Variation in Plant Functional Traits along Altitudinal Gradient and Land Use Types in Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone, Nepal

Functional traits are predictors of plants in response to environmental stimuli. They represent specific functional adaptations to various environmental stresses. This study deals with the variation in plant functional traits along elevation gradient and land-use types in Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone, Nepal. Two field investigations in April and September, 2011 were made to collect samples. Sampling was done from 2200 - 3800 m asl varying approx. 400 m. East and west facing aspects of each valley were chosen. In each aspect four land-use type categories including disturbed (cultivated land, exploited forest and meadow) and less disturbed natural forest were selected. A transect of 25 m long and 2.5 m wide was laid. Different eight traits of plants including lifeform, plant height, clonality, spinescence, leaf dry matter content, stem specific density, twig dry matter content and twig drying time were examined for 60 plant species belonging to 31 families, collected from 40 sampled plots. Nine different types of growth forms were recorded. Plant height of the investigated species ranged from 0.03 - 15 m. The stolon consisting species were dominant in exploited forests. Diversity of clonal species was more in meadow and non-clonal species were dominant in all the altitudes. Only eight species consisted of spines. In the disturbed land-use categories, we found high variation in a particular trait. Correlation analyses revealed the significant relationship (p < 0.01) among different traits. Herbs and shrubs were dominant at higher elevation and in disturbed land-use categories. Species from high altitude were mostly short basal herbs, while spinescence and tall trees were observed at lower altitudes. Species recorded in meadows and exploited forests showed high variation in traits due to disturbance mainly grazing, fire, litter collection and trampling. Altitudinal variation, climatic conditions and disturbance most strongly influence trait expression in the study area.

Relationships of Panicle Type Index with Subspecies Characteristics and Yield Traits in Filial Generation of Crosses between Indica and Japonica Rice

Two recombinant inbred line （RIL） populations, one derived from a cross between Zhongyouzao 8 （indica） and Toyonishiki （japonica） and the other from a cross between Qishanzhan （indica） and Akihikari （japonica）, were grown in Liaoning and Sichuan Provinces, China, to study the panicle type index （PTI, the ratio of a number of node position on panicle axis where the secondary branch with the most numerous secondary branch grains is located to the number of primary branches） and its relationships with subspecies characteristics and yield traits. With continuous distribution of PTI and numerous of lines with different PTIs in the progenies, indica-japonica hybridization could be a method for breeding cultivars with ideal panicle type. PTI was significantly influenced by environments, with a significant decrease from Liaoning to Sichuan A significantly negative correlation was found between PTI and most of subspecies characteristics. PTI varied remarkably with different subspecies types. As a whole, it showed a trend of indica （H）〉indicalinous （H＇）〉japonicalinous （K＇）〉japonica （K） However, it is not appropriate to regard PTI as a parameter for subspecies classification in rice because it was recombined in the filial generations of cross between indica and japonica rice. The negative correlations were found between PTI and most of panicle characteristics, as well as yield-related traits. Based on PTI, most of lines from the two populations were middle dominant panicle type （the number of grains on the secondary branch is numerous in middle position of the panicle） and lower dominant panicle type （the number of grains on the secondary branch is numerous in lower position of the panicle and becomes less towards the top of panicle） with significant yield advantages.

Characterization of QTL for unique agronomic traits of new-plant-type rice varieties using introgression lines of IR64

