Assessment of structural brain changes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using the MRI-based brain atrophy and lesion index

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2 DM) often have cognitive impairment and structural brain abnormalities.The magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)-based brain atrophy and lesion index can be used to evaluate common brain changes and their correlation with cognitive function,and can therefore also be used to reflect whole-brain structural changes related to T2 DM.A total of 136 participants(64 men and 72 women,aged 55–86 years) were recruited for our study between January 2014 and December 2016.All participants underwent MRI and Mini-Mental State Examination assessment(including 42 healthy control,38 T2 DM without cognitive impairment,26 with cognitive impairment but without T2 DM,and 30 T2 DM with cognitive impairment participants).The total and sub-category brain atrophy and lesion index scores in patients with T2 DM with cognitive impairment were higher than those in healthy controls.Differences in the brain atrophy and lesion index of gray matter lesions and subcortical dilated perivascular spaces were found between non-T2 DM patients with cognitive impairment and patients with T2 DM and cognitive impairment.After adjusting for age,the brain atrophy and lesion index retained its capacity to identify patients with T2 DM with cognitive impairment.These findings suggest that the brain atrophy and lesion index,based on T1-weighted and T2-weighted imaging,is of clinical value for identifying patients with T2 DM and cognitive impairment.Gray matter lesions and subcortical dilated perivascular spaces may be potential diagnostic markers of T2 DM that is complicated by cognitive impairment.This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of University of South China(approval No.USC20131109003) on November 9,2013,and was retrospectively registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry(registration No.Chi CTR1900024150) on June 27,2019.

Gene Expression Profile of Human Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue of Chinese Han Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective To study the differential patterns of gene expression in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue between type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） patients and healthy subjects using DNA microarray analysis, Methods T2DM patiens were divided into female group, young male group and old male group. DNA microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR were carried out to anaIyze the relation between gene expressions and T2DM. Results The mRNA expression of 298, 578, and 350 genes was changed in the skeletal muscle of diabetes mellitus patients compared with control subjects. The 1320, 1143, and 2847 genes were modified in adipose tissue of the three groups. Among the genes surveyed, the change of 25 and 39 gene transcripts in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue was ≥2 folds, These differentially expressed genes were classified into 15 categories according to their functions. Conclusion New genes are found and T2DM can be prevented or cured.

Comprehensive analysis of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related mechanisms in type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND The endoplasmic reticulum(ER)is closely related to a wide range of cellular functions and is a key component to maintain and restore metabolic health.Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is a serious threat to human health,but the ER stress(ERS)-related mechanisms in T2DM have not been fully elucidated.AIM To identify potential ERS-related mechanisms and crucial biomarkers in T2DM.METHODS We conducted gene set enrichment analysis(GSEA)and gene set variation analysis(GSVA)in myoblast and myotube form GSE166502,and obtained the differentially expressed genes(DEGs).After intersecting with ERS-related genes,we obtained ERS-related DEGs.Finally,functional analyses,immune infiltration,and several networks were established.RESULTS Through GSEA and GSVA,we identified several metabolic and immune-related pathways.We obtained 227 ERS-related DEGs and constructed several important networks that help to understand the mechanisms and treatment of T2DM.Finally,memory CD4^(+)T cells accounted for the largest proportion of immune cells.CONCLUSION This study revealed ERS-related mechanisms in T2DM,which might contribute to new ideas and insights into the mechanisms and treatment of T2DM.

Silkworm Extract Ameliorates Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Protects Pancreaticβ-cell Functions in Rats

Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the hypoglycemic effects of silkworm extract(SE)on experimental type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)rats.Methods SE was prepared by dissolving freeze-dried silkworm powder in 70%(v/v)aqueous ethanol.T2DM rats were induced by feeding them a high fat diet and an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(STZ).The blood glucose,free fatty acid(FFA),malondialdehyde(MDA),tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The quality of SE was controlled by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC;Agilent 1260,Agilent,USA).Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was performed for histological evaluation.Antibody expression was assessed via immunohistochemistry(IHC)staining.Results SE could improve insulin resistance and islet cell function by reducing FFA,MDA and TNF-αlevels and increasing SOD level.In addition,pancreatic HE staining analysis revealed that SE has a protective effect on isletβ-cells.Conclusions The present study indicates that SE has hypoglycemic as well as pancreatic protective effects in T2DM model rats.

