A Study on a Heavy Rainfall Event Triggered by an Inverted Typhoon Trough in Shandong Province

A heavy rainfall event that occurred in Shandong Province in 26 28 August 2004 was caused mainly by Typhoon Acre and cold air activities related to a westerly trough. The event was triggered by an inverted typhoon trough, which was closely associated with the intensification of the low-level southeasterly flow and the northward transport of heat and momentum in the periphery of the typhoon low. A numerical simulation of this event is performed using the nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 with two-way interactive and triply-nested grids, and the structure of the inverted typhoon trough is studied. Furthermore, the formation and development mechanism of the inverted typhoon trough and a mesoscale vortex are discussed through a vorticity budget analysis. The results show that the heavy rainfall was induced by the strong convergence between the strong and weak winds within the inverted typhoon trough. Dynamic effects of the low-level jet and the diabatic heating of precipitation played an important role in the development of the inverted typhoon trough and the formation of the mesoscale vortex. The vorticity budget analysis suggests that the divergence term in the low troposphere, the horizontal advection term, and the convection term in the middle troposphere were main contributors to positive vorticity. Nonetheless, at the same pressure level, the effect of the divergence term and that of the adveetion term were opposite to each other. In the middle troposphere, the vertical transport term made a positive contribution while the tilting term made a negative contribution, and the total vorticity tendency was the net result of their counteractions. It is found that the change tendency of the relative vorticity was not uniform horizontally. A strong positive vorticity tendency occurred in the southeast of the mesoscale vortex, which is why the heavy rainfall was concentrated there. The increase of positive vorticity in the low （upper） troposphere was caused by horizontal convergence （upward transport of vorticity from the lower troposphere）. Therefore, the development of the inverted typhoon trough and the formation of the mesoscale vortex were mainly attributed to the vorticity generated in the low troposphere, and also the vertical transport of vorticity from the low and middle troposphere.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF EXTREMELY HEAVY RAIN AND MESO-β SCALE LOW VORTEX IN INVERTED TYPHOON TROUGH

Large-scale and mesoscale analyses are made for extremely heavy rain (EHR) and meso-β scale low vortex (MSLV) in Jiading District of Shanghai Municipality during 6-7 July 2001.It is shown that the EHR forms in the situation of northern westerly trough linking together with southern inverted typhoon trough at northwest side of the West Pacific Ocean subtropical high. Numerical simulation is made using a 21-layer improved REM (regional η coordinate model) for this course.The results show that the precipitation forms earlier than MSLV.and the strong convergence in wind velocity mate (WVM) triggers the strong precipitation.The formative reasons of WVM.especially the weak wind velocity center are discussed,and the formative mechanisms of the MSLV and EHR are discussed using high spatial and temporal resolution model- output physical fields.The results show that the heavy rain releases latent heat and warms the air column,and enhances the low level positive vorticity that existed before.Then it causes the formation of MSLV.There is a positive feedback mechanism between low vortex and precipitation,so CISK must be an important mechanism.

THE IMPACTS OF INTERACTION OF A TYPHOON WITH THE MIDLATITUDE TROUGH ON ITS TRACK AFTER THE RECURVATURE

Three typhoon cases are selected to conduct a series of simulations that are initialized from sequential analyses. The results show that the forecast error in crucial area where a tropical cyclone(TC) interactes with the upstream trough is highly correlated to the track forecast error after the TC recurvature. Furthermore, sensitivity experiments confirm that the developments of the midlatitude downstream circulations and then the TC track after its recurvature are highly sensitive to the TC intensity and its location relative to the upstream trough, which can give an example or one way of sensitivity of the TC track to the TC-trough interaction. If the TC interacts with the upstream trough more strongly(e.g., the TC being intensified or getting closer to the upstream trough), the downstream circulations will be more meridional, thus the TC track will be more northerly and westerly; otherwise, the downstream circulations will be more zonal, and the TC track will be more southerly and easterly.

