Analysis on Typical Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Open-cast Mining and Its Countermeasures

In order to deal with the special spatio-temporal environmental changes encountered in the process of open-cast mining,taking Huolinhe No.1 Open-cast Mine as the research object,this paper studied its typical problems in river reconstruction and cultural relics protection.The study focused on eight key core aspects,including the design optimization of the spatial layout of the mining area,the accurate estimation of the mineral resources reserves,the scientific theoretical demonstration of the mining scale,the fine analysis and calculation of the stripping ratio,the comprehensive consideration of the transport distance and efficiency,the accurate judgment of the best time for the implementation of the transformation,the analysis and evaluation of the slope stability,and the overall planning of the production system.The results show that the extracted problem-solving strategies and scheme system for special mining conditions can not only provide specific and practical guidance for Huolinhe No.1 Open-cast Mine,but also serve as a valuable reference and practical reference for other open-cast mine enterprises facing similar challenges.

Effect of Irrigation on Groundwater Dynamic Change in the Typical Irrigated Area of Qinghai Province

Under the influence of the natural and human factors, water table of irri- gated area Changes frequently, but it is mainly affected by irrigation water infiltration replenishment during the irrigation. 5 groundwater observation wells were constructed in experimental plot of the Daxia irrigated area to carry out the experiment of the effect of irrigation on groundwater dynamic change in this research. The results showed that the groundwater stage dynarnic change rule of spring and seedling irri- gation stage in the typical plot was fit to the hydrological geology condition of grade- I terrace of Huangshui river valley. On the whole, lateral canal water direction formed a line effect. The No. 1 and No. 2 observation well were the closest to the lateral canal, which received more supplies, and the water level was the highest; the No, 3 observation well took the second place; The No. 4 and No. 5 observation well accepted least supplies, and the water level was the lowest. The rangeability of water table of spring irrigation period was significantly higher than that of seedling irrigation period, this is mainly due to the difference value of intake water volume and drainage water volume of spring irrigation phase was significantly higher than the seedling irrigation phase.

GJB2 mutation spectrum in deaf population in a typical southeastern area of China

Mutations in GJB2 gene are the most frequently found mutations in patients with nonsyndromic hearing impairment. However, the spectrum and prevalence of mutations in this gene vary among different ethnic groups. In China, 30,000 infants are born with congenital hearing impairment annually. In order to provide appropriate genetic testing and counseling to the families, we investigated the molecular etiology of nonsyndromic deafness in 103 unrelated school children attending Nantong School for the Deaf and Mute in Jiangsu Province, China. The coding exon of the GJB2 gene was PCR amplified and sequenced. Sixty two GJB2 mutant alleles were identified in 35.9% (37/103) of the patients. Twenty five patients carried two pathogenic mutations and 12 patients carried one mutant allele. The 235delC was the most common mutation accounting for 69.4% (43/62) of GJB2 mutant alleles. The GJB2 mutant alleles accounted for 30.1% (62/206) of all chromosomes responsible for nonsyndromic hearing impairment. Testing of the 3 most prevalent deleterious frame shift mutations in this cohort detected 100% of all GJB2 mutant alleles. These results demonstrate that an effective genetic testing of GJB2 gene for patients and families with nonsyndromic hearing impairment is possible.

Temperature Changes in Typical Karst Area of Guangxi to Global Warming during 1971- 2013

The spatial and temporal variation characteristics of temperature were analyzed by using climate tendency coefficient, climatic inclination rate and Mann-Kendall catastrophe test,based on the annual and seasonal average temperatures of 28 meteorological stations in Guangxi from 1971 to 2013. Under the global warming,the annual and seasonal average temperatures in typical karst area of Guangxi had an increasing trend. The cli- mate inclination rate of annual average temperature reached a significant level, which was about 0.17 ℃/10 a, and the year of abrupt changes ap- peared in 1996. About seasonal temperature＇s trend, average temperatures of all the four seasons had an increase trend in the past 43 years, and the significant increase was happened in autumn with the temperature increase rate of 0.28 ℃/10 a, followed by increase rate of average tempera- ture in winter with 0.25 ℃/10 a. A long-term warming tendency was observed by seasonal average temperature from 1971 to 2013, especially dur- ing 2002 - 2013.