Correlation between the Polymorphism of PPARγ-2 gene and the Susceptibility of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Guangxi Bama Mini-pigs

[ Objective] The research aimed to discuss the relationship between the polymorphism of PPARy.2 gene and the susceptibility of type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） in Guangxi Bama mini-pigs. [ Method] 24 Guangxi Bama mini-pigs were fed with high-fat and high-sucrose diet, and partial sequences of exon 2 of PPARy-2 gene were amplified by using PCR method. In addition, the contents of fasting blood glucose and insulin （INS） in Guangxi Bama mini-pigs were determined, and the glucose tolerance test （GTT） was also carried out. [ Result] There was one SNP site （19813A/G） Jn partial sequence of exon 2 of the cloned PPAFly-2 gene, and AA （7 pigs） and AG （17 pigs） genotype were detected. The contents of fasting insulin and 60-min blood glucose in GTT in AG-genotype Guangxi Bama mini-pigs were significantly higher than those of AA genotype （ P 〈0.05）, while the incidence of T2DM in AG-genotype Guangxi Bama mini-pigs （71.4%） was obviously higher than that of AA gen- otype （5.9%）. [ Conclusion] The polymorphism of 19813A/G in exon 2 of PPARy-2 gene was related with the susceptibility of T2DM in Guangxi Bama mini-pigs.

Discovery of Novel N-Glycoside and Non-Glycoside hSGLT2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Human sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (hSGLT2) is a membrane protein responsible for glucose reabsorption from the glomerular filtrate in the proximal tubule. Inhibition of hSGLT2 has been regarded as a brand new therapeutic approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) due to its non-insulin related characteristics with less side effects. Current commercially available hSGLT2 inhibitors are all C-glycoside inhibitors. Previous studies have reported that N-glycoside inhibitors have better potential to serve as new drugs due to their good metabolic stability. In addition, non-glycoside inhibitors have been shown to exhibit the capability to overcome the existing problems of current glycoside inhibitors, including low tissue permeability, poor stability and short serum half-time. Here, we aimed to discover novel N-glycoside and non-glycoside hSGLT2 inhibitors by a combination of several computational approaches. A ligand-based pharmacophore model was generated, well validated and subsequently utilized as a 3D query to identify novel hSGLT2 inhibitors from National Cancer Institute (NCI) and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) databases. Finally, one N-glycoside (NSC679207) and one non-glycoside (TCM_Piperenol_A) hSGLT2 inhibitors were successfully identified, which were proven to exhibit excellent binding affinities, pharmacokinetic properties and less toxicity than the commercially available hSGLT2 inhibitor, canagliflozin, via molecular docking, ADMET prediction, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and binding free energy calculations. All together, our results strongly suggest that these two compounds have great potential to serve as novel hSGLT2 inhibitors for the treatment of T2DM and their efficacies may be further examined by a series of in vitro and/or in vivo bioassays.

Initiation of Basal Insulin in Patients with Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a growing health problem, characterized by insulin resistance progressing to beta cell dysfunction and insulin deficiency, most of these patients will need intensification of treatment and initiation of insulin to delay or prevent diabetic complications. Glycemic control is the most important aspect of management, and in reducing morbidity and mortality of the diseases. Control of plasma glucose in patients with diabetes can be assessed by HbA1c, FPG, PPG, but still HbA1c% remains the gold standard for assessment of glycemic control and follow up of diabetic patients. The aim of this study is to assess HbA1c% in patients on oral anti-diabetic drugs, with poor glycemic control before and after adding basal insulin, with titration of the dose of insulin depending on fasting blood sugar. 82 patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (43.9% male, 56.1% female), with HbA1c more than 9%, on two types of oral diabetic medication or more, were started on basal insulin (glargine, lantus) and followed for three to six months. Overall 82 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were included in the study. The mean age of the study population was 58.4 years, the mean duration of the disease range was 13.4 years. All patients with HbA1c more than 9%, without organ failure, were included in the study. The mean HbA1c overall had decreased from mean of 11.15% before starting basal insulin to the mean of 8.43% within 3 to 6 month, after initiating basal insulin, this difference was significant at p < 0.001. There was no adverse effect on this medication in any of the study group. The addition of basal insulin to oral anti-diabetic medication in uncontrolled insulin-naïve type 2 diabetic patients resulted in significant improvement of glycemic control, with improved HbA1c level, without adverse effects.

