Design and Construction Technology of Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Slab Culverts

Compared with traditional cast-in-situ concrete slab culverts,prefabricated reinforced concrete slab culverts can be produced more quickly and has strong quality controllability,strong earthquake resistance,and repeatability.They will be the primary production method of slab culverts in the future.This article offers a comprehensive review of the design and construction technology associated with prefabricated reinforced concrete slab culverts.The objective is to provide a valuable reference for related enterprises,enhance the quality of design and construction in precast pile configuration,and,in turn,contribute to the advancement of construction projects within our country.

Damage analysis of POZD coated square reinforced concrete slab under contact blast

High efficiency, environmental protection and sustainability have become the main theme of the development of the protection engineering, requiring that the components not only meet the basic functions, but also have chemical properties such as acid and alkali corrosion resistance and aging resistance. Polyisocyanate-oxazodone(POZD) polymer has the above characteristics, it also has the advantages of strong toughness, high strength and high elongation. The concrete slab sprayed with POZD material has excellent anti-blast performance. In order to explore the damage characteristics of POZD sprayed concrete slabs under the action of contact explosion thoroughly, the contact explosion test of POZD concrete slabs with different charges were carried out. On the basis of experimental verification,numerical simulation were used to study the influence of the thickness of the POZD on the blast resistance of the concrete slab. According to the test and numerical simulation results that as the thickness of the coating increases, the anti-blast performance of the concrete slab gradually increases,and the TNT equivalent required for critical failure is larger. Based on the above analysis, empirical expressions on normalized crater diameter, the normalized spall diameter and normalized spall diameter are obtained.

Pressure-impulse diagram with multiple failure modes of one-way reinforced concrete slab under blast loading using SDOF method

Two loosely coupled single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems were used to model the flexural and direct shear responses of one-way reinforced concrete slabs subjected to explosive loading. Blast test results show that the SDOF systems are accurate in predicting the failure mode of the slab under blast loads by incorporating the effects of the strain rate effect caused by rapid load application. Based on different damage criteria, pressure-impulse (P-I) diagrams of the two failure modes were analyzed with the SDOF systems. The effects of span length, concrete strength, and reinforcement ratio of the slab on the P-I diagram were also investigated. Results indicate that a slab tends to fail in direct shear mode when it is of a smaller span length and tends to fail in flexure mode when it is of a larger span length. With the increase of the concrete strength or reinforced ratio, both the flexure and shear capacity increase. Based on numerical results, a simplified method and a semi analytical equation for deriving the P-I diagram are proposed for different failure modes and damage levels.

Analytical Solutions to Strain Rates of Reinforced Concrete Simply Supported Slabs under Blast Loads

Based on the Duhamel integral, a couple of analytical solutions are derived to predict the strain rates of concrete and steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete slabs under blast loads and to estimate their variation over depth of a cross-section along the entire length of the member. The analytical approach utilizes the single-degree-of-freedom mode for the analysis of reinforced concrete simply supported one-way panels subjected to blast loads. These analytical solutions can give the strain rate profile for any cross-section at any time and permit variations of strain rate in each time step of numerical iteration method, thus making it possible to directly incorporate strain rate effects into non-linear dynamic response analysis of structural members subjected to blast loads.

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE RECTANGULAR SLABS USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

The nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete rectangular slabs undermonotonic transverse loads is performed by finite element method.The layered rectangu-lar element with 4 nodes and 20 degrees of freedom is developed,in whichbending-stretching coupling effect is taken into account.An orthotropic equivalentuniaxial stress-strain constitutive model of concrete is used.A program is worked out andused to calculate two reinforced concrete slabs.The results of calculation are in goodconformity with the corresponding test results.In addition,the influence of tension stif-fening effect of cracked concrete on the results of calculation is discussed.

Performance Evaluation of One-Way Concrete Slabs Reinforced with New Developed GFRP Bars

The incorporation of fiber-reinforced-polymer (FRP) bars in construction as a replacement to steel bars provides a superior material which is capable to overcome corrosion problems. However, serviceability requirements are important issues to be considered in the design of concrete elements reinforced with glass-FRP (GFRP) bars which are known to have larger deflections and wider crack widths as well as weaker bond compared with steel reinforced concrete. As a solution to this problem, square GFRP bars are proposed. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation that was performed, in which newly developed square and circular GFRP bars were fabricated in the lab. Also, the GFRP bars were tested and used to reinforce concrete slabs. A total of nine full-scale GFRP-reinforced concrete (RC) one-way slabs were constructed, tested and analyzed, considering the most influencing parameters such as the cross sectional shape of GFRP bars, reinforcement ratio, the concrete characteristics strength, and adding polypropylene fibers to the concrete mixture. The test results were showed that, the tested slabs with GFRP square bars improved the deflection and cracking behavior as well as the ultimate load.