ON THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE UNUSUAL TRACK OF TYPHOON MORAKOT(0908)AND THE UPPER WESTERLY TROUGH

In this paper,by carrying out sensitivity tests of initial conditions and diagnostic analysis of physical fields,the impact factors and the physical mechanism of the unusual track of Morakot in the Taiwan Strait are discussed and examined based on the potential vorticity(PV)inversion.The diagnostic results of NCEP data showed that Morakot's track was mainly steered by the subtropical high.The breaking of a high-pressure zone was the main cause for the northward turn of Morakot.A sensitivity test of initial conditions showed that the existence of upper-level trough was the leading factor for the breaking of the high-pressure zone.When the intensity was strengthened of the upper-level trough at initial time,the high-pressure zone would break ahead of time,leading to the early northward turn of Morakot.Conversely,when the intensity was weakened,the breaking of the high-pressure zone would be delayed.Especially,when the intensity was weakened to a certain extent,the high-pressure zone would not break.The typhoon,steered by the easterly flow to the south of the high-pressure zone,would keep moving westward,with no turn in the test.The diagnostic analysis of the physical fields based on the sensitivity test revealed that positive vorticity advection and cold advection associated with the upper-level trough weakened the intensity of the high-pressure zone.The upper-level trough affected typhoon's track indirectly by influencing the high-pressure zone.

副热带高压内部台风远距离暴雨特征和机制个例分析

为了提高对副高内部台风远距离暴雨特征和机制的认识,综合利用多源观测和ERA5再分析资料,对2018年台风“山竹”在副高内部引发的一次远距离暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明:①这次暴雨发生在500 hPa副高内部高温、高湿、高能的强对流不稳定环境中,暴雨区位于低层台风倒槽北端、偏南气流风速辐合区和高空急流入口区右侧。②低层暖湿平流提供了充足的水汽和能量,促使对流不稳定层结发展和维持;高层强辐散耦合低层辐合形成强烈上升运动,为暴雨提供有利动力条件。③中尺度对流系统有3个演变阶段:带状对流组织和建立、对流带北移南侧超级单体发展和移动、北部对流减弱南部对流带新建发展,造成了两个阶段的极端短时强降水(100 mm/h以上)。④低层华北高压先后与台风倒槽、海上高压结合,增强了低层辐合并维持了切变线(地面辐合线),利于对流的发展和维持。台风倒槽是初始对流带的触发和组织者,雷暴冷池出流是超级单体发展移动的关键因素。⑤高空急流的辐散抽吸强迫中层辐合,正涡度和低槽发展,暴雨区垂直风切变增强,利于南部对流带发展。当低纬度有台风活动时,500 hPa副高内部低层有台风倒槽,台风倒槽北端的辐合区是远距离暴雨预报的着眼点。

RESEARCH ON THE INTERANNUAL AND INTERDECADAL VARIABILITIES OF THE MONSOON TROUGH AND THEIR IMPACTS ON TROPICAL CYCLONE GENESIS OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN

In this paper, we mainly summarize and review the progresses in recent climatological studies(by CMSR,IAP/CAS and some associated domestic and international institutions) on the interannual and interdecadal variabilities of monsoon troughs and their impacts on tropical cyclones and typhoons(TCs) geneses over the western North Pacific Ocean. The climatological characteristics of monsoon troughs and four types of circulation patterns favorable to TCs genesis over the western North Pacific Ocean in summer and autumn are given in this paper. It is also shown in this paper that the monsoon trough over the western North Pacific Ocean has obvious interannual and interdecadal variabilities. Especially, it is revealed in this paper that the interannual and interdecadal variabilities of the monsoon trough over the western North Pacific Ocean influence the TCs genesis not only through the impact on distributions of the vorticity in the lower troposphere and the divergence in the upper troposphere, the water vapor in the mid-and lower troposphere and the vertical shear of wind fields between the upper and lower troposphere over the western North Pacific Ocean, but also through the dynamical effects of the transition between convectively coupled tropical waves and providing disturbance energy. Besides, some climatological problems associated with TCs activity over the western North Pacific Ocean that need to be studied further are also pointed out in this paper.

