Bearing capacity of circular footings on multi-layered sand-waste tire shreds reinforced with geogrids

The presence of waste tires poses an environmental challenge as they occupy a significant amount of land and are expensive to dispose in landfills.However,reusing waste tires can address this issue when waste tires are used in geotechnical applications.To determine the viability of this approach,laboratoryscale tests were conducted to investigate load-bearing capacity of circular footings on sand-tire shred(STS)mixtures with shredded waste tire contents of 5%e15%by weight and three different widths of shreds.The investigation focused on analyzing the thickness of layers composed of STS mixtures,the soil cap,and the impact of geogrids on bearing capacity.The results indicate that a specific mixture of sand and tire shreds provides the highest footing-bearing capacity.In addition,the optimal shred content and size were found to be 10%by weight and 2 cm×10 cm,respectively.Furthermore,for a given tire shred width,a particular length provides the largest bearing capacity.The results agree well with that of previous research conducted by the first author and his colleagues in direct shear and California bearing ratio(CBR)tests.The primary finding of this research is that the use of two-layered STS mixtures reinforced by geogrids significantly enhances the bearing capacity.

A Retrodirective Array Enabled by CMOS Chips for Two-Way Wireless Communication with Automatic Beam Tracking

This article proposes and demonstrates a retrodirective array(RDA)for two-way wireless communication with automatic beam tracking.The proposed RDA is enabled by specifically designed chips made using a domestic complementary metal-oxide semiconductor(CMOS)process.The highly integrated CMOS chip includes a receiving(Rx)chain,a transmitting(Tx)chain,and a unique tracking phaselocked loop(PLL)for the crucial conjugated phase recovery in the RDA.This article also proposes a method to reduce the beam pointing error(BPE)in a conventional RDA.To validate the above ideas simply yet without loss of generality,a 2.4 GHz RDA is demonstrated through two-way communication links between the Rx and Tx chains,and an on-chip quadrature coupler is designed to achieve a nonretrodirective signal suppression of 23 dBc.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed RDA,which incorporates domestically manufactured low-cost 0.18 lm CMOS chips,is capable of automatically tracking beams covering±40with a reduced BPE.Each CMOS chip in the RDA has a compact size of 4.62 mm^(2) and a low power consumption of 0.15 W.To the best of the authors’knowledge,this is the first research to demonstrate an RDA with a fully customized CMOS chip for wireless communication with automatic beam tracking。

Reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution with two-way classical communication

The data post-processing scheme based on two-way classical communication(TWCC)can improve the tolerable bit error rate and extend the maximal transmission distance when used in a quantum key distribution(QKD)system.In this study,we apply the TWCC method to improve the performance of reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution(RFI-QKD),and analyze the influence of the TWCC method on the performance of decoy-state RFI-QKD in both asymptotic and non-asymptotic cases.Our numerical simulation results show that the TWCC method is able to extend the maximal transmission distance from 175 km to 198 km and improve the tolerable bit error rate from 10.48%to 16.75%.At the same time,the performance of RFI-QKD in terms of the secret key rate and maximum transmission distance are still greatly improved when statistical fluctuations are considered.We conclude that RFI-QKD with the TWCC method is of practical interest.

Beamforming Design for IRS-and-UAV-Aided Two-Way Amplify-and-Forward Relay Networks in Maritime IoT

In this paper,an intelligent reflecting surface(IRS)-and-unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-assisted two-way amplify-and-forward(AF)relay network in maritime Internet of Things(IoT)is proposed,where ship1(S1)and ship2(S2)can be viewed as data collecting centers.To enhance the message exchange rate between S1 and S2,a problem of maximizing minimum rate is cast,where the variables,namely AF relay beamforming matrix and IRS phase shifts of two time slots,need to be optimized.To achieve a maximum rate,a low-complexity alternately iterative(AI)scheme based on zero forcing and successive convex approximation(LC-ZF-SCA)algorithm is presented.To obtain a significant rate enhancement,a high-performance AI method based on one step,semidefinite programming and penalty SCA(ONSSDP-PSCA)is proposed.Simulation results show that by the proposed LC-ZF-SCA and ONS-SDP-PSCA methods,the rate of the IRS-and-UAV-assisted AF relay network surpass those of with random phase and only AF relay networks.Moreover,ONS-SDP-PSCA perform better than LC-ZF-SCA in aspect of rate.

