, non-randomized, case-controlled, neuroimaging, clinical trial was performed at the Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University in March 2009. PARTICIPANTS： One 75-year-old male patient, who was diagnosed with semantic dementia, and 21 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers were recruited for the study. METHODS： Diffusion tensor imaging was used to determine mean diffusion （MD） and fractional anisotropy （FA） in the brains of the patient and the 21 healthy subjects. Voxel-based analysis of MD and FA values was performed using statistical parametric mapping. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： MD and FA value maps differences between patient and controls. RESULTS： MD was significantly increased in both cerebra, but was predominant on the left side and expanded to outside of the language-related region. Reduced MD was not detected in any of the brains. FA was shown to be decreased in the corpus callosum, but was increased in the basal ganglia. CONCLUSION： The present study provided clear in vivo magnetic imaging evidence of diffuse brain involvement in semantic dementia. Increases in MD were greater than in FA when brain diffusion alterations were detected, which suggested that MD could be a better marker of disease progression.
文摘In recent years, more and more foreigners begin to learn Chinese characters, but they often make typos when using Chinese. The fundamental reason is that they mainly learn Chinese characters from the glyph and pronunciation, but do not master the semantics of Chinese characters. If they can understand the meaning of Chinese characters and form knowledge groups of the characters with relevant meanings, it can effectively improve learning efficiency. We achieve this goal by building a Chinese character semantic knowledge graph (CCSKG). In the process of building the knowledge graph, the semantic computing capacity of HowNet was utilized, and 104,187 associated edges were finally established for 6752 Chinese characters. Thanks to the development of deep learning, OpenHowNet releases the core data of HowNet and provides useful APIs for calculating the similarity between two words based on sememes. Therefore our method combines the advantages of data-driven and knowledge-driven. The proposed method treats Chinese sentences as subgraphs of the CCSKG and uses graph algorithms to correct Chinese typos and achieve good results. The experimental results show that compared with keras-bert and pycorrector + ernie, our method reduces the false acceptance rate by 38.28% and improves the recall rate by 40.91% in the field of learning Chinese as a foreign language. The CCSKG can help to promote Chinese overseas communication and international education.
文摘The present study examines affective meaning of pronouns （in Russian） represented by the semantic differential. Of direct relevance to the present study is the theory of affective meaning propounded by Osgood. Two hypotheses were tested. According to a ＂magnitude＂ hypothesis, affective dimensions （each of evaluation, potency, and activity taken separately） differ in their magnitude across pronouns I, My, Me, and They. A ＂structural＂ hypothesis stated that the affective dimensions yield latent factors across （the generality） and within （the concept-scale interaction） the pronoun concepts. Repeated-measures analysis of variance （1-way ANOVA） and confirmatory factor analysis were employed to process data. It was found that each of the evaluation and potency measures yield a significant magnitude change across the pronouns, but there was indicated no significant change across the pronouns with respect to the activity dimension. Therewith, the pronoun My gained a salient value and the pronoun They the smallest value. Using confirmatory factor analysis five models were tested. Among them one model was good fit to the data. It engaged a four-factor solution resulted in that four pronouns are latent affective distinct but related factors and the evaluation, potency, and activity are their indicators.
文摘Cognitive linguistics studies the relationship between language and cognition,which claims that semantics structures reflect the mental categories which people have formed their experiences of growing up and acting in the world.The lexical and semantics combined together to be the foundations of language which makes into people' s communication.As the main branch of cognition,the prototype and stereotype theory have a close relationship to the lexical semantics.Thus,it is essential and useful to make a research on the lexical semantics under the influence of the "prototype and stereotype theory" and it will help a lot in teaching methodology.
文摘Theology is one of the main areas in which linguistics and semantics take up a significant space. The same issue also appears in the Islamic theological works known ＂kalam＂. There are two main semantical approaches regarding the theological doctrines in the Islamic thought. However the theological reasons are the primary aims in these semantical works, but they include serious philosophical and linguistic content. One of them is the main Islamic strand （orthodox Islam） represented by some astonishing Islamic scholars such as Ici, Guwaini, Sahristani, Ghazali, and Razi. According to this tradition, meaning is an inner state and a state of mind which is specified by the intent of the interlocutor or the author. The utterances have only an instrumentel role in speech. This approach can also be compared to the primary semantic view ranging from Aristotele to P. Grice---with some variations in the Western philosophical tradition. The second thesis is argued by the Mu＇tazili sect who are called Islamic rationalists that objected to Ahl us-Sunnah in their prominent ideas. From Mu＇tazila＇s point of view meaning should only be looked for among linguistic facts. There is no intentional content in the mind before the utterances. Meaning is produced within the structure of language itself and the conventional social context. In other words, meaning is nothing but the usage of the language, These two approaches also mean that there is going to arise different forms of interpretation in the theological perception. The aforementioned approach carries similarities with the approaches of Western thinkers like Wittgenstein and his followers. In this paper, the author deal with these two theological approaches by focusing on their linguistic and semantic views and comparing them with some modem western theories.
文摘English preposition is flexible word with various meaning and preposition"in"is a high-frequent word used widely in English expression. As we know, there are about 70% English sentences are metaphors, and preposition is used frequently as the backbone of metaphorical expression. Therefore, the preposition cognitive interpretation is an effective way to understand the semantic extension of preposition. This article mainly analysis the prototypical meaning and the image schema of preposition "in"and discusses the mapping process from the spatial domain to the other cognitive domain. Through analysis the metaphor semantic extension process, we might get a better understanding of it.
