A Retrodirective Array Enabled by CMOS Chips for Two-Way Wireless Communication with Automatic Beam Tracking

This article proposes and demonstrates a retrodirective array(RDA)for two-way wireless communication with automatic beam tracking.The proposed RDA is enabled by specifically designed chips made using a domestic complementary metal-oxide semiconductor(CMOS)process.The highly integrated CMOS chip includes a receiving(Rx)chain,a transmitting(Tx)chain,and a unique tracking phaselocked loop(PLL)for the crucial conjugated phase recovery in the RDA.This article also proposes a method to reduce the beam pointing error(BPE)in a conventional RDA.To validate the above ideas simply yet without loss of generality,a 2.4 GHz RDA is demonstrated through two-way communication links between the Rx and Tx chains,and an on-chip quadrature coupler is designed to achieve a nonretrodirective signal suppression of 23 dBc.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed RDA,which incorporates domestically manufactured low-cost 0.18 lm CMOS chips,is capable of automatically tracking beams covering±40with a reduced BPE.Each CMOS chip in the RDA has a compact size of 4.62 mm^(2) and a low power consumption of 0.15 W.To the best of the authors’knowledge,this is the first research to demonstrate an RDA with a fully customized CMOS chip for wireless communication with automatic beam tracking。

Roles of Upper-Level Descending Inflow in Moat Development in Simulated Tropical Cyclones with Secondary Eyewall Formation

This study investigated the effects of upper-level descending inflow(ULDI)associated with inner-eyewall convection on the formation of the moat in tropical cyclones(TCs)with secondary eyewall formation(SEF).In our numerical experiments,a clear moat with SEF occurred in TCs with a significant ULDI,while no SEF occurred in TCs without a significant ULDI.The eyewall convection developed more vigorously in the control run.A ULDI occurred outside the inner-eyewall convection,where it was symmetrically unstable.The ULDI was initially triggered by the diabatic warming released by the inner eyewall and later enhanced by the cooling below the anvil cloud.The ULDI penetrated the outer edge of the inner eyewall with relatively dry air and prevented excessive solid-phase hydrometeors from being advected further outward.It produced extensive sublimation cooling of falling hydrometeors between the eyewall and the outer convection.The sublimation cooling resulted in negative buoyancy and further induced strong subsidence between the eyewall and the outer convection.As a result,a clear moat was generated.Development of the moat in the ongoing SEF prevented the outer rainband from moving farther inward,helping the outer rainband to symmetrize into an outer eyewall.In the sensitivity experiment,no significant ULDI formed since the eyewall convection was weaker,and the eyewall anvil developed relatively lower,meaning the formation of a moat and thus an outer eyewall was less likely.This study suggests that a better-represented simulation of inner-eyewall convective structures and distribution of the solid-phase hydrometeors is important to the prediction of SEF.

Reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution with two-way classical communication

The data post-processing scheme based on two-way classical communication(TWCC)can improve the tolerable bit error rate and extend the maximal transmission distance when used in a quantum key distribution(QKD)system.In this study,we apply the TWCC method to improve the performance of reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution(RFI-QKD),and analyze the influence of the TWCC method on the performance of decoy-state RFI-QKD in both asymptotic and non-asymptotic cases.Our numerical simulation results show that the TWCC method is able to extend the maximal transmission distance from 175 km to 198 km and improve the tolerable bit error rate from 10.48%to 16.75%.At the same time,the performance of RFI-QKD in terms of the secret key rate and maximum transmission distance are still greatly improved when statistical fluctuations are considered.We conclude that RFI-QKD with the TWCC method is of practical interest.

Inflow and outflow permeability tests in a very soft clay under low stresses

In situ inflow and outflow permeability tests with the BAT probe at SarapuíII soft clay test site are presented.A description of the BAT permeability test is provided,discussing its advantages and shortcomings,especially in the case of very soft clays under low stresses.Pore pressures were monitored during probe installation and were found to be slightly lower than piezocone u2 pore pressures,consistent with the position of the filter.The role of filter tip saturation was investigated after the usual saturation procedure provided an unsatisfactory pore pressure response during probe installation.Results show that the vacuum saturation procedure provides adequate response during installation and increases the reliability of the coefficient of permeability determination in early measurements.Both inflow and outflow tests yielded similar results,indicating that careful execution of the test can lead to good test repeatability regardless of the loading condition.Various sequences of alternated inflow and outflow tests have yielded similar results,indicating that soil reconsolidation and filter clogging were negligible in the tests performed.Data are presented concerning the relationship between index parameters and the in situ coefficient of permeability for SarapuíII clay,which plot outside the range of existing databases.