Effects of edge beams on mechanic behavior under lateral load in reinforced concrete hollow slab-column structure

In order to get the formulae for calculating the equivalent frame width coefficient of reinforced concrete hollow slab-column structures with edge beam,the finite element structural program was used in the elastic analysis of reinforced concrete hollow slab-column structure with different dimensions to study internal relationship between effective beam width and the frame dimensions.In addition,the formulas for calculating the increasing coefficient of edge beam were also obtained.

Structural Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Slabs on Ground

This paper aims to contribute to the classification and specification of glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) and to deal with the question if structural glass fiber reinforced concrete as a special kind of glass fiber reinforced concrete is suited for use in load-bearing members. Despite excellent material properties, the use of glass fibers in a concrete matrix is carried out so far only in non- structural elements or as a modification for the prevention of shrinkage cracks. The aim of re- search at the University of Applied Sciences in Leipzig is the use of alkali-resistant macro glass fibers as concrete reinforcement in structural elements as an alternative to steel fiber reinforcement. Slabs on ground, as an example for structural members, provide a sensible application for the new material because they can be casted as load bearing and non-load bearing and are mostly made of steel fiber reinforced concrete. In the future, structural glass fiber reinforced concrete shall provide a simple and visually appealing alternative to conventional steel bar or steel fiber reinforced concrete. The glass fibers can also be used in combination with conventional reinforcing bars or mat reinforcements. Initial investigations have announced some potential.

Analysis and Prediction Model Reinforced UHPC Shrinkage Property

This paper explores the shrinkage of reinforced UHPC under high-temperature steam curing and natural curing conditions.The results are compared with the existing shrinkage prediction models.The results show that the maximum shrinkage strain of reinforced UHPC after steam curing is 164μεand gradually becomes zero.As for natural curing,the maximum shrinkage strain is 173μεand the value stabilizes on the 10th day after pouring.This indicated that steam curing can significantly reduce shrinkage time.Compared with the plain UHPC tested in the previous literature,the structural reinforcement can significantly inhibit the UHPC shrinkage and greatly reduce the risk of cracking due to shrinkage.By comparing the results in this paper with the existing models for predicting the shrinkage strain development,it is found that the formula recommended in the French UHPC structural and technical specification is suitable for the shrinkage curve in the present paper.

Lead spall velocity of fragments of ultra-high-performance concrete slabs under partially embedded cylindrical charge-induced explosion

When an explosion occurs close to or partially within the face of a concrete structure, fragments are rapidly launched from the opposite face of the structure owing to concrete spalling, posing a significant risk to nearby personnel and equipment. To study the lead fragment velocity of ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC), partially embedded explosion experiments were performed on UHPC slabs of limited thickness using a cylindrical trinitrotoluene charge. The launch angles and velocities of the resulting fragments were the determined using images collected by high-speed camera to document the concrete spalling and fragment launching process. The results showed that UHPC slabs without fiber reinforcement had a fragment velocity distribution of 0-118.3 m/s, which are largely identical to that for a normal-strength concrete(NSC) slab. In addition, the fragment velocity was negatively correlated to the angle between the velocity vector and vertical direction. An empirical Eq. for the lead spall velocity of UHPC and NSC slabs was then proposed based on a large volume of existing experimental data.

Possible Collapse Mode for Slender Reinforced Concrete Plates Subjected to Blast Load

This paper discusses the collapse mode of thin reinforced concrete (RC) plates sub-jected to blast load. To extend the well known plastic-mode method to analyze, not only perfect-plastic plates , but also RC plates, it is needed to investigate the effect of material cracking on the collapse mode because the plate might have been cracked on both upper and lower surface before the plastic-mode fully develops, creating an unexpected type of collapse mode shape. A new fail-ure mode is proposed and verified by numerical analysis in this paper. The new mode is a result of the material cracking and has an un-negligible effect on the reaction mechanism of the RC plate to the blast load.