Security-Reliability Analysis and Optimization for Cognitive Two-Way Relay Network with Energy Harvesting

This paper investigates the security and reliability of information transmission within an underlay wiretap energy harvesting cognitive two-way relay network.In the network,energy-constrained secondary network(SN)nodes harvest energy from radio frequency signals of a multi-antenna power beacon.Two SN sources exchange their messages via a SN decode-and-forward relay in the presence of a multiantenna eavesdropper by using a four-phase time division broadcast protocol,and the hardware impairments of SN nodes and eavesdropper are modeled.To alleviate eavesdropping attacks,the artificial noise is applied by SN nodes.The physical layer security performance of SN is analyzed and evaluated by the exact closed-form expressions of outage probability(OP),intercept probability(IP),and OP+IP over quasistatic Rayleigh fading channel.Additionally,due to the complexity of OP+IP expression,a self-adaptive chaotic quantum particle swarm optimization-based resource allocation algorithm is proposed to jointly optimize energy harvesting ratio and power allocation factor,which can achieve security-reliability tradeoff for SN.Extensive simulations demonstrate the correctness of theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed optimization algorithm.

Shaking table test of subgrade slope reinforced by gravity retaining wall with geogrids

Gravity retaining wall with geogrids has showed excellent seismic performance from Wenchuan great earthquake.However,seismic damage mechanism of this kind of wall is not sufficiently clear.In view of this,a large shaking table test of the gravity retaining wall with geogrids to reinforce the subgrade slope was carried out,and based on the HilbertHuang transform and the marginal spectrum theory,the energy identification method of the slope dynamic failure mode was studied.The results show that the geogrids can effectively reduce displacement and rotation of the retaining wall,and it can effectively absorb the energy of the ground movement when combined with the surrounding soil.In addition,it also reveals the failure development of the gravity retaining wall with geogrids to reinforce the subgrade slope.The damage started in the deep zone near the geogrids,and then gradually extended to the surface of the subgrade slope and other zones,finally formed a continuous failure surface along the geogrids.The analysis results of the failure mode identified by the Hilbert marginal spectrum are in good consistency with the experimental results,which prove that the Hilbert marginal spectrum can be applied to obtain the seismic damage mechanism of slope.

Experimental study on visco-elastic constitutive relationship and its parameters for geogrids

Geogrids are used as reinforcement materials widely in geotechnical and civil engineering fields. In this paper, a series of comparative tests on creep behavior of specific geoOgrids are conducted in the laboratory under different combinations of loading levels and environmental temperature. Based on the test results,comparative analyses are made to study long-term behaviors of isochronous load-strain curves, creep curves and relaxation curves for the specified geogrids. Furthermore, a constitutive model based on theory of visco-elasticity and tests results is proposed for geogrids and a rational procedure is presented in detail for determining the relevant parameters of the proposed model. Finally, the effect of tests temperature on model parameter values is investigated.

Investigating the Efficiency Coefficient of Pile Group in Clay Under Two-Way Lateral Load

This research investigates the behavior of a 2×2 pile group under two-directional lateral loads in addition to the vertical load.Through three-dimensional numerical modeling based on Flac 3D software,the study examines the total bearing capacity and efficiency coefficient of the pile group,considering factors such as the angle of lateral load,relative pile spacing,and relative stiffness of the pile-soil system.The findings highlight the significance of these factors in understanding and predicting the response of pile groups to changing lateral load directions.The results reveal that increasing the angle of the lateral load from 0°to 45°enhances both the maximum total lateral load and the efficiency coefficient of the pile group.When the relative stiffness of the pile-soil system significantly increases,soil stiffening occurs and reducing the relative spacing of the piles from 7 to 3 times the diameter of the piles diminishes the influence of the pile group.Consequently,the response of the pile group to lateral loads becomes more linear,with only a slight alteration in the maximum total lateral load and the efficiency coefficient when the lateral load is angled from 0°to 45°.Conversely,increasing the relative distance between the piles,specifically from 3 to 7 times the diameter of the piles,amplifies the influence of the pile group.Both the maximum total lateral load and the efficiency coefficient of the pile group exhibit an observed increase.These provide insights for designing pile groups and optimizing their performance under lateral loading conditions.