Beamforming Design for IRS-and-UAV-Aided Two-Way Amplify-and-Forward Relay Networks in Maritime IoT

In this paper,an intelligent reflecting surface(IRS)-and-unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-assisted two-way amplify-and-forward(AF)relay network in maritime Internet of Things(IoT)is proposed,where ship1(S1)and ship2(S2)can be viewed as data collecting centers.To enhance the message exchange rate between S1 and S2,a problem of maximizing minimum rate is cast,where the variables,namely AF relay beamforming matrix and IRS phase shifts of two time slots,need to be optimized.To achieve a maximum rate,a low-complexity alternately iterative(AI)scheme based on zero forcing and successive convex approximation(LC-ZF-SCA)algorithm is presented.To obtain a significant rate enhancement,a high-performance AI method based on one step,semidefinite programming and penalty SCA(ONSSDP-PSCA)is proposed.Simulation results show that by the proposed LC-ZF-SCA and ONS-SDP-PSCA methods,the rate of the IRS-and-UAV-assisted AF relay network surpass those of with random phase and only AF relay networks.Moreover,ONS-SDP-PSCA perform better than LC-ZF-SCA in aspect of rate.

Investigating the Efficiency Coefficient of Pile Group in Clay Under Two-Way Lateral Load

This research investigates the behavior of a 2×2 pile group under two-directional lateral loads in addition to the vertical load.Through three-dimensional numerical modeling based on Flac 3D software,the study examines the total bearing capacity and efficiency coefficient of the pile group,considering factors such as the angle of lateral load,relative pile spacing,and relative stiffness of the pile-soil system.The findings highlight the significance of these factors in understanding and predicting the response of pile groups to changing lateral load directions.The results reveal that increasing the angle of the lateral load from 0°to 45°enhances both the maximum total lateral load and the efficiency coefficient of the pile group.When the relative stiffness of the pile-soil system significantly increases,soil stiffening occurs and reducing the relative spacing of the piles from 7 to 3 times the diameter of the piles diminishes the influence of the pile group.Consequently,the response of the pile group to lateral loads becomes more linear,with only a slight alteration in the maximum total lateral load and the efficiency coefficient when the lateral load is angled from 0°to 45°.Conversely,increasing the relative distance between the piles,specifically from 3 to 7 times the diameter of the piles,amplifies the influence of the pile group.Both the maximum total lateral load and the efficiency coefficient of the pile group exhibit an observed increase.These provide insights for designing pile groups and optimizing their performance under lateral loading conditions.

Recent Progress on Outflow/Inflow Problem for Viscous Multi-phase Flow

According to the boundary condition with the zero,negative,or positive velocity,the initial boundary problem for compressible multi-phase flow with the Dirichlet-type boundary condition can be classified into three cases:impermeable problem,inflow problem,or outflow problem.In this paper,we review the recent progress on the existence and nonlinear stability of the stationary solution to the outflow/inflow problems for viscous multi-phase flow.

Secrecy Outage Probability for Two-Way Integrated Satellite Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Relay Networks with Hardware Impairments

In this paper,we investigate the secrecy outage performance for the two-way integrated satellite unmanned aerial vehicle relay networks with hardware impairments.Particularly,the closed-form expression for the secrecy outage probability is obtained.Moreover,to get more information on the secrecy outage probability in a high signalto-noise regime,the asymptotic analysis along with the secrecy diversity order and secrecy coding gain for the secrecy outage probability are also further obtained,which presents a fast method to evaluate the impact of system parameters and hardware impairments on the considered network.Finally,Monte Carlo simulation results are provided to show the efficiency of the theoretical analysis.

深层隧道进流式泵站前池流态及整流措施研究

为改善深层隧道进流式泵站前池内的旋流、偏流等不良流态,基于RNG k-ε湍流模型对前池流态进行数值模拟,研究适用于此类城市排涝泵站的整流措施。数值计算结果表明:泵站前池、进水池内存在局部立面旋滚、螺旋流、斜向流、流速分布上高下低等不良水力现象,致使泵站进水流道水力条件不佳;采用双层环形板和两组导流墩的组合式整流措施可抑制前池、进水池中的立面旋滚、螺旋流和斜向流流态,从而有效改善流道的进水条件,提高进水流道进口处流速分布均匀度,使泵进水状况变好,提高泵站运行的可靠性。

有机工质向心透平数值模拟及变工况内流特性研究

基于国内外研究现状,分别对设计工况下和非设计工况下有机朗肯循环向心透平的工作状态进行了三维数值模拟。以透平功率、效率、反动度、静叶损失系数、动叶损失系数作为评价指标,分析了透平在非设计工况下的性能;同时开展了透平在非设计工况下流动状况的描述。结果表明:设计工况下透平输出功率为122.3 kW,透平等熵效率为83.54%;在非设计工况下,透平功率和效率在转速比为0.8~1.0时的增幅较大,透平反动度和静叶损失系数均与转速呈线性关系,而动叶损失系数在转速比为0.8~1.2时存在最小值;当转速低于设计转速时,在动叶前缘吸力面存在涡流,当转速高于设计转速时,涡流存在于动叶压力面的前缘,造成此现象的主要原因是动叶转速与静叶出口流速的周向分量之间存在差值。