Control Measures of Soil Erosion in a Typical Construction Project Area ( Dina 2 Gas Field)

To treat the relationship between project construction and ecological environment and effectively prevent new soil erosion during the construction, according to the project layout, soil erosion distribution as well as natural and socio-economic conditions, the control measures of newly increased soil erosion along the project were carried out based on site survey and analysis of relevant information. In addition, adhering to the prin- ciple of partition prevention and treatment, some guiding prevention and control measures of the natural zone passed by the project and soil erosion control district were determined, which provided scientific references and technical support for the rational layout of water and soil conservation and ecological restoration measures in Dina 2 gas field.

Distributional characteristics and sources of elements in soil from typical area of Pearl River Delta economic zone, Guangdong Province, China

Dongguan City, located in the Pearl River Delta economic zone of China, is famous for its rapid developing township-enterprises in the past 30 years. A total of 759 composite soil samples, including 606 surface soil samples and 153 deep soil samples, have been collected in the city. These samples have been analyzed for 13elements(Al, As, Cu, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si,and Zn) and other parameters(p H values and organic matter) to evaluate the influence of anthropic activities on the soil environmental quality and to identify the spatial distribution of heavy metals and their possible sources. The results indicate that the average concentrations of heavy metals in soil were significantly lower than the threshold of the second grade of the Soil Environment Quality Standard in China(GB15618-1995) and the soil environmental quality in this area is comparatively good. But in comparison with local soil geochemical baseline values, As,Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn have accumulated remarkably.Specifically, the average concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, and Hg in the small part samples of the west plain and central areas are higher than the national second-grade quality standard, indicating some level of contamination. Multivariate and geostatistical methods have been applied to differentiate the influences of natural processes and human activities on the concentration of heavy metals in surface soils in the study area. Cluster and factor analyses result in the grouping of Al, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Si into factor F1; Co, Mn, Pb, and Zn into F2; and Cd and Hg into F3.The spatial pattern of the three factors may be well demonstrated by geostatistical analysis. It is shown that the first factor could be considered as a natural source controlled by parent material. The second factor could be referred to as ‘‘industrial and traffic pollution sources' '. The source of the third factor is mainly controlled by long-term anthropic activities, including agricultural activities, fossil fuel consumption, and atmospheric deposition.

The Pollution Characteristic of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Typical Sewage Irrigation Area in North of China

This research aims to investigate the pollution characteristic of PAHs in Xiaodian sewage irrigation area. The result shows that the concentrations ofPAHs range from 47.94 to 46432.85ng/g while that of the total components of the 16 kinds of PAHs are 5969.81ng/g. PAHs with for rings and more than 4 rings are the main and important pollutants in topsoils of Xiaodian District. The main input of PAHs is combustion source, and the main pollution source in this area is fired coal. The topsoils in Xiaodian District are polluted by human activity in varying degrees. 23 of all 31 topsoil samples have been heavily polluted, especially those located nearby developed industrial townships and irrigation channels.

Valley Density Evaluation and Typical Development Pattern in Mountainous Areas of Beijing

Based on geographical differences and space differentiation, valley economy is a new pattern and new perspective for the development of mountainous areas, integrating ecological protection, industrial nurture, and village integration. On the basis of natural and geographical differentiation of valley, we give an overview of the spatial distribution of valley in mountainous areas of Beijing and spatial difference in valley density, and sum up the typical development pattern of valley economy, using DEM data. The results show that the spatial distribution of valley presents an asymmetric shape of inverted V or branch; Miyun, Yanqing, and Changping have high valley density, while Pinggu, Fangshan and Mentougou have low valley density; there is a significant positive relationship between valley density and the spatial distribution of river and reservoir. The development pattern of valley economy is divided into five types: leisure and high-end upgrade-based pattern, ecological development and transition demonstration-based pattern, folk culture and creation-driven pattern, scenic spots-driven and valley-linked pattern and leisure agriculture and specialty-led pattern.