To enhance the yield potential of an elite indica rice cultivar,an introgression(BC_3-derived) line of IR64,YTH288,was developed using a new-plant-type cultivar,IR66215-44-2-3,as a donor parent.YTH288 has agronomically valuable characteristics such as large panicles,few unproductive tillers,and large leaves inherited from NPT.To identify the genetic basis of these traits,we used 167 F_2 plants derived from a cross between IR64 and YTH288 to conduct QTL analysis for five agronomic traits:days to heading(DTH),culm length(CL),flag leaf length(FLL),flag leaf width(FLW),and filled spikelet number per panicle(FSN).Six putative QTL were detected:four on chromosome4(for CL,FLL,FLW,and FSN) and two on chromosome 2(for DTH and FLL).All QTL with the IR66215-44-2-3 allele,except that for FLL on chromosome 2,had positive effects on each trait.To confirm the effects of these putative QTL,we developed NILs with the IR64 genetic background by marker-assisted selection.We observed significant differences in several agronomic traits between IR64 and NILs that carried these QTL on chromosomes2 and 4.Additionally,four IR64-NILs carrying chromosomal segments derived from different NPT varieties on the long arm of chromosome 4 exhibited similar pleiotropic To enhance the yield potential of an elite indica rice cultivar, an introgression(BC3-derived) line of IR64, YTH288, was developed using a new-plant-type cultivar,IR66215-44-2-3, as a donor parent. YTH288 has agronomically valuable characteristics such as large panicles, few unproductive tillers, and large leaves inherited from NPT.To identify the genetic basis of these traits, we used 167 F2 plants derived from a cross between IR64 and YTH288 to conduct QTL analysis for five agronomic traits: days to heading(DTH), culm length(CL), flag leaf length(FLL), flag leaf width(FLW), and filled spikelet number per panicle(FSN). Six putative QTL were detected: four on chromosome4(for CL, FLL, FLW, and FSN) and two on chromosome 2(for DTH and FLL). All QTL with the IR66215-44-2-3 allele, except that for FLL on chromosome 2, had positive effects on each trait. To confirm the effects of these putative QTL, we developed NILs with the IR64 genetic background by marker-assisted selection. We observed significant differences in several agronomic traits between IR64 and NILs that carried these QTL on chromosomes2 and 4. Additionally, four IR64-NILs carrying chromosomal segments derived from different NPT varieties on the long arm of chromosome 4 exhibited similar pleiotropiceffects for unique agronomic traits. These NILs can be used as research materials for studying each trait and as breeding materials for yield improvement of indica rice cultivars.

追肥处理+防虫网对青瓜-豇豆轮作土壤养分及豇豆品质性状的影响

为保障豇豆质量安全,提高豇豆种植产量,同时改良产地土壤,在搭建白色防虫网条件下于青瓜-豇豆轮作土壤分别施用复合肥和酸性土壤改良肥追肥,比较分析2种不同追肥处理对网内土壤养分和网内外豇豆品质性状的影响。试验共设网内试验区和对照区、网外试验区和对照区4个小区。各小区面积统一为60 m^(2),单因素随机区组设计。结果表明,酸性土壤改良肥追肥处理的试验区土壤和复合肥追肥的对照区土壤pH均下降,分别下降0.44和0.61。网内试验区土壤有机质、速效氮、速效钾含量(w,后同)分别比试验前增加了2.56 g·kg^(-1)、42.37 mg·kg^(-1)、48.87 mg·kg^(-1),相对增加12.37%、34.20%、20.34%,有效磷含量(w,后同)比试验前降低3.98 mg·kg^(-1),相对降低1.95%。酸性土壤改良肥追肥处理的网内外豇豆商品荚率、荚果长、荚横径、单荚质量均高于复合肥追肥处理。两种追肥处理的网内外豇豆产品品质检测结果表明,网内外试验区豇豆商品荚率差异显著,而可溶性总糖、蛋白质、维生素C含量与对照区差异不显著,各处理豇豆脂肪含量均相同。综上,豇豆的综合性状以酸性土壤改良肥追肥处理更佳。

Expression quantitative trait analyses to identify causal genetic variants for type 2 diabetes susceptibility

