Approach to inter-satellite time synchronization for micro-satellite cluster

Micro-satellite cluster enables a whole new class of missions for communications, remote sensing, and scientific research for both civilian and military purposes. Synchronizing the time of the satellites in a cluster is important for both cluster sensing capabilities and its autonomous operating. However, the existing time synchronization methods are not suitable for microsatellite cluster, because it requires too many human interventions and occupies too much ground control resource. Although, data post-process may realize the equivalent time synchronization, it requires processing time and powerful computing ability on the ground, which cannot be implemented by cluster itself. In order to autonomously establish and maintain the time benchmark in a cluster, we propose a compact time difference compensation system（TDCS）, which is a kind of time control loop that dynamically adjusts the satellite reference frequency according to the time difference. Consequently, the time synchronization in the cluster can be autonomously achieved on-orbit by synchronizing the clock of other satellites to a chosen one＇s. The experimental result shows that the standard deviation of time synchronization is about 102 ps when the carrier to noise ratio（CNR） is 95 d BHz, and the standard deviation of corresponding frequency difference is approximately0.36 Hz.

Numerical Prediction Methods for Clock Deviation Based on Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer Data

Three functional models, polynomial, spectral analysis, and modified AR model, are studied and compared in fitting and predicting clock deviation based on the data sequence derived from two-way satellite time and frequency transfer. A robust equivalent weight is applied, which controls the significant influence of outlying observations. Some conclusions show that the prediction precision of robust estimation is better than that of LS. The prediction precision calculated from smoothed observations is higher than that calculated from sampling observations. As a count of the obvious period variations in the clock deviation sequence, the predicted values of polynomial model are implausible. The prediction precision of spectral analysis model is very low, but the principal periods can be determined. The prediction RMS of 6-hour extrapolation interval is Ins or so, when modified AR model is used.

Shift control method for the local time at descendi ngnode based on sun-synchronous orbit satellite

This article analyzes the shift factors of the descending node local time for sun-synchronous satellites and proposes a shift control method to keep the local time shift within an allowance range. It is found that the satellite orbit design and the orbit injection deviation are the causes for the initial shift velocity, whereas the atmospheric drag and the sun gravitational perturbation produce the shift acceleration. To deal with these shift factors, a shift control method is put forward, through such methods as orbit variation design, orbit altitude, and inclination keeping control. The simulation experiment and practical application have proved the effectiveness of this control method.

Technology of shipboard two-way microwave time synchronization

For the high precision time synchronization demand of ships, advantages and disadvantages of the present time transfer methods are analyzed, the two-way microwave time transfer （TWMTT） method is adopted to resolve the time synchronization problem in the Naval Ship Formation. After expounding the principle and system composition of TWMTT method, the various factors influencing the synchronous precision are analyzed, such as time-interval measurement error, TWMTT equipment delay error, signal propagation error in air, and signal delay error caused by shipping. To improve the time synchronization precision, all the error sources above are deduced with mathematical measures to definite the critical one, and the signal processing measures such as Pseudo code spread spectrum time comparison signal generation technology, FFT fast acquisition technology and precise tracking technology are used into the modem which is the core equipment of the TWMTT. And, calibration method of TWMTT equipment delay are developed. Through theoretical a- nalysis and simulation verification, the precision of shipboard two-way microwave time synchroniza- tion can reach 1 ns.

Method of Time-Delay Calculating and Correcting to Control Spin-Stabilized Satellite Synchronously

The key to control Spin-Stabilized Satellites Synchronously is to determine the models for calculating and correcting of time-delay at the different situations. Based on the principle of Synchronous-Control mode, the methods of determining the models of calculating and correcting of time-delay are proposed. The methods have been proved to be effective in real satellite control engineering.

Integrated method for measuring distance and time difference between small satellites

The advancement of small satellites is promoting the development of distributed satellite systems,and for the latter,it is essential to coordinate the spatial and temporal relations between mutually visible satellites.By now,dual one-way ranging(DOWR)and two-way time transfer(TWTT)are generally integrated in the same software and hardware system to meet the limitations of small satellites in terms of size,weight and power(SWaP)consumption.However,studies show that pseudo-noise regenerative ranging(PNRR)performs better than DOWR if some advanced implementation technologies are employed.Besides,PNRR has no requirement on time synchronization.To apply PNRR to small satellites,and meanwhile,meet the demand for time difference measurement,we propose the round-way time difference measurement,which can be combined with PNRR to form a new integrated system without exceeding the limits of SWaP.The new integrated system can provide distributed small satellite systems with on-orbit high-accuracy and high-precision distance measurement and time difference measurement in real time.Experimental results show that the precision of ranging is about 1.94 cm,and that of time difference measurement is about 78.4 ps,at the signal to noise ratio of 80 dBHz.