水流输入对大比降入湖三角洲演化的影响评估试验

三角洲是河流携带泥沙入湖或入海时泥沙沉积形成的一种河口地貌。当三角洲上游地势相对较高、整体纵比降较大时,局部沉积体具有冲积扇的特性,三角洲演化过程表现出复杂系统的不确定性。通过进行重复自然模型试验,评估了两种不同流量水流输入对大比降三角洲沉积体形成演化的影响。基于三角洲沉积体横断面结构的多峰高斯函数拟合及其特征参数时变波动性的统计分析,结果表明,在小流量条件下三角洲上游堆积体具有多方向发展的不确定性,在大流量条件下堆积体具有纵向多层级结构化发展的不确定性特征。

富水岩溶地区隧道涌水预测与施工处置技术研究

针对贵州某隧道施工过程中遭遇一处连通地下暗河的大型溶洞引起隧道内大规模涌水的灾害进行研究,结合水文地质情况对涌水量进行预测和分析后,现场先对岩溶水进行初步释压,后采用水泥砂浆分步回填隧道上伏溶腔以封堵岩溶出水口;进一步采用集水管引排岩溶水的方式对剩余地下水进行二次加强处理,同时将集水管与隧道外侧的泄水洞相连,二者构成一套完整的引排水系统的处治手段。采用堵排相结合的原则有效地达到涌水处置目的,确保了隧道的安全施工,可为类似地层的隧道施工提供有益的借鉴。

富水裂隙围岩隧道涌水量计算方法与规律分析

富水裂隙区隧道涌水量预测精度较差,涌水问题尚未得到较好的解决。针对此问题,视裂隙围岩及注浆区为非均质各向异性介质,初期支护及二次支护结构为均质各向同性介质,构建了裂隙围岩下隧道涌水简化计算模型,基于地下水力学理论及流体质量守恒定律推导了富水裂隙区隧道涌水量计算公式。通过退化分析及案例工程现场实测数据验证了构建富水裂隙区隧道涌水简化计算模型的合理性及涌水量计算式求解的正确性,最后基于解析解揭示了各特征参数对富水裂隙区隧道涌水的影响规律,探讨了富水裂隙区隧道涌水机制。结果表明:理论计算值与现场实测值最大相对误差为8.1%,验证了构建模型的合理性及公式推导的正确性;隧道涌水量随裂隙最大宽度的增加而增大,受堵水结构的联合制约,两者近似呈线性关系;注浆区厚度与隧道半径比值在2倍以内时,隧道涌水量受注浆区厚度的影响显著;富水裂隙区隧道涌水受裂隙分布规律及支护结构的制约,应重视对裂隙分布的调查。

有机工质向心透平气动设计与性能优化研究

为提升有机工质向心透平的效率与性能,对400 kW有机工质向心透平进行了一维气动设计。在一维气动设计结果的基础上进行建模,并结合三维数值模拟预测了有机工质向心透平在设计工况下的性能。以向心透平等熵效率为目标,采用均匀试验法对动叶轮的子午流道进行优化设计。结果表明:与原始向心透平相比,优化后的向心透平流场压力分布层次更加分明,整体熵增减小,产生的摩擦损失、尾迹损失明显减小,叶片做功能力增大,向心透平内部的流动情况得到了改善,等熵效率由原来的82.33%提高到85.92%,输出功率也增大了18.04 kW。

高速S-CO_(2)向心透平几何参数优化及变工况特性分析

透平是热力循环中实现热功转换的核心设备,优化透平几何参数以改善气动性能,是提升系统热效率的关键。该文以面向某船舶主机烟气余热利用的超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环透平设计参数为基础,给出向心透平主要几何参数,采用耦合CO_(2)真实物性参数的CFX仿真方法,分析几何参数动、静叶包角以及叶轮出口几何角对透平性能的影响规律并进行参数优化,进一步研究非设计工况下的透平运行特性。结果表明:增大静叶包角会使动叶前缘出现扰动涡流并减少余速损失,增大叶轮出口几何角,动叶包角对透平效率的影响规律不变,但效率峰值点会沿动叶包角减小的方向移动;动、静叶包角和叶轮出口几何角分别为49°、21.5°、25°时透平设计点总-静等熵效率高达87.99%,相比优化前,提高0.54个百分点;透平偏离设计点±20%工况下等熵效率大于80%。结果可为超临界二氧化碳高速向心透平设计提供一定参考。