Type 2 diabetes(T2D) is a common metabolic disorder which is caused by multiple genetic perturbations affecting different biological pathways. Identifying genetic factors modulating the susceptibility of this complex heterogeneous metabolic phenotype in different ethnic and racial groups remains challenging. Despite recent success, the functional role of the T2D susceptibility variants implicated by genome-wide association studies(GWAS) remains largely unknown. Genetic dissection of transcript abundance or expression quantitative trait(eQTL) analysis unravels the genomic architecture of regulatory variants. Availability of eQTL information from tissues relevant for glucose homeostasis in humans opens a new avenue to prioritize GWASimplicated variants that may be involved in triggering a causal chain of events leading to T2D. In this article, we review the progress made in the field of eQTL research and knowledge gained from those studies in understanding transcription regulatory mechanisms in human subjects. We highlight several novel approaches that can integrate eQTL analysis with multiple layers of biological information to identify ethnic-specific causal variants and gene-environment interactions relevant to T2D pathogenesis. Finally, we discuss how the eQTL analysis mediated search for "missing heritability" may lead us to novel biological and molecular mechanisms involved in susceptibility to T2D.

Identification of SNPs and expression patterns of FZD3 gene and its effect on wool traits in Chinese Merino sheep(Xinjiang Type)

As a member of the Frizzled family, Frizzled3 (FZD3) is a receptor of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and plays a vital role in mammalian hair follicle developmental processes. However, its effects on wool traits are not clear. The objectives of this study were to identify the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the expression patterns of FZD3 gene, and then to determine whether it affected wool traits of Chinese Merino sheep (Xinjiang Type) or not. PCR-single stranded conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and sequencing were used to identify mutation loci, and general linear model (GLM) with SAS 9.1 was used for the association analysis between wool traits and SNPs. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to investigate FZD3 gene expression levels. The results showed that six exons of FZD3 gene were amplified and two mutation loci were identified in exon 1 (NC_019459.2: g.101771685 T>C (SNP1)) and exon 3 (NC_019459.2: g.101810848, A>C (SNP2)), respectively. Association analysis showed that SNP1 was significantly associated with mean fiber diameter (MFD)(P=0.04) and live weight (LW)(P=0.0004), SNP2 was significantly associated with greasy fleece weight (GFW)(P=0.04). The expression level of FZD3 gene in skin tissues of the superfine wool (SF) group was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of the fine wool (F) group. Moreover, it had a higher expression level (P<0.01) in skin tissues than in other tissues of Chinese Merino ewes. While, its expression level had a fluctuant expression in skin tissues at different developmental stages of embryos and born lambs, with the highest expression levels (P<0.01) at the 65th day of embryos. Our study revealed the genetic relationship between FZD3 variants and wool traits and two identified SNPs might serve as potential and valuable genetic markers for sheep breeding and lay a molecular genetic foundation for sheep marker-assisted selection (MAS).

加工型辣椒种质资源遗传多样性分析

为了解加工型辣椒种质资源的遗传多样性,本研究对33份加工型辣椒种质的24个农艺性状、8个品质性状和炭疽病抗性进行遗传多样性、相关性和聚类分析。结果表明,24个农艺性状中株幅、果梗长度、果肉厚的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)较大,性状遗传较丰富;单株产量变异系数最大(73.55%),心室数变异系数最小(9.18%)。单株产量与果肉厚、果纵径、果横径极显著正相关。8个品质性状中,辣椒素和二氢辣椒素含量的变异系数较大,分别为106.98%和112.44%。相关性分析表明,辣度与粗纤维和蛋白质含量显著正相关,与辣椒素和二氢辣椒素含量极显著正相关,与水分含量显著负相关。根据品质性状的隶属度将33份加工型辣椒种质聚为三大类群(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ),平均隶属度分别为0.32、0.47、0.64。炭疽病抗性与农艺、品质性状相关性分析表明,辣椒炭疽病抗性与水分含量、果纵径、心室数极显著正相关,与蛋白质、粗纤维含量极显著负相关。本研究结果可为加工型辣椒品种的应用及选育提供一定的理论依据。