土工格栅加筋粉煤灰改良黄土力学特性研究

随着西部黄土地区城镇化进程的加快,填挖结合的新增用地方式要求地基处理技术需要重点解决填方区的强度与变形问题。论文将粉煤灰作为改性填料对黄土进行改良,通过直剪试验、三轴试验、湿陷试验与扫描电镜试验,分析不同粉煤灰掺入比条件下加筋与未加筋黄土试样的强度变化规律、宏观破坏特征和微结构特征。结果表明:采用粉煤灰改良和土工格栅加筋后,黄土的最优含水率增大,最大干密度降低。当粉煤灰掺入比λ=20%时,加筋改良效果最好,黄土的峰值强度、残余强度和等效内摩擦角均有大幅提高,侧向变形显著减小,且能有效降低其湿陷性。微结构分析表明:粉煤灰对黄土的改良主要体现在颗粒直接填充和化学结晶体交织成的网状填充两种类型的强化作用,改良后黄土的孔隙率与孔隙尺寸均有所下降。研究结果可为黄土地区填方边坡与填方路基的改良加固提供参考。

Secrecy Outage Probability for Two-Way Integrated Satellite Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Relay Networks with Hardware Impairments

In this paper,we investigate the secrecy outage performance for the two-way integrated satellite unmanned aerial vehicle relay networks with hardware impairments.Particularly,the closed-form expression for the secrecy outage probability is obtained.Moreover,to get more information on the secrecy outage probability in a high signalto-noise regime,the asymptotic analysis along with the secrecy diversity order and secrecy coding gain for the secrecy outage probability are also further obtained,which presents a fast method to evaluate the impact of system parameters and hardware impairments on the considered network.Finally,Monte Carlo simulation results are provided to show the efficiency of the theoretical analysis.

FINITE-ELEMENT MODELLING OF SOIL-GEOGRID INTERACTION DEALING WITH THE PULLOUT BEHAVIOUR OF GEOGRIDS

To predict the behavior of geogrids embedded in sand under pullout loading conditions, the two dimensional plane-stress finite element model was presented. The interactions between soil and geogrid were simulated as non-linear springs, and the stiffness of the springs was determined from simple tests in the specially designed pullout box. The predicted behavior of the geogrid under pullout load agrees well with the observed data including the load-displacement properties, the displacement distribution along the longitudinal direction and the mobilization of the frictional and bearing resistance. (Edited author abstract) 8 Refs.

高速铁路土工格栅加筋膨胀土边坡作用机制

土工格栅加筋处治是解决膨胀土边坡问题的关键技术。为深入研究格栅与膨胀土相互作用机制,依托南宁铁路改柳南线工程,开展加筋设计及格栅抗拔稳定性计算。将考虑膨胀土侧向膨胀影响及格栅反包约束作用的设计方案应用于实际工程中,并通过预埋设的监测元件,对自然降雨−蒸发气候下加筋边坡的含水率、应力、位移及格栅应变的变化特征进行长期监测。研究结果表明:在考虑侧向膨胀及格栅约束的影响下,土工格栅的抗拔稳定安全系数仍满足规范要求。基于监测数据发现,受大气环境影响,体积含水率的波动幅度由浅至深逐渐减弱;格栅应变变化趋势与土体应力变化趋势基本一致,随季节性干湿气候呈“波浪”式变化;靠近坡面土体受大气干湿循环的影响更为显著,对降雨入渗敏感,其土工格栅应变变化迅速,峰值出现时间早;格栅应变峰值远小于格栅允许拉应变,且边坡累积水平位移量较小,表明加筋边坡滑移破坏风险较低;在降雨过程中,格栅对边坡土体施加弹性约束,允许坡面发生一定程度的膨胀,释放坡体因增湿产生的膨胀势,从而避免边坡因侧向应力增大形成渐进式滑坡,体现了土工格栅加筋膨胀土边坡“以柔治胀”的作用机制。研究成果可为高速铁路膨胀土边坡的土工格栅加筋设计与施工提供理论和技术支撑。