不同转速时液力透平水力性能的试验和数值模拟研究

为揭示不同转速下液力透平的水力性能,以一台比转速为48的离心泵反转作透平(PAT)为例,通过试验研究了液力透平在不同负载下转速随流量、水头变化规律,采用RNGκ-ε湍流模型在不同转速下进行数值计算,分析了各工况下液力透平的水力性能和内流特性。结果表明,随着转速的逐渐增大,透平高效区变宽,高效点明显向大流量偏移。来流参数(流量、压力)对转速有一定的影响,转速随流量呈线性变化,随水头呈幂函数变化。流量越小,叶轮内压力和速度流线分布均匀性越差,透平效率越低。高转速下,叶轮内流动相对稳定,该现象与透平外特性结果相吻合。该研究对低比转速泵反转液力透平高效、稳定运行具有重要参考意义。

转入草场对牧户草场放牧强度的影响--基于自有草场和转入草场视角

【目的】探析牧户对自有草场和转入草场利用强度的差异问题,从而正确认识草场流转真实效应,推动草场流转走向规范化和促进草原生态环境改善。【方法】基于对内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗6个苏木(镇)的实地调研数据,采用倾向得分匹配法(PSM),分析草场地块使用权属性对牧户放牧强度的影响,并在此基础上运用普通最小二乘法(OLS)进一步分析不同契约安排对牧户在转入草场放牧强度可能发挥的作用。【结果】牧户在自有草场和转入草场上的放牧强度有所差异。转入草场后,牧户会降低自有草场的放牧强度,倾向于在转入草场上放养更多的牲畜;不同契约安排对转入草场放牧强度的影响存在区别。签订书面契约和流转来源于亲戚熟人可在一定程度上约束牧户的放牧强度,而约定流转年限对牧户放牧强度未产生显著的影响。【结论】在后续草场流转的过程中,要重点关注转入草场使用程度监管、增强流转合同的约束力及对新型畜牧业经营主体的支持力度。

超强台风“莫兰蒂”(1614)边界层结构的风廓线雷达观测分析

利用翔安风廓线雷达和厦门探空雷达资料,对2016年超强台风“莫兰蒂”外雨带(距离台风中心120~220 km)和外围晴空(距离台风中心400~630 km)边界层结构进行观测分析,结果表明:在超强台风“莫兰蒂”外雨带,风廓线雷达反演的最大切向风速高度分布在入流层下方0.5~1.0 km处,并且随着台风中心的靠近,最大切向风速和入流层高度都有降低的趋势,受降雨粒子的影响,风廓线雷达只能定性反映台风外雨带最大切向风速高度和入流层高度分布特征。在超强台风“莫兰蒂”外围晴空天气下,最大切向风速高度与入流层高度具有一致性,其边界层高度变化比较平稳,高度分布在1.2~1.6 km之间,能够定量反映台风外围晴空边界层高度分布;相对于传统热力驱动的湍流,台风系统边界层湍流主要由风切变驱动,台风外围湍流活动的增强主要发生在最大切向风速高度附近,除了风切变还有其他比较重要的驱动源,表明在台风边界层顶部附近有更加复杂的湍流活动,需要更加精细的湍流通量试验确定其来源。

非常规油藏蓄能体积压裂的合理压裂规模研究

蓄能体积压裂是致密油、页岩油主要增产改造技术并成为开发前期主要方式,压裂规模是影响开发成效的重要因素。根据物质平衡原理,建立了未饱和油藏蓄能体积压裂物质平衡方程。经实测数据检验,能够准确预测压裂后井控范围内地层压力和地层压力系数随入地物量的变化规律,解决了蓄能体积压裂入地物量、入地液量定量预测问题,有利于优化压裂规模。结合致密油、页岩油水平井体积压裂投产后平均日产油、无效排液量等开发指标统计和数模预测,认为进液强度15~17 m^(3)/m较为合理。成果认识对于致密油、页岩油蓄能体积压裂开发合理压裂规模确定具有借鉴意义,有助于非常规油藏经济效益开发。

不同进水方式对污泥床膨胀的影响

为了探究不同进水方式对污泥膨胀床性能的影响,设计一种侧向进水物理模型和四种不同进水夹角的底部进水口的数值模型,对比分析计算流体力学的三维模拟与实物模型的运行状态。结果表明:侧向进水方式污泥床在进水时膨胀速率比底部进水方式快19%;进水流量对两种进水方式的污泥膨胀高度及死区面积的减少有显著影响,在模拟中倾角为15°时,流量提升2.7倍,死区面积减少87%;底部圆锥倾角的变化,对死区产生显著的影响;侧向进水时,流场分为左右两部分,未有明显的优先流,底部进水则存在沿中轴线前进的主流,两侧的速度场分布梯度较小。