闽南文化多元结构刍议

与中华文化及其范围内各种地域文化一样,闽南文化是一种多元结构。其根源在于闽南人的族群来源是多元的,包括土著越人、南迁汉人及来自湖南的“蛮”人(以地域命名则称为“武陵蛮”、“五溪蛮”,以信仰命名则称为“槃瓠蛮”)、来自海外的“番客”等多种成分;其地形、地貌与生态环境及经济类型也是多元的,地形包含中山、低山、丘陵、台地和平原,相应地,经济包括山林经济、大田稻作、沿海养殖捕捞渔业及海上商贸等基本类型。族群来源与地理环境及经济类型的多元,决定了闽南人人文性格的多元化,其基本面貌是兼容并包、崇正守礼、开拓进取、坚韧俭朴。其中的精华,需要我们积极弘扬,某些消极因素,则应该予以批判改造。

辽宁省不同年代大豆品种农艺性状和产量的遗传改良

为了明确辽宁省未来大豆性状的改良方向,选取辽宁省不同年代育成的146份大豆品种为试验材料,种植密度设置为15万株·hm-2,综合分析不同年代间大豆品种的茎秆强度、叶柄夹角、成熟期的株型和产量性状的遗传改良趋势。结果表明:随着育成年代的推进,大豆鼓粒期上、中、下层叶柄夹角均逐渐减小,在2020年代均达到最小;而茎秆强度显著增加,在2020年代达到251.49 N。在成熟期株高、植株重量平衡点高度和底荚高度随着品种育成年份的演替呈显著下降趋势,均在2020年代达到最小。但主茎节数、主茎粗和分枝数变化不显著。随着大豆品种的遗传改良,籽粒产量呈显著增加趋势,2020年代育成品种达到3319.63kg·hm^(-2)。单株荚数和单株粒数均呈上升趋势,百粒重变化不显著。相关分析结果表明:籽粒产量与株高、底荚高度呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.316和-0.249,与单株粒数呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.229。通径分析表明:株高、底荚高度和单株粒数对产量的直接贡献最大,直接通径系数分别为-0.241,-0.304,0.228。综上可知,辽宁省大豆品种遗传改良偏重选育株型紧凑株高适宜、底荚高度较低和单株粒数较多的稳产型大豆品种。

细毛羊育种目标性状的相关关系及差异分析

【目的】研究苏博美利奴羊和中国美利奴羊(新疆型)周岁母羊各育种目标性状间的相关及差异性,分析各性状间的遗传规律,为提高新疆细毛羊的育种进程提供科学依据。【方法】收集、测量并整理共计1546只周岁母羊(苏博美利奴羊497只,中国美利奴羊(新疆型)1049只)的个体鉴定记录和剪毛记录,测定平均纤维直径、纤维直径标准差和纤维直径变异系数。利用SPSS 25.0软件,对毛用性状(平均纤维直径、纤维直径标准差、纤维直径变异系数、毛长、剪毛量)、繁殖性状(出生类型)以及生长性状(体格评分、鉴定时体重)数据进行描述性统计,分析各性状间相关关系,采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)不同品种以及不同类型间的差异。【结果】苏博美利奴羊和中国美利奴羊(新疆型)出生类型与相关毛用性状(平均纤维直径、纤维直径标准差、纤维直径变异系数和毛长)以及生长性状(体格评分和鉴定时体重)均无显著差异(P>0.05),苏博美利奴羊和中国美利奴羊(新疆型)两品种间鉴定时体重均与平均纤维直径、毛长以及剪毛量等毛用性状呈极显著相关(P<0.01),各毛用性状间存在不同程度的相关性。【结论】苏博美利奴羊在毛用性状(平均纤维直径和纤维直径标准差)和生长性状(鉴定时体重)均优于中国美利奴羊(新疆型),平均纤维直径的范围在16.86~19.01μm,属优质超细型细毛羊。