Research on inter-satellite measurement technique in high dynamic environment

An improved measurement algorithm, based upon the theory of two-way time transfer （ TWTT）, is proposed to measure satellites with high speeds. The algorithm makes theoretical analyses and corresponding deductions on a relative motion model of two satellites, and eliminates the measurement error caused by the equipment delay when a satellite moves at a high speed. Theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that in comparison with the conventional TWTT algorithm, the proposed algorithm can significantly enhance the measurement accuracy of the inter-satellite ranging and time synchronization, and the algorithm is more effective with the relative velocity between the satellites and transmitting delay becoming larger.

基于卫星双向时间比对的无中心站间时间同步

针对多站分布式协同站间高精度时间同步关键问题,在详细介绍卫星双向时间比对的基本原理和精度分析基础上,设计了一种无中心多站卫星双向比对逻辑架构和多站时间同步处理算法,充分考虑硬件资源约束,并提供时差测量数据冗余,避免了因某个站故障造成的全系统时间同步功能失效,提高系统时间同步的鲁棒性和灵活性。基于精密单点定位技术进行了异地远程卫星双向时间同步精度验证,试验结果表明时间同步精度优于6 ns。

太阳同步轨道遥感卫星快速目标访问计算方法

目标访问计算是指根据遥感卫星轨道和待观测目标的位置,计算遥感卫星对目标观测的时刻和姿态,是遥感卫星任务管控领域的重要基础技术之一。高效的目标访问计算方法可大幅提升卫星任务管控的时效性,对后续大规模遥感星座任务管控具有重要意义。利用太阳同步轨道卫星交点地方时不变的特点,快速估算出卫星经过目标的较短时间窗口,对时间窗口内的星历进行逐点计算,获取卫星对目标进行访问的最佳时刻。试验结果证明,该方法可大幅提升目标访问时间的计算效率。

Satellite-station time synchronization information based real-time orbit error monitoring and correction of navigation satellite in Beidou System

Satellite-station two-way time comparison is a typical design in Beidou System(BDS)which is significantly different from other satellite navigation systems.As a type of two-way time comparison method,BDS time synchronization is hardly influenced by satellite orbit error,atmosphere delay,tracking station coordinate error and measurement model error.Meanwhile,single-way time comparison can be realized through the method of Multi-satellite Precision Orbit Determination(MPOD)with pseudo-range and carrier phase of monitor receiver.It is proved in the constellation of 3GEO/2IGSO that the radial orbit error can be reflected in the difference between two-way time comparison and single-way time comparison,and that may lead to a substitute for orbit evaluation by SLR.In this article,the relation between orbit error and difference of two-way and single-way time comparison is illustrated based on the whole constellation of BDS.Considering the all-weather and real-time operation mode of two-way time comparison,the orbit error could be quantifiably monitored in a real-time mode through comparing two-way and single-way time synchronization.In addition,the orbit error can be predicted and corrected in a short time based on its periodic characteristic.It is described in the experiments of GEO and IGSO that the prediction accuracy of space signal can be obviously improved when the prediction orbit error is sent to the users through navigation message,and then the UERE including terminal error can be reduced from 0.1 m to 0.4 m while the average accuracy can be improved more than 27%.Though it is still hard to make accuracy improvement for Precision Orbit Determination(POD)and orbit prediction because of the confined tracking net and the difficulties in dynamic model optimization,in this paper,a practical method for orbit accuracy improvement is proposed based on two-way time comparison which can result in the reflection of orbit error.