Effect on T cell subsets and function of isletβ cells of levemir combined with acarbose in elder patients with early-onset type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective:To discuss the effect of the combined therapy of levemir and acarbose on T cell subsets and function of isletβ cells in elder patients with early-onset type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Methods:According to the number parity of entry sequence, 100 cases of elder patients with early-onset type 2 Diabetes Mellitus are divided into the control group and the observation group of 50 cases. The control group was treated with novolin and acarbose, the observation group was given subcutaneous injection of levemir and acarbose treatment. Compare the T cell subsets and function of isletβ cells in two group of patients before the treatment (T0), treatment for 4 weeks (T1) ,treatment for 8 weeks (T2).Results:(1) The levels of T0, T1, T2CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ were increased in both groups, and CD8+ decreased. Among them, the levels of T1, T2CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ of the observation group were obviously higher than the control group, the level of CD8+ was lowly than the control group, the difference was statistically significant;(2) In the stage of T0, T1, T2, the levels of FPG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR were showed a downward trend, the levels of FIns, HOMA-B were increased. In these two groups, the levels of T1, T2FPG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR of the observation group were lower than the control group, and the levels of FIns, HOMA-B were higher than the control group, the difference was statistically significant;(3) In the control group occurred 3 cases of hypoglycemia, and the incidence of adverse reactions was 6%. However, in the observation group no occurred adverse reactions, the difference was statistically significant.Conclusions:The combined therapy of levemir and acarbose in elder patients with early-onset type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, It helps to improve immune function, protect the isletβ-cell function.

Association between the SUMO4 M55V Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus:A Meta-analysis

Objective The aim of this study is to determine whether the SUMO4 M55V polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）. Methods A meta-analysis was performed to detect the potential association of the SUMO4 M55V polymorphism and susceptibility to T2DM under dominant, recessive, co-dominant （homogeneous and heterogeneous）, and additive models. Results A total of eight articles including 10 case-control studies, with a total of 2932 cases and 2679 controls, were included in this meta-analysis. The significant association between the SUMO4 M55V polymorphism and susceptibility to T2DM was observed in the dominant model （GG ＋ GA versus AA： OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.05-1.40, P = 0.009）, recessive model （GG versus GA ＋ AA： OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.07-1.356, P = 0.010）, homozygous model （GG versus AA： OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.06-1.56, P = 0.001）, and additive model （G versus A： OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.08-1.29, P = 0.001）, and marginally significant in the heterozygous model （GA versus AA： OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 0.98-1.36, P = 0.080）. In subgroup analyses, significant associations were observed in the Chinese population under four genetic models excluding the heterozygous model, whereas no statistically significant associations were observed in the Japanese population under each of the five genetic models. Conclusion The meta-analysis demonstrated that the G allele of the SUMO4 M55V polymorphism could be a susceptible risk locus to T2DM, mainly in the Chinese population, while the association in other ethnic population needs to be further validated in studies with relatively large samples.