托桂型菊花花型和花色性状遗传规律分析

以一个白色非托桂型小菊为父本,两个红色托桂型小菊为母本,设计两个杂交组合,测定了杂交F1的11个花型性状。遗传分析表明,花径、舌状花长、舌状花宽和管状花数均符合无主基因控制的0MG模型;心花直径、舌状花数、管状花长、管状花宽和最深齿裂长均符合由两个加性-显性-上位性效应的主基因控制的2MG-ADI模型,其中管状花长和最深齿裂长的主基因遗传率均约70%,属于高度遗传力。相关性分析表明,托桂型菊花管状花长、管状花宽和最深齿裂长两两之间呈极显著的正相关。根据舌状花的花色值(L^(*),a^(*),b^(*))将F1聚类为5个不同色系,两个杂交组合舌状花花色的香农-威纳指数(H)分别为1.12和1.23,花色变化丰富。此外,测定了亲本及F1共30个不同花色的托桂型菊花管状花内侧表皮和舌状花上表皮的花色值(L^(*),a^(*),b^(*)),发现两者的L^(*),a^(*),b^(*)值分别呈极显著正相关;对5个色系共10个托桂型菊花做切片观察,发现管状花内侧与舌状花上表皮、管状花外侧与舌状花下表皮的色素种类相同且细胞形态大小相似,因而花色相近。本研究结果为菊花托桂花型性状的基因定位以及优质托桂型菊花品种的培育提供理论依据。

Higher leaf area through leaf width and lower leaf angle were the primary morphological traits for yield advantage of japonica/indica hybrids

The yield potential of japonica/indica hybrids(JIH)has been achieved over 13.5 t ha–1 in large-scale rice fields,and some physiological traits for yield advantage of JIH over japonica inbred rice(JI)and indica hybrid rice(IH)were also identified.To date,little attention has been paid to morphological traits for yield advantage of JIH over JI and IH.For this reason,three JIH,three JI,and three IH were field-grown at East China(Ningbo,Zhejiang Province)in 2015 and 2016.Compared with JI and IH,JIH had 14.3 and 20.8%higher grain yield,respectively,attributed to its more spikelets per panicle and relatively high percentage of filled grains.The advantage in spikelets per panicle of JIH over JI and IH was shown in number of grains on the upper,middle,and lower branches.Compared with JI and IH,JIH had higher leaf area through leaf width and lower leaf angle of upper three leaves,higher leaf area index and leaf area per tiller at heading and maturity stages,higher stem weight per tiller and K and Si concentrations of stem at maturity,higher dry matter weight in leaf,stem,and panicle at heading and maturity stages,and higher biomass accumulation after heading and lower biomass translocation from stem during ripening.Leaf width of upper three leaves were correlated positively,while leaf angle of upper three leaves were correlated negatively with biomass accumulation after heading,stem weight per tiller,and per unit length.Our results indicated that the grain yield advantage of JIH was ascribed mainly to the more spikelets per panicle and relatively high percentage of filled grains.Higher leaf area through leaf width and more erect leaves were associated with improved biomass accumulation and stem weighing during ripening,and were the primary morphological traits underlying higher grain yield of JIH.

基于GYT双标图对北部冬麦区国审小麦品种的回溯分析

北部冬麦区是我国重要的小麦主产区之一,对该麦区历年国审小麦品种进行回溯分析有助于小麦品种资源的合理利用。本研究基于产量与熟期、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、容重、品质指数、抗病指数和抗寒指数等性状的组合,采用品种-产量×性状组合(GYT,genotype by yield×trait)双标图方法对2003-2023年期间北部冬麦区47个国审小麦品种进行了综合分析和分类评价。结果表明,47个国审小麦品种可划分为4个特征显著的品种类型。其中,Ⅰ型品种综合表现优秀,在产量与早熟性、抗病性、抗寒性、千粒重和容重等性状组合上表现突出,在产量与穗数、穗粒数和品质指数组合上表现优良,在生产上推广应用价值最高,主要包括京麦179、京农16和津麦3118等8个品种。Ⅱ型品种综合表现优良,在产量与品质指数、穗数组合上表现突出,在产量与抗病指数、抗寒指数组合上表现稍差,在生产上推广应用价值较高,但应注意生产安全,主要包括京麦202、京农19和轮选158等13个品种。Ⅲ型品种的产量与抗病和抗寒指数组合最好,但在其余性状组合上表现差,综合生产应用价值有限,可作为抗性亲本。Ⅳ型品种综合表现较差,可选择单性状表现优良的品种作为育种亲本应用。根据各品种在GYT双标图ATA轴上的投影位置,筛选出综合表现优良的京麦179、京农16、津麦3118、京麦189、京麦202、京花12号、京农19、轮选158和中麦623等品种。本研究采用GYT双标图分析方法基于“产量-性状”组合水平对北部冬麦区小麦品种进行综合评价和分类研究,为其他作物和地区的类似研究提供了参考。