GPS欺骗信号对变电站时间同步装置的干扰分析与测试

当前无人机诱骗设备发射的GPS欺骗信号对变电站自动化系统的安全问题尚未明晰。为此提出了一种全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)欺骗信号对变电站时间同步装置的干扰评测方法,理论分析了GPS欺骗信号对变电站时间同步装置的影响。测量了无人机诱骗设备在不同发射功率下的欺骗信号功率强度及电场强度空间分布,实验验证了GPS欺骗信号对时间同步装置接收卫星质量与授时精度的影响,分析了无人机诱骗设备的发射功率以及其与时间同步装置GPS/北斗卫星导航系统(Bei-Dou system BDS)接收天线间的距离对授时精度的影响规律。结果表明:时间同步装置天线距离无人机诱骗设备10 m以外,GPS诱骗信号不会使时间同步装置进入守时状态;时间同步装置天线距离无人机诱骗设备60 m以上,GPS诱骗信号对时间同步装置的影响可忽略不计,为变电站安全稳定运行提供了参考依据。

基于最大似然估计的低轨通信星座分布式时间同步方法研究

随着低轨巨型星座的快速部署和卫星互联网的快速发展,由大规模低地球轨道卫星组成的分布式卫星系统是空天地一体化的重要特点。在卫星网络中,低成本、高精度的时间同步技术是其中的核心技术之一。针对低轨卫星高动态、拓扑结构时变特性因素影响下的低轨通信星座的分布式时间同步问题,考虑低轨卫星场景下的通信时延特性,同时为解决现有方法在动态网络拓扑下同步精度和收敛速度方面的不足,提出了一种基于最大似然估计的低轨卫星时间同步方法,能有效解决分布式动态网络中的通信时延随机不可预测以及星间距离不对称的问题。仿真结果表明,低轨卫星动态场景和拓扑结构变化下,本文提出的基于最大似然估计的时间同步方法同步误差均小于5ns。

相对论体系下卫星原时及星间钟差机理建模

面向新一代导航卫星对高精度自主时间基准的需求,针对皮秒级星间钟差机理不清晰问题,在广义相对论体系下提出一种卫星原时以及星间皮秒钟差模型,该模型可基于卫星状态计算星载原子钟相对参考时钟的偏差以及星间钟差。首先从地心参考坐标系的度规张量出发,利用广义相对论建立了卫星的运动模型;然后,根据时空间隔的不变性,提出考虑地球非球形J2摄动项的卫星原时模型,并进一步给出了包含J2项修正的星间钟差模型。最后以北斗卫星导航系统和GPS为研究对象对建立的模型进行了仿真分析,为新一代导航系统的时间校准和同步提供了一种可行的建模方法。仿真结果表明,卫星原时模型与星间钟差模型的精度都在皮秒量级,能够准确地计算星载原子钟在引力场中的原时偏差以及星间钟差。

基于地球GNSS和导航增强星的地月空间导航方法

针对载人登月及无人月球探测后续任务中亟须突破的高精度实时自主导航需求,拥有GNSS自主导航能力具有重大意义,符合未来月球探测任务简便、低代价导航发展趋势。而将地球GNSS导航直接应用到地月空间导航场景所能提供的实时导航能力有限,无法满足高精度导航应用的需求。因此,提出了一种基于地球GNSS和导航增强星的地月空间导航方法,通过仅增加一颗月球空间导航节点,在播发导航信号的同时,分别建立与地球GNSS导航星座和月球用户之间的双向时间同步链路,将钟差与位置误差进行解耦,实现月球用户的高精度实时三维绝对导航。仿真结果表明,该方法能大幅提升月球用户的几何精度因子,可获得优于50m的实时定位精度,具有很强的实用性。

基于信号同步注入的多源配网阻抗测量防孤岛保护方法

分布式电源(distributed generator,DG)并网运行需配备防孤岛保护,以避免电网停电产生非计划孤岛。阻抗测量法相比于过/欠压(over/under-voltage, OUV)和过/欠频(over/under-frequency,OUF)等被动式防孤岛保护,具有检测盲区小,不易误动等优势。但现有信号注入策略及孤岛保护判据无法应对多DG系统中信号干扰引起的保护失效问题。为此提出利用外部同步信号实现检测信号同步注入的阻抗测量方法。在分析孤岛前后DG测量阻抗特征的基础上,确定基于阻抗角的孤岛保护方案,并依据对线路参数,电网谐波及注入信号频率的分析,提出保护判据。最后,结合DG控制策略给出保护的信号注入及检测方法。基于RTDS的仿真验证表明,该文方法可有效辨识电网扰动及孤岛运行状态,并且避免了OUV、OUF的拒动及误动问题。