高摩阻超静定土工格栅在粗粒土夹层中的剪胀作用研究

在加筋土工程中,采用异型格栅和设置粗粒土夹层可以有效增强筋土相互作用。然而粗粒土夹层厚度的确定方法仍有待进一步研究。基于一种带有凸起节点结构的高摩阻超静定土工格栅(high resistance hyperstatic geogrids,简称HRHG)与砾石的直剪试验结果,建立了剪切硬化筋土界面的剪胀本构模型,并进一步研究了筋土剪胀应力在土体内引起附加应力的分布规律。通过开展不同法向压力(30、50、80 kPa)下的直剪试验,研究了不同粗粒土夹层厚度(60、100、140、180 mm)对筋土相互作用的影响,并与筋土界面剪胀应力的分布规律进行了对比分析。结果表明,筋土界面剪胀本构模型可以有效计算剪缩位移和剪胀位移,且最终剪胀位移随法向压力增加而减小。由界面剪胀应力引起的粗粒土中附加应力随着与筋土界面距离的增加而降低,但是剪胀范围逐步增大。粗粒土夹层厚度的增加可以有效提高界面剪切强度,但存在最优夹层厚度使界面剪切强度的增幅迅速降低。最优夹层厚度随着法向压力的增加而减小。通过对比分析最优夹层厚度与剪胀应力比之间的关系,提出了基于筋土界面剪胀本构模型的确定最优夹层厚度的半经验公式,可为HRHG在工程中的设计或应用提供参考。

珊瑚砂与土工格栅界面的剪切特性及本构模型

采用南海原位级配珊瑚砂和聚丙烯双向土工格栅,开展了不同法向应力下珊瑚砂和筋土界面大型直剪试验。试验结果表明,珊瑚砂和筋土界面剪应力—剪切位移曲线呈现明显的应变软化特征,峰值抗剪强度线呈现双折线形态,残余抗剪强度线则呈现较好的线性关系;各级法向应力下珊瑚砂与土工格栅界面摩擦比均值达到1.37左右,远高于石英砂与土工格栅界面摩擦比,说明在珊瑚砂中加筋能充分发挥加筋效果;珊瑚砂和筋土界面在剪切过程中总体上经历了相对剪缩—相对剪胀—相对剪缩的过程,对珊瑚砂加筋可显著减小其剪缩变形;珊瑚砂和筋土界面直剪试验试样的相对破碎率接近,均随法向应力的增大而增大,但增幅逐渐趋缓。采用邓肯—张模型和剪切软化模型分别描述南海原位级配珊瑚砂与聚丙烯双向土工格栅界面峰前和峰后剪应力—剪切位移曲线,所建立的筋土界面本构模型能够很好地反映其剪切特性。

新型单向拉伸土工格栅在边坡加固中的性能初步研究

单向拉伸高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)土工格栅是一种具有高断裂强度和低蠕变率的拉伸格栅筋条,最大幅宽4m,最大抗拉强度可达260kN/m。本文以一典型加筋边坡工程为例,将其与常规土工格栅进行加固计算对比。通过结果分析:新型土工格栅抗拉强度和屈服强度比常规土工格栅提高约63%;在相同土工格栅布置的情况下,可有效提高边坡整体稳定系数约18%;在相同的边坡加固效果下,采用新型土工格栅可显著节省筋材用量约36%;在相同的边坡稳定状态下,采用新型土工格栅可显著增加边坡填筑高度约67%。因此,该新型土工格栅在边坡加固中具有显著的优势和广阔的应用前景。