莲株型调控的研究进展

株型是园林植物的重要观赏性状,培育丰富的观赏性状是园林植物的育种目标之一。莲作为我国重要的园林植物,其理想株型育种应向高大型和极微型2个极端株型发展。本研究对莲株型调控的细胞学基础、生理机制、分子机理进行了系统地综述,提出了深入探究茎顶端分生组织、居间分生组织的发育模式及基因调控机理,挖掘GAs、AUX在合成和信号传导过程中的关键基因、利用分子标记技术开发莲株型相QTL位点和相关基因精准定位的未来研究方向。

K型小麦保持系遗传多样性的系统聚类分析

为了给K型小麦雄性不育系、保持系的选育及杂种组合选配提供依据,对25份K型小麦保持系品种的7个主要农艺性状进行了遗传多样性、相关性和聚类分析。结果表明,25份K型小麦保持系品种的7个主要农艺性状都表现出较大的变异性,变异系数从低到高依次为株高(7.12%)、千粒质量(7.49%)、每穗粒数(9.12%)、穗长(9.61%)、单株粒数(16.69%)、单株穗数(18.37%)、单株粒质量(20.61%)。相关性分析结果表明,3对性状达到了极显著正相关,分别为单株粒数与单株粒质量(相关系数r=0.732)、单株穗数与单株粒数(r=0.577)、单株粒质量与单株穗数(r=0.522);4对性状呈显著正相关,分别是千粒质量与单株粒质量(r=0.371)、穗长与每穗粒数(r=0.278)、株高与穗长(r=0.269)、穗长与单株粒数(r=0.211);2对性状呈显著负相关,分别为株高与每穗粒数(r=-0.214)、每穗粒数与单株穗数(r=-0.399)。聚类分析结果显示,25份K型小麦保持系品种的遗传距离变化范围为1.15~26.25。在遗传距离12.50处,将供试品种划分为5个类群:Ⅰ类群共有17个品种,第Ⅰ类群在遗传距离7.50处,分为3个亚类;第Ⅱ类群有1个品种,为石H09-7075,单株粒质量为8.59 g,低于其他类群;第Ⅲ类群1个品种为浚2016,株高为50.67 cm,低于其他类群;第Ⅳ类群5个品种,包括衡4568、山农0911、周麦16等,单株穗数为9.27个,多于其他类群;第Ⅴ类群为衡5011,株高为70.52 cm,高于其他类群。

基于叶片功能性状的贺兰山西坡植物生态策略分析

植物叶片功能性状能够反映其对不同环境的适应策略,对不同环境梯度产生适应性改变。以贺兰山西坡沿海拔分布的4种植被类型(荒漠草原、浅山灌丛、亚高山针叶林、亚高山灌丛草甸)优势植物为对象,在物种-群落水平,基于叶片功能特征CSR(竞争-耐胁迫-杂草型植物)生态策略模型,通过叶片比叶面积(SLA)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)、单位面积碳(LC)、氮(LN)、磷(LP)含量的比较,探究4种植被类型优势植物S-R(耐胁迫-杂草)轴的经济性状权衡策略及该区优势种的生态策略组成;并且研究环境因素对CSR生态策略的作用机理,确定能够影响植物CSR生态策略的主要环境因子。结果显示,1)在物种水平,贺兰山西坡46种优势植物生态策略可分为5类,其中R(杂草型)和SR(耐胁迫-杂草型)策略为主导策略,所占比例分别为52.1%和23.9%。2)在群落水平,贺兰山西坡30个样地生态策略划分为5类,主导策略为R(杂草型策略),占比39.2%。3)S策略与比叶面积显著性负相关关系;R策略与全磷、全碳、叶干物质含量显著性负相关关系,和比叶面积显著性正相关关系。4)海拔、年均温、年均降雨量、太阳辐射、水蒸气压对C策略有显著影响,随海拔上升C策略降低。土壤全磷与S策略正相关,与R策略负相关。该研究表明植物能够改变功能性状(如比叶面积、叶片碳、氮、磷含量),改变资源获得能力和物质分配,应对不同环境,从而形成不同的生态策略。