一种适用于北斗三号星间扩展用户的定轨算法

针对北斗卫星导航系统星间链路网络扩展服务航天器的精密轨道确定及时间同步需求,提出了基于多项式轨道拟合方法的轨道确定与时间同步算法,克服了传统算法中使用北斗星间链路双向测量数据必须具备初始轨道和钟差等先验信息的约束,可有效拓宽北斗星间链路使用场景。该算法以多项式表达航天器一段时间的轨道和钟差,并使用星间双向测量数据基于最小二乘算法迭代估计多项式系数,从而完成航天器轨道和钟差解算。利用北斗三号星间链路在轨实测数据的试验表明定轨和时间同步精度均在0.12 m以内,有效验证了该算法的正确性。

卫星5G通信抗干扰时频同步算法

为了提高卫星通信系统的抗干扰和抗频偏能力,提出了一种在5G物理层波形中融入扩频技术的传输波形设计方案和辅同步信号(Secondary Synchroniztion Singnal, SSS)辅助主同步信号(Primary Synchronization Signal, PSS)多步联合抗干扰时频同步算法。该算法的实现分为3步:首先采用SSS辅助PSS二维时间同步得到粗同步点;然后根据粗同步点进行整数倍和小数倍频偏估计与补偿,其中小数倍频偏估计分为PSS扫频粗频偏估计和SSS辅助PSS互相关精频偏估计;最后对频偏补偿后的接收序列再次进行精时间同步和频偏补偿。仿真结果表明,所提设计方案和同步算法可以抗干信比为12 dB的干扰,并且在低信噪比下的性能优于传统算法。

BDS-3 PPP-B2b实时精密时间同步方法探讨

针对传统实时精密单点定位(PPP)时间同步方法需要连接互联网,以及对北斗三号全球卫星导航系统(BDS-3)精密单点定位服务信号(PPP-B2b)用于长基线实时时间同步的研究较少的问题,提出一种将PPP-B2b信号用于PPP时间同步的实时时间同步方法:将高精度铷原子钟作为全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)接收机外频标输入,通过GNSS接收机实时接收PPP-B2b改正数,解算接收机钟差并实时调整铷原子钟,输出与时间基准同步的秒脉冲(1PPS)信号,较之传统GNSS接收机输出1PPS有更佳的频率稳定性;设计PPP-B2b时间同步硬件测试平台对提出的PPP-B2b时间同步方法进行测试。结果表明,通过PPP-B2b时间同步方法进行时间传递的精度优于0.2 ns;短基线实测实时时间同步精度优于0.95 ns;卫星模拟器仿短基线精度优于0.87 ns,仿长基线精度优于0.9 ns。

低轨卫星短突发通信时频同步算法

低轨卫星短突发通信具有多普勒频偏和多普勒变化率较大、突发符号较短和突发信号导频长度受限等特点,采用传统的时频同步算法在低信噪比条件下性能较差。为了提高时间同步和频偏估计性能,准确完成同步过程,基于时分多址(Time Division Multiple Access,TDMA)接入帧结构提出一种新的时频同步算法。该算法采用二维搜索算法进行整数倍的时延估计和粗频偏估计;在补偿大频偏和整数倍时延后,估计小数倍时延;采用结合低通滤波的快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier Transform,FFT)算法进行精频偏估计。仿真结果表明,每符号能量与噪声功率谱密度比值(Ratio of Symbol Energy to Noise Power Spectral Density,E_(s)/N_(0))为4.5 dB时,时延检测概率准确率达到99.99%,整体解调性能相较于M&M等算法有2 dB以上的性能提升。

孤岛微电网电流同步U-I下垂控制方法

采用电压-电流(U-I)下垂控制的孤岛微电网系统始终运行于工频频率,避免了传统下垂控制存在的频率偏差及频率越限问题,但电源间易产生环流,功率分配精度差。为此,提出电流同步U-I下垂控制方法,该方法由电流同步控制及U-I幅值下垂控制两部分构成。前者通过调节输出电压相角使各电源输出电流相角一致,以抑制电源间环流;后者依据输出电流的幅值调节输出电压的幅值,使各电源出力依据自身容量分配。在此基础上,建立双端系统的小信号模型,分析电流同步控制环路中控制参数对系统稳定性的影响,为参数设计提供依据。仿真及实验结果表明,相比U-I下垂控制,所提方法的系统环流减小50%以上,电压畸变率改善近10%,电源间功率分配精度及系统电能质量均得到明显提升。