A Peptidomic Analysis of the Potential Comorbidity Biomarkers for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer’s Disease

Objective: To investigate the potential comorbidity biomarkers for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: This is a randomized case-control study. There are three groups: 1) normal control group included 32 healthy elderly people in the hospital physical examination;2) 30 patients with T2DM group;and 3) AD group has 28 cases. On-line reversed-phase liquid chromatography separation, tandem mass spectrometry analysis and iTRAQ quantification were used for identification of peptidomic analysis, then detection of three comorbidity biomarkers might be associated with T2DM and AD by ELISA. Results: The Peptidomic Analysis of the potential comorbidity biomarkers for T2DM and the AD group includes Osteopontin (OPN), Isoform 2 of Histone H2Btype 2-F and Histone H4. These potential comorbidity biomarkers for T2DM and the AD group are significantly increased than normal control group. OPN concentrations are 1.67 (0.13 - 2.63) mmol/L in the normal control group, 3.15 (1.51 - 5.35) mmol/L in the T2DM group, and 7.66 (3.55 - 15.38) mmol/L in the AD group. Histone H4 concentrations in three groups respectively are 0.21 ± 0.036 mmol/L (normal control), 0.21 ± 0.046 mmol/L (T2DM) and 0.21 ± 0.034 mmol/L(AD). Isoforms 2 of Histone H2Btype 2-F are 1.73 (0.12 - 2.60) mmol/L, 4.71 (1.26 - 6.84) mmol/L and 9.30 (0 - 20.8) mmol/Lin three groups respectively. Conclusion: The inflammatory mechanism may lead to an increase of histone content in the urine of AD and T2DM patients. Clinical test of these potential comorbidity biomarkers Histones and Osteopontin would be the diagnosis of comorbidity AD and T2DM.

Systematic Review of Community Type 2 Diabetes Structured Health Education (CT2DSHE)

Aim: This paper aims to evaluate disparities of type 2 diabetes structured health education programmes that is utilised within the communities. Design: systematic review, (a type of secondary research design) aiming to summarize the results of prior primary research studies on available evidence Community type 2 diabetes structured education (CT2DSHE). Methods: Research question: Type 2 diabetic structured health education within a community how effective is it? Qualitative Systematic review, defined as a way to get reliable and objective picture of current available evidence on the specific topic—(CT2DSHE), (Denscombe, 2021) through reflexivity synthesis of available data as an example. This is valuable in time constraints such as project assignments that must be met within specific time and also to bring together available evidence together [1]. Results: This review has shown that CT2DSHE is effective with seven out of the eleven authors supporting, three authors against and one was neutral, further showed that knowledge and skills acquired can last longer with patient activation improved among T2DM patients ideal for sustaining their self-management of T2DM. Conclusion: This research provides suggestive answers to the research question: “Type 2 diabetic structured health education within a community how effective is it?”, This has demonstrated CT2DSHE effectiveness in knowledge acquisition and improving T2DM awareness among T2DM patients, whilst evidencing long effects beyond the study times of 3 - 9 months period in relation to patient activation. Also Identified diabetes education self-management on newly diagnosed (DESMOND) patient as CT2DSHE program for recommendation. Patient or Public Contribution: This work aspires to contribute to CT2DSHE in these areas;Influencing policy decision-making for community diabetes care within the UK and world at large., Contributing to already vast knowledge on diabetes self-management and reasons why?, Influencing educators on how CT2DSHEP are designed, delivered by putting the patient at the Centre and bringing different perspectives on CT2DSHEP in one place that is serving users time of having to consult several resources especially busy clinicians [2] [3].

Study of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism in Egyptian Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Diabetic Kidney Disease

Objective: Diabetic kidney disease DKD (Diabetic nephropathy DN) is considered one of the chronic micro vascular complications of diabetes mellitus and considered the commonest cause leading to chronic renal failure and chronic renal dialysis. Genetic susceptibility has been implicated in DKD. The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is one of the key roles in the renin angiotensin system cascade by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II which plays a key role in regulation of blood pressure as well as electrolytes and fluid balance. This study addressed the association of (ACE) gene polymorphisms with DN in Egyptian (T2DM) patients. Methods: Our research comprised of 75 cases of T2DM with diabetic kidney disease, 100 cases of T2DM without DKD and 94 healthy volunteers. Different genotypes of ACE gene were determined by SSP-PCR analysis. Results: Gene polymorphism of ACE (DD, ID, II) in diabetic patient with DKD is 44%, 52%, 4% respectively and for T2DM individuals without DKD is 23%, 72%, 5% respectively. (DD) had significant higher frequencies in T2DM patients with DKD compared to those without DKD (p < 0.005) and (ID) had significant higher frequencies in T2DM without DKD (p < 0.0001). These results indicated that there is an association between ACE gene polymorphisms and susceptibility of diabetic patients to be affected by diabetic kidney disease. Conclusion: From our results, we can conclude that genotype of ACE in Egypt DD is the genotype of cases diabetic kidney disease. So the presence of D allele has a significant relation with diabetic kidney disease. Our data confirm the role of ACE in its relationship with diabetic kidney disease in Egyptian type 2 diabetic patients.