Sensor location in concrete slabs with various layout of opening using modified ‘FEMS-COMAC’ approach

Two-way concrete slabs are widely used around the world for the construction of many types of infrastructures and common buildings. The optimal sensor placement(OSP) in slabs with various opening positions is the most important issue in structural health monitoring(SHM) to increase reliability. In this study, a novel approach of OSP was evaluated to obtain the number and placement of sensors using examination of the closed loop performance. The nonlinear finite element(NFE) was used to discretize the mechanism behavior of slab. Multi-Objective Optimization based on the coordinate modal assurance criterion(COMAC) and cost considerations was considered in the optimization processes. All of the analysis, discretization and optimization process was designed and developed as a novel approach in Matlab by the author under the name ‘FEMS-COMAC’(FEM analysis of slab with COMAC). The points in the finite element method(FEM) mesh were classified as line by line information along the slab. The OSP in each line was optimized according to the objective function. The slabs with various width, thickness, aspect ratio and opening position were selected as case studies. The results of the OSP using the COMAC algorithm around the slab openings were compared with the novel ‘FEMS-COMAC’ method. The statistical analysis according Mann-Whitney criteria shows that there were significant differences between them in some of the case studies(mean P-value=0.54).

基于声发射技术的高强全珊瑚钢筋混凝土板破坏特性研究

为了探究全珊瑚钢筋混凝土板破坏特性,设计了3种不同配筋率(0.85%、1.13%和1.41%)的高强全珊瑚钢筋混凝土板构件.结合声发射技术,开展了全珊瑚混凝土板构件四点弯曲加载试验,揭示了配筋率对高强全珊瑚钢筋混凝土板力学性能的影响.基于声发射参数速率过程理论,建立了损伤定量评估模型,并进一步提出了可用于工程实践的损伤评估准则.结果表明:随配筋率增大,高强全珊瑚混凝土板构件起裂荷载、起裂时间与峰值荷载均增大,但中心挠度降低了11.29%;单位时间声发射参数变化均存在2个峰值区,可作为板构件的起裂评判和破坏预兆;根据声发射参数累计值变化可将高强全珊瑚混凝土板构件破坏过程划分为轻度(<0.35)、中度(0.35~0.66)、高度(0.66~0.84)和重度(>0.84)损伤4个程度.所建立模型适用于不同配筋率的全珊瑚混凝土板构件损伤评估.

钢纤维细石混凝土-钢组合板抗弯性能试验研究

钢纤维细石混凝土是一种具有优异力学性能和良好工作性的高性能混凝土复合材料。本试验针对正交异性钢桥面铺装层裂缝病害问题,对4组采用不同钢筋配筋率和保护层厚度的横桥向钢纤维细石混凝土-钢组合桥面板进行了抗弯破坏试验,研究了组合板的荷载-挠度关系与裂缝开展特征;用等效截面法计算了开裂应力、裂缝宽度和钢筋应力,验证了钢纤维细石混凝土-钢组合板的抗裂性能。结果表明:60 mm厚钢纤维细石混凝土铺装层在小配筋率(2.6%)和低于规范要求的保护层厚度(15 mm)条件下呈现出多缝开裂的破坏形态,具备较高的延性和开裂应力,满足规范和工程应用的要求。

RC框架梁端负弯矩纵筋部分置于梁侧楼板对性能的影响及构造问题分析

为适应建筑多功能、大跨度、重荷载、高抗震的发展要求,框架梁端部负弯矩纵筋配筋率通常较高,节点区钢筋过于密集,混凝土施工质量不易保证,对结构综合性能有不利影响。先对梁端负弯矩纵筋部分设置于梁侧楼板内(简称APNRFS)的布筋方式进行阐述,然后基于试验结果分析探讨了该配筋方式对结构性能带来的变化及相关构造问题。研究表明:梁端采用APNRFS布筋方式一般不会降低框架梁的承载力;梁端的弯曲变形能力和结构抗震性能有一定提高;移至板内的梁负筋布置宽度宜小于有效翼缘宽度范围;移至板内的梁端负筋宜同时兼作楼板负筋;横向分布筋参与受力,设计中应适当增配。

