PGC-1α differentially regulates the mRNA expression profiles of genes related to myofiber type specificity in chicken

Previous studies on mammals showed that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α(PGC-1α)played a prominent role in regulating muscle fiber type transition and composition.However,the role of PGC-1αin chicken muscle has seldom been explored.To investigate the effect of PGC-1αon chicken skeletal muscles in this study,the PGC-1αgene was overexpressed or silenced in chicken primary myoblasts by using lentivirus,and then the effects of the PGC-1αgene overexpression and knockdown on the mRNA expression profile of genes related to myofiber type specificity were examined during fiber formation.The results showed that overexpression of PGC-1αfrom proliferation to differentiation was accompanied by the up-regulated expression of Pax7,MyoD,and CnAα,which was significantly(P<0.01)increased after one day of transfection(1 I).The enhancement of MyoG,MEF2 c,and MyHC SM expression lagged,which was improved significantly(P<0.01)after four days of transfection(1 I3 D).Overexpression of PGC-1αdecreased(P<0.01)the MyHC FWM expression after four days of transfection(1 I3 D),and it had no significant impact(P>0.05)on the expression of CnB1,NFATc3,and MyHC FRM during myofiber formation.The effective silence(P<0.01)of PGC-1αby lentivirus mediating short hairpin RNA(shRNA)was detected after four days of transfection(1 I3 D)in cultures,and the lack of its function in chicken primary myoblasts significantly(P<0.01)down-regulated the expression of Pax7,MyoD,CnAα,MyoG,MEF2 c,and MyHC SM,significantly(P<0.01)up-regulated the expression of MyHC FWM,and had no significant impact(P>0.05)on the expression of CnB1,NFATc3,and MyHC FRM.These results indicated that the role of PGC-1αin regulating the fiber type specificity of chicken skeletal muscles might be similar to that in mammals,which interplayed with key genes related to myocyte differentiation and calcineurin signaling pathway.

Cell Type Specific Expression of CD80 （B7-1） Gene in Murine

The CD80 （B7-1） costimulatory molecule is expressed on the surface of B cells and its expression is transcriptionally upregulated upon stimuli. To identify the region of murine CD80 promoter that direct cell type specific gene expression, four promoters construct of CD80 gene were generated with DNA fragments fused to the GFP reporter gene. In the present study, significant promoter activity was detected with all four promoter constructs only in the murine B lymphocyte. Further, the CD80 promoter region extending from -3,005 bp to ＋273 bp in relation to the previously reported transcription start site, was identified as tissue specific region. Interestingly, the shortest 700 bp （-427/＋273） of promoter fragment was sufficient to direct the CD80 gene expression. The level of CD80 expression was also found to be modulated by exogenous stimuli in B lymphocyte. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the CD80 gene expression is regulated at the level of transcription where the inducible CD80 gene transcript was detected in B lymphocyte with increasing time.

Quantitative Assessment on Endangerment Degree of Rare Animal and Plant Species in Tibet,China

It is of profound theoretical and practical significance to study endangerment status of rare species in Tibet. Index system is firstly set down for quantitative assessment of rare animal and plant species, then endangerment degree of wildlife under special state protection are calculated, which is expressed by value E. The results reveal that Yunnan snub-nosed monkey （Rhinopithecus bieti）, Himalayan tahr （Hemitragus jemlahicus） and Gigantic Cypress （Cupressus gigantea） have the highest E respectively in animals and plants. According to value E, all species are categorized into 4 ranks： critically endangered（0.6-0.8）, endangered （0.4- 0.6）, vulnerable （0.2-0.4） and lower risk （ E ≤ 0.2）. By comparison of the first five animals and plants of the highest E, each sub-ecozone bears a distinct identity.

Re-discussing the content of the prescription rights of midwives under certain circumstances using the Delphi method

Objective： This study sought to investigate the content of the prescription rights and the prescription types of midwives under certain circumstances in China. Methods： The Delphi method was used to consult 18 nursing experts and 14 medical experts, A total of 30 experts finished the consulting. The reliability of the expert opinions was analyzed to determine the specific situations in which midwives may write prescriptions, the content of the prescription rights and the prescription types. Results： In six specific circumstances （uterine contraction fatigue, uterine contractions that are too strong, postpartum hemorrhage, premature rupture of the membranes, normal delivery and neonatal asphyxia）, midwives have the right to prescribe and administer medication, including 20 drugs and 13 auxiliary examinations. Of these drugs and examinations, 51.5% of the drugs and adjuvant examination prescriptions tend to be independent prescriptions, 30.3% tend to be protocol prescriptions, and 18.2% are similar to both types. Conclusions： The midwives should be granted some prescription rights to enhance their autonomy and the professionalism of midwifery.

LACC:a hardware and software co-design accelerator for deep neural networks

With the increasing of data size and model size,deep neural networks(DNNs)show outstanding performance in many artificial intelligence(AI)applications.But the big model size makes it a challenge for high-performance and low-power running DNN on processors,such as central processing unit(CPU),graphics processing unit(GPU),and tensor processing unit(TPU).This paper proposes a LOGNN data representation of 8 bits and a hardware and software co-design deep neural network accelerator LACC to meet the challenge.LOGNN data representation replaces multiply operations to add and shift operations in running DNN.LACC accelerator achieves higher efficiency than the state-of-the-art DNN accelerators by domain specific arithmetic computing units.Finally,LACC speeds up the performance per watt by 1.5 times,compared to the state-of-the-art DNN accelerators on average.

Cell type specificity of signaling:view from membrane receptors distribution and their downstream transduction networks

Studies on cell signaling pay more attention to spatial dynamics and how such diverse organization can relate to high order of cellular capabilities.To overview the specificity of cell signaling,we integrated human receptome data with proteome spatial expression profiles to systematically investigate the specificity of receptors and receptor-triggered transduction networks across 62 normal cell types and 14 cancer types.Six percent receptors showed cell-type-specific expression,and 4% signaling networks presented enriched cell-specific proteins induced by the receptors.We introduced a concept of“response context”to annotate the cell-type dependent signaling networks.We found that most cells respond similarly to the same stimulus,as the“response contexts”presented high functional similarity.Despite this,the subtle spatial diversity can be observed from the difference in network architectures.The architecture of the signaling networks in nerve cells displayed less completeness than that in glandular cells,which indicated cellular-context dependent signaling patterns are elaborately spatially organized.Likewise,in cancer cells most signaling networks were generally dysfunctional and less complete than that in normal cells.However,glioma emerged hyper-activated transduction mechanism in malignant state.Receptor ATP6AP2 and TNFRSF21 induced rennin-angiotensin and apoptosis signaling were found likely to explain the glioma-specific mechanism.This work represents an effort to decipher context-specific signaling network from spatial dimension.Our results indicated that although a majority of cells engage general signaling response with subtle differences,the spatial dynamics of cell signaling can not only deepen our insights into different signaling mechanisms,but also help understand cell signaling in disease.