Association between Socio-Demographic Factors and Blood Sugar Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Bangladesh

Background: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the anthropometric and demographic factors and their correlation with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Bangladesh. Methods: One hundred fourteen patients (70 males and 44 females) between 30 and 75 years of age from various areas of Bangladesh were screened for T2DM. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) was analyzed by using laboratory kits and spectrophotometric technique. Anthropometric and socio-demographic data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from weight (kg) and height (m) of the individual respondents. Physical activity was categorized based on activity during daily work. Economic condition is defined by respective family income and education level is categorized into 3 levels: illiterate, 0 - 12 years of education and graduate or above. Results: According to the current study results, half of the patients were from the middle-class family with low physical activity and their age was within the range of 30 - 45 years. The male and female ratio of the study population was 60:40. Most of the patients were found to be obese and educated. Urban populations were more prone to have DM than the rural population. Age, education, the area of residence (urban and rural), physical activity and co-morbid diseases were significantly correlated with T2DM in Bangladesh (P Conclusion: Our study shows that different socio-demographic factors have a significant correlation with T2DM in Bangladesh. Diabetes awareness, early diagnosis, patient education and life-style modification can be initiated to manage T2DM efficiently.

The C161T Polymorphism in Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor ɣ2, but Not Pro12Ala, Is Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in an Egyptian Population

Objectives: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is multifactorial with the contribution of multiple genetic factors. We questioned the association of polymorphisms in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ?2 (PPAR?2) gene (Pro12Ala and C161T) with DR in an Egyptian population. Methods: This case control study included one hundred healthy individuals and 252 T2DM among them 122 with DR and 130 without DR. Genotyping was done by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results: The Pro12Ala Ala allele was associated with decreased risk of DR with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.484, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.254 - 0.920), and a p value = 0.024. The C161T T allele was associated with increased risk of DR with OR = 2.593, 95% CI (1.672 - 4.020), p < 0.001. However, when considering other covariates such as glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in multivariate regression analysis only C161T was associated with increased risk of DR with OR = 3.479, 95% CI (1.907 - 6.346), p < 0.001, while the significant association with Pro12Ala was lost. HbA1c was higher in Pro/Pro genotype when compared to those with Ala/Ala and Pro/Ala genotypes. Conclusion: We report that T allele of C161T increased risk of DR in the studied population. Further studies are warranted to investigate functional implications of polymorphisms of the PPAR-? gene in DR development.

Novel nervous and multi-system regenerative therapeutic strategies for diabetes mellitus with mTOR

Throughout the globe,diabetes mellitus（DM） is increasing in incidence with limited therapies presently available to prevent or resolve the significant complications of this disorder.DM impacts multiple organs and affects all components of the central and peripheral nervous systems that can range from dementia to diabetic neuropathy.The mechanistic target of rapamycin（m TOR） is a promising agent for the development of novel regenerative strategies for the treatment of DM.m TOR and its related signaling pathways impact multiple metabolic parameters that include cellular metabolic homeostasis,insulin resistance,insulin secretion,stem cell proliferation and differentiation,pancreatic β-cell function,and programmed cell death with apoptosis and autophagy.m TOR is central element for the protein complexes m TOR Complex 1（m TORC1） and m TOR Complex 2（m TORC2） and is a critical component for a number of signaling pathways that involve phosphoinositide 3-kinase（PI 3-K）,protein kinase B（Akt）,AMP activated protein kinase（AMPK）,silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）（SIRT1）,Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1（WISP1）,and growth factors.As a result,m TOR represents an exciting target to offer new clinical avenues for the treatment of DM and the complications of this disease.Future studies directed to elucidate the delicate balance m TOR holds over cellular metabolism and the impact of its broad signaling pathways should foster the translation of these targets into effective clinical regimens for DM.