波纹钢形状与拱效应对加固盖板涵承载力的影响

为了探索波纹钢形状对加固盖板涵承载力的影响及填充混凝土的拱效应形成机制,采用室内试验与数值分析相结合的研究方法,以一个室内模型试验结果为基准,建立了72个箱形、圆弧及其之间的过渡形状的波纹钢加固盖板涵的数值模型,探明了加固体系承载力随波纹钢形状参数的变化规律;基于合理拱轴的概念,探明了填充混凝土的拱效应形成机理,并采用5个数值模型进行了验证。结果表明:拱腋半径保持不变时,加固体系的承载力随着拱顶、侧墙半径的增加而减小;拱顶、侧墙半径不变时,加固体系的承载力随着拱腋半径的增加而增大;提升加固体系承载力最有效的方式是增加拱腋半径,其次是减小拱顶和侧墙半径;填充混凝土的拱效应与荷载类型有关,当波纹钢的形状能保持拱轴连续并且在素混凝土刚性角以内时,加固体系的承载力最高。在设计波纹钢加固盖板涵结构时,应根据实际工程需要综合考虑波纹钢形状与填充混凝土的拱效应,尽量避免紧贴原盖板涵的加固设计。

火灾下面内约束钢筋混凝土简支双向板力学响应机理

现有分析方法对火灾下面内约束简支双向板的开裂、变形响应以及面内约束导致抗火性能降低的机理缺乏合理解释,本文应用ABAQUS有限元软件对火灾下面内约束钢筋混凝土简支双向板的温度场和热力耦合场进行了三维实体有限元分析,在实验验证基础上进行参数分析,探究钢筋和混凝土的挠度、应力变化规律和力学响应机理.结果表明:在火灾下,面内约束力削弱了板的倒拱效应与拉力膜效应,导致抗火性能显著降低.单向和双向面内约束、长宽比、荷载比的增大均会缩短板的倒拱效应与拉力膜效应阶段的时间.

Punching of reinforced concrete slab without shear reinforcement: Standard models and new proposal

Reinforced concrete(RC)slabs are characterized by reduced construction time,versatility,and easier space partitioning.Their structural behavior is not straightforward and,specifically,punching shear strength is a current research topic.In this study an experimental database of 113 RC slabs without shear reinforcement under punching loads was compiled using data available in the literature.A sensitivity analysis of the parameters involved in the punching shear strength assessment was conducted,which highlighted the importance of the flexural reinforcement that are not typically considered for punching shear strength.After a discussion of the current international standards,a new proposed model for punching shear strength and rotation of RC slabs without shear reinforcement was discussed.It was based on a simplified load-rotation curve and new failure criteria that takes into account the flexural reinforcement effects.This experimental database was used to validate the approaches of the current international standards as well as the new proposed model.The latter proved to be a potentially useful design tool.

盐胀作用下埋地钢筋混凝土板受力性能试验研究

基于青海盐渍土地区埋地钢筋混凝土板现场模型试验,研究了考虑温度影响的盐渍土盐胀作用下钢筋混凝土板内及其表面的应力变化规律,并将其定义为“盐胀应力”。利用钢筋混凝土板内外应变监测结果,通过理论分析得出盐胀应力计算公式。基于Sum of sine函数模型将1年周期内盐胀应力的变化过程以及相对应的盐胀作用划分为发展阶段、稳定阶段、下降阶段3个阶段。其中发展阶段为每年10月至次年2月,温度变化范围为0~10℃,在该温度范围内,随着温度降低,盐胀应力不断增加,说明盐胀现象愈为强烈。对青海盐渍土地区的埋地结构物设计提出了建议,以期最大程度地减少盐渍土对埋地结构物的破坏。

基于ABAQUS的新型密拼叠合板承载能力比较研究

为优化密拼式叠合板侧向拼缝处的连接构造,设计一种在拼缝处设置抗剪键槽的密拼式钢筋桁架叠合楼板。利用ABAQUS有限元软件对7个密拼叠合楼板进行四点弯曲模拟研究,针对普通密拼式叠合板与不同形式的抗剪键槽密拼式叠合板的承载能力进行对比分析。结果表明:新型密拼式叠合楼板的承载能力较好,相较于普通密拼式叠合板提升了17%左右;当达到极限荷载时,其内置钢筋所受应力明显低于普通密拼式叠合板。通过对不同开槽形式叠合板的受弯性能进行对比分析,明确了新型抗剪键槽叠合板拼缝处设计的合理性,为新型拼缝叠合楼板在工程实践中的应用提供了理论依据。