The Method for Inferring a Buried Fault from Resistivity Tomograms and Its Typical Electrical Features

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) has been used to experimentally detect shallow buried faults in urban areas in the past a few years, with some progress and experience obtained. According to the results from Olympic Park, Beijing, Shandong Province, Gansu Province and Shanxi Province, we have generalized the method and procedure for inferring the discontinuity of electrical structures (DES) indicating a buried fault in urban areas from resistivity tomograms and its typical electrical features. In general, the layered feature of the electrical structure is first analyzed to preliminarily define whether or not a DES exists in the target area. Resistivity contours in resistivity tomograms are then analyzed from the deep to the shallow. If they extend upward from the deep to the shallow and shape into an integral dislocation, sharp flexure (convergence) or gradient zone, it is inferred that the DES exists, indicating a buried fault. Finally, horizontal tracing is be carried out to define the trend of the DES. The DES can be divided into three types-type AB, ABA and AC. In the present paper, the Zhangdian-Renhe fault system in Zibo city is used as an example to illustrate how to use the method to infer the location and spatial extension of a target fault. Geologic drilling holes are placed based on our research results, and the drilling logs testify that our results are correct. However, the method of this paper is not exclusive and inflexible. It is expected to provide reference and assistance for inferring the shallow buried faults in urban areas from resistivity tomograms in the future.

航空高光谱遥感技术在铀矿找矿中的典型应用——以新疆雪米斯坦地区为例

高光谱遥感技术是地质矿产勘查领域的重要新技术、新方法。近些年,航空高光谱遥感技术及其在铀矿找矿中的应用得到核地质系统的重视并开展深入研究。在分析前人铀矿找矿思路基础上,阐述了CASI/SASI航空高光谱遥感技术在新疆雪米斯坦地区的铀矿找矿新思路及其典型应用效果。首先深入剖析了白杨河铀矿床及其周围的航空高光谱遥感特征,识别了铀矿床产出的区域热液活动中心、铀成矿高铝绢云母蚀变等区域找矿关键要素,提出“区域热液活动中心识别-铀矿化航空高光谱蚀变组合发育地段确定-蚀变、构造、有利岩性等要素复合地段优选”的航空高光谱遥感铀矿找矿新思路;然后根据全区的航空高光谱遥感信息进行了找矿远景区筛选和野外查证,新发现了铀矿化异常。新发现的铀矿化异常地段航空高光谱遥感特征明显,地表铀异常显著,控矿断裂构造发育,地质环境有利,铀矿找矿前景良好。其是笔者对如何充分挖掘高光谱遥感铀矿找矿信息,提升高光谱遥感技术更好服务铀矿找矿应用效果的深入思考与探索,也是在地表岩石裸露程度良好的地区利用高光谱遥感技术直接寻找热液型矿产的良好例证,希冀为广大地质工作者开展找矿方法创新和应用提供参考。

海温异常对长江流域夏季典型旱涝的影响研究

为研究长江流域夏季旱涝特征及其与海温异常之间的关联性,基于中国326个气象站降水量、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,采用合成分析、EOF分解等方法,分析了长江流域夏季典型旱涝年的降水分布、同期大气环流及前期海温特征,并以2018年为例,初步揭示了2018年前期海温异常对大气环流的可能影响。结果表明:①长江流域夏季典型旱年,仅嘉陵江和岷沱江会表现出局部偏涝,全国为典型的Ⅰ类雨型,多雨区位于黄河流域及以北地区。前期冬季赤道太平洋表现出类拉尼娜的东冷西暖分布,同时黑潮区海温偏低,西风漂流区海温偏暖。受多海域协同作用,同期欧亚环流场上自西北向东南呈现出“+-+”三极型分布,东亚地区为自北向南“-+-”的EAP负位相。长江流域典型涝年,全国多为典型的Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类雨型,环流及海温呈现出相反特征。②2018年为典型的长江中下游偏旱年,仅在岷沱江降水偏多近3成,为历史第4多,与长江流域夏季降水的主模态正位相类似,解释方差达24%。③2018年前冬出现弱拉尼娜、春末夏初西风漂流区异常偏暖、NAT异常正位相,三者共同作用,使得东亚副热带西风急流偏北,东亚沿岸出现EAP负位相,大陆热低压明显偏强,东亚夏季风为1961年以来最强,同时副高脊线最北,造成夏季降水主雨带北推至华北、西北地区,岷沱江、嘉陵江异常多,而长江中下游异常少,为典型的Ⅰ类雨型。研究成果可为长江流域旱涝预测、水资源调度提供参考。