两次西风槽影响下北上台风导致的强降水对比分析

利用台风最佳路径数据、逐时自动站资料、美国国家环境预报中心/美国国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)1°×1°再分析资料、FY-4A卫星的云顶亮温和常规观测资料,对比分析了2106号台风“烟花”和1810号台风“安比”在北上过程中受到西风带高空槽影响导致天津地区强降水落区产生差异的原因。结果表明:两次台风在北上过程中,均受到高空槽和冷空气的影响,但是由于台风结构不同,西风槽和北上台风结合后引发的暴雨位置和强度有所区别。台风“安比”维持正压结构,降水持续时间短、降水强度大,大暴雨主要集中在天津西部;而台风“烟花”存在斜压性,降水持续时间长、效率低,大暴雨主要位于天津东部。在台风“安比”期间,副热带高压东撤,槽后冷空气渗透与偏东南暖湿低空急流交汇共同导致大气层结向不稳定状态发展,中尺度云团发展,正涡度强度明显增大,高层高位涡气流到达对流层低层,位涡下传引起低层位涡增大,强降水与对流层低层螺旋度中心、锋区以及偏东水汽输送关系密切;而台风“烟花”与西风槽合并后中尺度云团不明显,暴雨区西侧和北侧的θse密集带发生倾斜,斜压性增强,强降水站点主要位于锋生函数和假相当位温的梯度区,偏南水汽输送为持续降水提供水汽来源,降水的雨强较小,以稳定性降水为主。

SUBTROPICAL HIGH, LATENT HEATING BY CONVECTION AND ASSOCIATION WITH DISSIPATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SOUTH CHINA SEA TYPHOONS

Numerical modeling and experiments are conducted for the South China Sea typhoons Helen (1995) and Willie (1996) with an auto-adaptive mesh model. It is shown that durating the stage of dissipation the typhoons are mainly related with the subtropical high rather than the topography. The high is sensitive to the intensity change of the typhoon so that the former weakens as the latter strengthens and vice versa. Maintaining the typhoon as a main factor, the release of latent heat is in reversed proportion with the subtropical high in terms of the intensity. It is found that the storm tends to be maintained if it moves close to the westerly trough after landfall.

2000—2021年影响山东的北上台风分类及降水落区分析

将2000—2021年影响山东的15个台风,按大尺度环流形势进行分类,以台风登陆之后500 hPa中纬度是否存在槽进行分类,可以分为3类:(1)中纬度有槽且形成闭合中心,台风与槽结合,在山东产生暴雨以上量级的降水;(2)中纬度只有高空槽,降水范围最大;(3)中纬度无明显槽脊,降水量和降水范围最小。以西太平洋副热带高压(简称“副高”)的位置分类,可分为3类:(1)副高西伸脊点过120°E且北部边缘过40°N,台风沿副高外围移动,降水最少;(2)副高西伸脊点不过120°E且北部边缘过40°N,高空槽与副高在中国沿海交汇,降水范围广,山东降水与台风位置有关。位置偏西,降水范围大;位置偏东,降水主要集中在山东半岛地区;(3)副高西伸脊点不过120°E且北部边缘不过40°N,台风环流中心较强,降水最强。以700 hPa环流形势分类,分为3类:(1)700 hPa有高压坝,降水范围最小;(2)700 hPa无高压坝,东北地区有冷涡,山东降水量和降水范围最大;(3)700 hPa无高压坝,中纬度存在大槽,降水量均可达大暴雨量级。

台风倒槽内β中尺度低涡及特大暴雨的数值模拟

对 2 0 0 1年 7月 6～ 7日上海嘉定特大暴雨及β中尺度低涡进行大、中尺度分析 ,认为特大暴雨是在西太平洋副热带高压的西北侧、北部西风槽与南部台风倒槽相连的形势下形成的。利用改进的区域 η坐标模式 (REM)对这一过程进行了数值模拟 ,发现降水先于 β中尺度低涡形成 ,强降水是在“风速偶”之间的强辐合作用下触发的。探讨了“风速偶”特别是弱风中心形成的原因。根据模式输出的高时空分辨率物理量场对 β中尺度低涡与特大暴雨的形成进行分析 ,探讨了它们形成的机制 ,结果表明 β中尺度低涡的形成是由于强降水使气柱增暖加强了低空原有的正涡度的情况下形成的 ,低涡与降水存在正反馈机制 。