高寒区隧道洞口段覆雪波纹钢棚洞减载方法研究

高寒区隧道洞口段易受上方覆雪及落石影响,采用现有大跨径波纹钢棚洞会产生较大变形和失稳,影响边疆公路运行安全。为此,依托某线路隧道洞口段波纹钢防雪棚洞项目,从拱效应及加筋桥减载原理出发,运用有限元软件构建了EPS板、EPS板+加筋雪、EPS板+加筋冰等10种减载方案的三维波纹钢棚洞模型,研究不同减载方案对棚洞应力、棚洞变形和覆雪压力的影响,对比分析棚洞受力变形特征及减载效果,筛选出最优减载方案。结果表明:施加减载材料后,棚洞上方覆雪压力均不同程度分散到棚洞两侧,减小了棚洞结构的受力;随着覆雪高度增加,减载效果更显著,其中30 cmEPS板+加筋冰组合式方案的减载效果最佳,棚顶应力减少32.72%,棚顶位移减小22.63%;针对波纹钢棚洞的减载问题,建议隧道洞口30 m范围内采用30 cmEPS板+加筋雪方案,距隧道口30 m以外范围可采用30 cmEPS板+加筋冰方案。

双向增强复合地基桩土应力比计算方法研究

研究目的:桩土应力比是反映双向增强复合地基工作特性的重要指标。由于路堤荷载下双向增强复合地基承载变形机理复杂,本文以双桩范围内的路堤与双向复合地基为研究对象,考虑路堤土拱效应、加筋层网兜效应、应力扩散效应等多重效应的共同作用,建立路堤-水平加筋垫层-竖向桩体-桩间土协调变形的二维理论分析模型,探究各影响因素对桩土应力比的影响规律。研究结论:(1)桩土应力比随填土重度、桩间距的增加而减小,随填料内摩擦角的增大呈先增加后减小趋势,随路堤填筑高度、格栅层数、填料黏聚力的增加而增大;(2)桩土应力比对各参数的敏感性由高到低排序为:桩间距、路堤填筑高度、路堤填土重度、路堤填料黏聚力、格栅层数及路堤填料内摩擦角;(3)本研究成果可为类似工程的桩土应力比计算提供理论依据及工程借鉴。

含水率和冻融循环对筋土界面剪切特性的影响

制作了一套可实现温度控制的筋土界面直剪试验设备。为了研究含水率、界面温度、冻融循环次数对筋土界面剪切特性的影响,开展11组土工格栅-砂土界面直剪试验。研究结果表明,筋土界面的黏聚力和摩擦角均随含水率的增加而减小,当含水率提高时,筋土间的抗剪强度减弱。加筋可显著提高冻土的抗剪强度,当界面温度为-10℃时,土工格栅-砂土界面剪应力峰值较冻结后砂土的剪应力增加了约20%。筋土界面剪应力随着界面温度的降低而增大,当界面温度在0℃以下时,剪应力较大且剪应力-剪切位移曲线会出现峰值强度和残余强度,而在无冻结情况下,筋土界面剪应力稳定值基本相同。冻融循环后筋土界面的抗剪强度减小,筋土界面的黏聚力和摩擦角均随着冻融循环次数的增加而减小,但在4次冻融循环后趋于稳定。研究成果可为冻土地区土工格栅加筋土结构的设计和应用提供理论依据。

Two-way中继系统中的双向中继选择及功率分配策略

通过中继选择和功率分配,可以达到提高two-way中继系统总速率的目的。综合考虑中继节点处的接收信噪比和中继节点到目的节点间的信道增益,提出了two-way AF中继系统中的双向中继选择策略(BRS);同时,在总功率受限的条件下,建立了two-way AF中继系统中的优化功率分配模型,通过对模型进行数学分析求解,提出了一种自适应的最优功率分配策略(OPA)。仿真结果证明两种策略均能提高系统总速率。

Two-way中继系统中基于最小化中断概率的功率分配策略

为了降低Two-way中继系统中断概率,提出了一种Two-way中继系统中基于最小化中断概率的功率分配策略。首先推导了Two-way中继系统中断概率的闭合表达式,然后在总功率受限的条件下,提出了一种最小化中断概率的最优功率分配策略(OPA),通过拉格朗日乘数法对该优化模型进行了求解。仿真结果证明了该策略能够有效降低系统的中断概率,提高系统性能。