Microbiota associated with type 2 diabetes and its related complications

Recently,it has been established that the human resident microbiota plays key roles in health maintenance.Therefore,it has become an emerging prevention and treatment target for metabolic syndrome.The resident microbiota associated with chronic inflammation has been shown to contribute to the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Moreover,the microbiota is altered in the development of T2DM and its comorbid medical conditions/diseases,including diabetic retinopathy,kidney toxicity,atherosclerosis,hypertension,diabetic foot ulcers,cycstic fibrosis and Alzheimer’s disease.Besides,some anti-T2DM regimens are also based microbiota metabolism-dependent mechanism.This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning the altered microbiota in the pathogenesis of T2DM and its related complications,which provides novel insights into these diseases and the potential intervention strategies from the microbiology point of view.©2013 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Decreased Plasma MANF Levels are Associated with Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is a multifactorial disease caused by both genetic and environmental factors.Although many genes have been reported to be involved in T2DM,much is still unknown about other genes that are involved in the disease and its progression.Therefore,the exploration of new factors plays a pivotal role in the development of new methods and strategies to prevent this chronic disease.

Significant Polymorphisms of Vitamin D Receptor Gene(rs2189480 and rs3847987) Related to the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Henan Rural Area

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for 90% of all diabetes cases and results in severe complications. It is a multifactorial metabolic disorder that results from a combination of resistance to insulin action and an inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response. The interaction between multiple genetic and environmental determinants has been considered to contribute to the pathogenesis of T2DM[1].

Association of UCP3,APN,and TNF-α Gene Polymorphisms with Type 2 Diabetes in a Population of Northern Chinese Han Patients

We observed the polymorphism distribution and coaction of uncoupling protein 3（UCP3）-55C/T,adiponectin（APN）＋45T/G and tumor necrosis factor（TNF）-α-308G/A on the onset and development of T2DM in a Northern Chinese Han population of 213[100 type 2 diabete（T2DM） patients and 113 health control subjects] by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisum（PCR-RFLP） method.Results demonstrate the polymorphism of UCP3-55C/T,APN＋45T/G,and TNF-α-308G/A related to T2DM onset and developement.And the individuals carrying UCP3-55T,APN＋45G and TNF-α-308A allele had higher T2DM risk.Those results are the first report to evaluate the association of the coaction of UCP3,APN,TNF-α genes polymorphism on T2DM risk and the susceptibility of T2DM in the Northern Chinese Han population.

Study on T lymphocyte subsets and NK cells in patients with Graves' disease combined with type 2 diabetes

Objective To investigate changes in T lymphocyte subsets and NK cells in patients with simple Graves’ disease(GD)and Graves’ disease combined with type 2 diabetes mellitus(GD/T2DM).Methods Fifteen cases of GD/T2DM were selected from our hospital from November 2001 to November 2004.Before and after therapy thyroid function,thyroglobulin antibody(TGA),thyroid microsomal antibody(TMA)and blood glucose level were measured,and T lymphocyte subsets(CD3,CD4,CD8,CD4/CD8)and NK cells(CD56)were measured by immunofluorescence double labeling monoclonal antibody and flow cytometry,respectively.At the same time,comparison was made with simple GD(15 cases),T2DM(15 cases)and healthy control(20 cases).Results Before therapy,CD4/CD8,CD4 and NK cells in GD/T2DM were less than normal,and there was no significant difference in comparison with simple GD(P<0.05).In T2DM group,only CD4/CD8 and CD4 were less than those of healthy controls(P<0.05).When thyroid function recovered after 1 to 3 months of methimazole treatment in both GD/T2DM and simple GD groups,various indexes recovered,which were more obvious in simple GD.Conclusion Immune hypofunction of GD may be the key to the immune abnormality of GD/T2DM,which is more significant than that of simple GD or T2DM.The recovery of thyroid function and immune abnormality is not consistent,and the recovery of GD is more significant than that of GD/T2DM.