由台风低压倒槽引发的山东暴雨过程研究

2004年8月26—28日发生在山东省的大到暴雨过程主要是由"艾莉"台风减弱的低压和西风带冷空气远距离相互作用造成的,台风倒槽的发展与低空东南气流的加强及台风低压外围热量和动量的向北输送密切相关。采用双向三重嵌套网格非静力模式MM5对这一过程进行了数值模拟,研究了台风倒槽的中尺度结构特征,并通过涡度收支探讨了台风倒槽及中尺度低涡发生发展的物理过程。结果表明,强降水是在台风倒槽顶部强风中心与弱风中心之间的强辐合作用下触发的,台风倒槽的增强和中尺度低涡的形成是低空急流及其动力作用的结果,降水的非绝热加热也起着重要作用。涡度方程的收支诊断表明,对流层低层的散度项、对流层中层的水平平流项和铅直输送项是正涡度的主要贡献者,在同一等压面上散度项和水平平流项的作用是相反的。对流层中层铅直输送项的贡献为正,扭转项为负贡献,涡度变化的总趋势是它们相互作用的净结果。等压面上相对涡度的变化趋势并不是均匀的,中尺度低涡的东南象限相对涡度局地变化较强,这是强降水发生在此的重要原因。低层正涡度的增加是由水平辐合引起的,而高层正涡度的增加是涡度由低层向高层垂直输送的结果。因此台风倒槽的发展和中尺度低涡的形成主要是由于低层的涡度制造,另一方面来自中低层涡度的垂直输送。

9406号台风与中纬度系统相互作用的中尺度特征

利用非静力中尺度模式MM5,对9406号台风从1994年7月11日12时（世界时,下同）到12日12时之间的24h降水进行了模拟,采用滤波分析方法对模式结果进行了尺度分离。中尺度场的分析表明:台风与中纬度系统的相互作用非常显著地表现在中尺度系统的活动上;高低空中尺度散度场的分布对中低纬系统相互作用所产生的降水具有一定的指示意义;台风及西风槽强度的改变将直接导致中尺度系统强度的变化,从而造成降水强度的不同。另外,还从能量学角度对不同尺度系统的能量变化进行了分析。结果表明,中尺度场的能量变化极值区与中低纬度系统的强度变化密切相关,且与降水的变化有较好的对应关系。

西北太平洋夏季风的变化对台风生成的影响

研究了西北太平洋夏季风特征及其季风槽结构对台风生成的影响。当西北太平洋季风槽增强并向东扩展使季风加强时,西北太平洋的风速垂直切变、高低空辐散风、湿度和海温等都对台风的生成产生有利的影响,台风数明显比季风槽弱时多。而且对台风生成的位置也有很大的影响,即季风槽强时,台风的生成位置偏东,季风槽弱时台风的位置偏西。这表明西北太平洋夏季风主要是通过季风槽活动影响台风的生成。而夏季风的强弱对台风也有影响,在西北太平洋夏季风的活跃阶段,西北太平洋夏季风强时,台风生成的比较多,夏季风中断时台风生成的比较少。西北太平洋夏季风通过季风的季节内振荡对西北太平洋台风也有显著的影响。季节内振荡对台风生成的影响主要以30—60 d振荡为主。在这种低频振荡对流活动的湿位相时期台风生成个数明显多,干位相时期台风生成的少。而且低频振荡的西风位相也有利于台风生成,在东风位相时生成的台风少。另外,还研究了多台风期西北太平洋夏季的特征(群发性),发现在这些时期,存在强的季风槽,弱的垂直切变与充足的水汽供应。这表明西北太平洋台风时空的群发性与夏季风活动的异常密切相关。