系统发育和植物功能性状对新疆木本植物开花物候变化的影响

为揭示系统发育和植物功能性状对新疆木本植物开花物候的影响,以新疆乌鲁木齐、伊宁和喀什三地典型植物园或公园的木本植物为研究对象,利用系统发育信号值和系统发育广义最小二乘模型(Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares, PGLS),探究开花物候分布特征、谱系保守性以及功能性状的贡献率。结果表明:(1)新疆木本植物开花期集中在3月31日至4月20日,持续时间为(13.03±0.38)d。乔木、肉质果、彩色花和风媒植物分别比灌木、非肉质果、非彩色花和虫媒植物的开花早。(2)亲缘关系越近的物种开花物候特征越相似,系统发育信号值Pagel’sλ为0.67~0.74。(3)果实类型、花色和传粉方式与开花物候最相关,解释度为17.4%~31.6%。本研究证明系统发育和植物功能性状均能影响新疆木本植物开花物候,研究结果对阐明干旱区生物多样性维持机制和虫植关系具有重要意义。

城市化和绿地类型对土壤跳虫群落及功能性状的影响

随着城市规模不断扩大和城市植被管理实践的日益推进,我国城市化进程正在飞速发展。城市化进程的加快及其导致的植被改变强烈影响土壤生物多样性。作为城市绿地生态系统中的优势类群和环境变化的指示生物,土壤跳虫的群落结构和功能性状变化反映了环境变化对土壤生态功能的影响。以跳虫为研究对象,按照城市化梯度,分别在公园绿地、道路两侧绿化带、居民区绿地和工业园绿地四种绿地类型中采集样品,并选择森林样地作为对照,探讨了城市化和绿地类型对跳虫群落及其功能性状的影响。结果表明:(1)不同绿地类型中跳虫群落组成和结构存在显著差异,其中森林中等节跳科的丰度最高,而其它绿地中为长角跳科;城市化和绿地类型显著影响了跳虫的物种多样性,其中城市公园中跳虫的Shannon指数比城郊公园显著降低,而城市居民区中的Shannon指数显著高于城郊居民区;在城市生境中,居民区和绿化带中跳虫的Pielou均匀度指数显著大于公园,而在城郊中,公园中的物种丰富度和Shannon指数均显著大于森林。(2)相比城市化,绿地类型对跳虫功能性状的影响更强烈,比如公园、绿化带和居民区等人为扰动较强的绿地筛选出了弹器发达、相对腿长较长和体色较深的表土生物种,而在森林中则以弹器退化、相对腿长较短和体色较浅的真土生物种为主。(3)此外,跳虫科阶元的丰度与土壤pH具有较强的相关性。本研究结果为城市土壤动物多样性的环境驱动机制及城市生物资源保护提供了一定的数据支撑和理论依据。

不同种类肥料对水稻产量和经济效益的影响

为探寻出适宜水稻种植的肥料种类,本研究以水稻品种H优7601为试验材料,探讨不同种类肥料对水稻生育期、农艺性状、产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明:掺混肥、有机无机复混肥和复合肥均能够延长水稻生育期,改善水稻农艺性状,提高水稻产量。其中:掺混肥效果最佳,水稻产量达到7720.8kg/hm^(2),居第一位,较空白对照增产29.6%,较常规施肥处理增产9.5%;净效益达到1607.37元/hm^(2),可在水稻生产上大面积推广应用。