中低纬度环流系统的相互作用及其暴雨特征的模拟研究

利用ＭＭ５模式分别模拟了台风、中纬度西风槽对台风远距离槽前降水的影响。试验结果表明，（１）台风的强度影响了台风东侧东南急流向中纬度槽前的水汽输送。低层水汽输送，造成中纬度暴雨区强水汽辐合和不稳定能量积聚，故槽前降雨的强度与其南方台风东侧的水汽输送有着相当密切的关系。（２）中纬度西风槽提供了有利于台风远距离降水的大尺度背景场。西风槽的存在，有利于垂直运动的发展和维持，有利于降雨的产生和发展。模拟结果表明，槽的加强和减弱将会相应地造成中纬度暴雨区的加强和减弱。

环境流场和“派比安”结构变化对其异常北抬路径影响的诊断分析

利用NCEP的全球数据同化系统(GDAS)1°×1°分析资料、CIMSS微波亮温资料等,对0606号台风派比安的异常移动路径特征作了诊断分析。结果表明:"派比安"出现的两次异常北抬路径与中纬度西风槽活动、热带西南季风、副热带高压以及热带气旋结构影响密切相关,西风槽槽后经向风活动和台风最大风速中心轴向对台风未来移向有一定的指示意义。

大气波导与气象物理量场相关性的模拟分析

利用NCEP再分析数据和探空数据,使用MM5中尺度数值模式模拟分析了发生在中国东南沿海的一次大气波导过程与温度、湿度和位涡等气象物理量场的相关性。数值模拟分析表明:此次悬空波导的发生是西风槽等系统携带的冷空气与北上台风共同作用引起的,同时位涡场极大值区域(极大值一般大于2PVU)与大气波导出现的区域相对应,分析位涡场变化可作为大气波导机理和预报研究的途径之一。

2002年8月湖南致洪强降水过程与成因分析

利用 2 0 0 2年 8月的常规观测资料 ,1°× 1°的NCEP逐日再分析资料 ,1°× 1°的云顶黑体亮度温度 (TBB)逐时资料 ,水利部发布的 2 0 0 2年 5～ 8月水情资料 ,以及 1 960～1 997年中国 31 5站的逐日降水资料 ,对 2 0 0 2年 8月中下旬湖南百年难遇的大洪水发生原因以及致洪强降水进行分析。发现 :( 1 ) 2 0 0 2年 8月受 1 2、 1 4号台风影响的湖南南部大暴雨和 8月中旬持续高空槽前的大面积强降水 ,是引起 8月中下旬湖南严重洪涝灾害的直接原因之一 ;( 2 ) 2 0 0 2年 4～ 5月以及梅雨期湘南地区的强降水使得土壤水份饱和 ,江河湖库维持较高的水位 ,导致 8月上中旬先后 3次强降水过程产生的雨水只能作为径流流入洞庭湖水系 ,使洞庭湖水系的来水与长江上游的洪峰来水遭遇 ,造成 8月中下旬洞庭湖水系的严重洪涝灾害 ;( 3) 8月上中旬的强降水过程中 ,中尺度对流系统 (MCS)十分活跃 ,而MCS的发生、发展又与有利于出现对流活动的大尺度环境场有关。

台风海棠远距离暴雨中尺度系统特征

利用常规探空、加密地面资料、卫星云图和新一代天气雷达产品资料,对2005年7月22日台风海棠倒槽形成的大暴雨天气进行诊断分析。结果表明:(1)台风北伸倒槽与西风带弱冷空气结合造成了这次大暴雨过程,是典型的中低纬系统相互作用过程。(2)倒槽东侧东南低空急流从低纬海上为大暴雨区输送了丰富的热量和水汽,同时,在它的左前方成为强中尺度对流系统发生的源地。(3)高层反气旋的增强,加强了高空的抽气效应,使辐合上升加强,暴雨增幅。(4)卫星云图上,团状的、密实的强中β尺度对流系统的形成和维持是造成短时强暴雨的直接原因。(5)多普勒雷达反射率因子场上,多条中尺度回波带的汇合使回波增强,暴雨增幅。(6)暴雨发生期间,多普勒雷达径向速度场表现明显的水平风场的非均匀性,表现为中低层大范围强辐合风场;风向的垂直方向不连续性,主要表现在风的垂直切变大,风的垂直切变可以为对流云的发展提供动能,有利于大雷暴云的发展和暴雨的形成;逆风区多次出现在风速较大的入流区中并做气旋性旋转北上与正速度区合并,逆风区附近及所经途中出现强回波,暴雨增幅。

20世纪90年代以来东北暴雨过程特征分析

使用1990～2005年全国730站日降水资料和NCEP格点分析资料对1990～2005年东北地区大暴雨过程进行了分类研究,探讨21世纪前后夏季东北暴雨的主要特征。按照东北地区日降雨量大于50 mm的站点数不少于5个的标准,统计出1990～2005年东北地区的69个暴雨个例(共90天)。在统计的基础上,进一步对造成大范围暴雨过程的天气形势进行分类研究。考虑阻塞高压、热带、副热带系统和西风带之间的相互关系,将暴雨过程的主要影响系统大致分为6类:(1)台风与西风带系统(西风槽、东北低涡)的远距离相互作用(20个,28.9%);(2)登陆台风(或南来低涡)北上与西风带系统(西风槽、东北低涡)相互作用(16个,23.2%);(3)台风直接暴雨(1个,1.5%);(4)低槽冷锋暴雨(16个,23.2%);(5)低空切变型暴雨(2个,2.9%);(6)东北低涡暴雨(14个,20.3%)。在所有个例中与台风有关的共有37个,超过一半,占总数53.6%。台风的远距离水汽输送或登陆台风北上与西风带系统相互作用是东北地区产生大暴雨或持续性大暴雨的重要环流条件。此外,东北低涡和西风槽前系统造成暴雨个例也比较多,也是东北地区大范围暴雨的重要影响系统,低槽冷锋暴雨和东北低涡暴雨也各分为4小类。低空切变暴雨的切变线一般在低层较为明显。上述分析表明,夏季东北地区暴雨过程种类繁多,情况较为复杂,且进入新世纪以来该区降雨过程较为活跃,值得深入研究。

台风倒槽导致河南不同强度降水的对比分析

登陆后减弱的台风系统(低压、倒槽)经常为内陆省份河南带来不同强度的降水。为了更好地预判台风倒槽降水的强度,寻找台风倒槽暴雨预报关注点,对19802017年间河南省台风倒槽降水样本进行分析,发现区域暴雨出现的概率达78%,冷空气影响与否和动力条件强弱是决定台风倒槽降水强度的关键因素。选择登陆点相似、陆上移动路径相似但降水强度差异较大的1312号台风“潭美”(区域暴雨)和0604号台风“碧利斯”(一般性降水)作为两类降水的典型个例,进行对比分析。结果表明:“碧利斯”倒槽降水产生在暖区,无冷空气参与。而“潭美”倒槽降水,850 hPa以下有冷空气影响,湿位涡斜压项对降水的贡献大于正压项的。“潭美”过程的水汽、垂直上升速度、斜压性远比“碧利斯”的强。低层冷空气入侵为“潭美”降水增强起到以下几个作用:1)加强了大气的斜压性,使台风低压系统通过获取斜压能量得以维持并发展;2)加强了低层风场的辐合;3)南下冷空气与台风系统相遇(冷暖交汇)导致锋生,伴随锋生出现的次级环流上升支进一步促进了垂直上升运动;4)冷暖空气对峙形成近于垂直地面的θse陡立锋区,引起倾斜涡度发展,进一步加强低层辐合和上升运动,将水汽源源不断送往高层,使降水增强。因此,冷空气对台风倒槽暴雨的形成至关重要。在有较强水汽输送的前提下,中高纬有无冷空气南下与台风低压系统共同作用,是判断能否形成区域性暴雨较为关键的因素。而冷空气作用导致的斜压性增强及动力条件改善,是河南台风倒槽暴雨形成的重要机制。