2005-2020年中国西北干旱区典型生态系统土壤有机碳密度数据集

土壤有机碳库是陆地生态系统碳库中最大、最为活跃的部分,在全球碳循环过程和全球气候变化中起着重要的作用。中国西北旱区位于欧亚大陆的腹地,生态系统极其脆弱,对气候变化的响应也极为敏感,是近年来众多学者关注的热点地区,土壤有机碳储量估算以及空间分布特征日益成为该区域的研究焦点之一,但是数据共享不足与实测数据相对缺乏是造成研究结果不确定性的重要因素。在收集中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)位于中国西北六省区的农田、荒漠、草地生态系统野外科学观测研究站土壤长期观测数据的基础上,通过筛选、质量控制后,采用有机碳估算模型计算生成了中国西北干旱区典型生态系统土壤有机碳密度数据集。本数据集涵盖了11个站点2005-2020年各类长期观测样地的表层(0-20 cm)和剖面分层土壤有机碳密度数据,以期为中国西北干旱区土壤碳储量估算和碳循环过程研究提供有价值的实测数据。

岩溶典型区崩塌落石被动防护网失效概率模拟

贵州省位于我国西南地区,多山地丘陵,是典型的喀斯特地形地貌区,崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害频发。思南县小屯岩崩塌带上现存危岩体方量大,裂隙、凹岩腔、溶蚀孔洞等发育。为研究岩溶典型区崩塌落石被动防护网失效概率,通过高精度实景建模技术,构建崩塌带三维模型,进行崩塌落石运动过程模拟,根据现场调查、无人机航拍和数值模拟结果,选择合适的位置布设落石被动防护网。基于落石粒径大小识别,选取不同粒径大小的落石,进行落石被动防护网拦截效果模拟,计算落石被动防护网失效概率。结果表明:13种粒径落石突破概率各不相同,(0.25,2.25)m粒径落石拦截效果良好,但落石被动防护网拦截率不能达到百分之百;落石粒径大于2.25 m,被动防护网出现失效现象,故将2.25 m粒径的落石为小屯岩崩塌带下被动防护网的设计上限。根据计算,所有粒径落石经被动防护网拦截后的失效概率低于5%,属可接受范畴。研究成果为小屯岩崩塌带的落石防护措施提供了有力的参考依据,对保护岩溶地区山区人民的生命安全和财产安全具有重要意义。

万泉河流域设计洪水分析

编制河流治理开发方案,需要合理可靠的设计洪水成果。以万泉河设计洪水计算为例,分析了历史洪水重现期,进行了水文站洪水系列一致性处理,建立了干流水文站之间的洪峰、洪量相关关系,插补延长了洪水系列,确定了水文站设计洪水成果。根据流域具有调蓄作用水库的兴建时间,计算不同分区的区间设计洪水。分析流域洪水遭遇情况,采用典型年法和同频率法分析设计洪水地区组成,采用分区时段洪量控制选取相对不利的典型年实测洪水过程为典型,推求防洪控制断面设计洪水过程线。

典型黑土区坡耕地表层土壤活性有机碳变化特征

以典型黑土区3种地貌类型区(漫川漫岗区、丘陵漫岗区、平原低地区)坡耕地不同坡位表层土壤为研究对象,通过测定土壤总有机碳、高活性有机碳、中活性有机碳和低活性有机碳等指标,分析黑土区坡耕地不同坡位表层土壤活性有机碳的变化特征,探究不同地貌类型区坡耕地土壤活性有机碳变化特征的差异。结果表明,坡耕地各坡位表层土壤总有机碳含量变化范围为26.57~38.61 g/kg,土壤活性有机碳含量变化范围为1.85~5.67 g/kg。3种地貌类型区坡耕地不同坡位土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量变化特征不同。漫川漫岗区总有机碳、中活性有机碳和低活性有机碳含量变化特征均表现为坡上和坡中显著大于坡下、坡上和坡中无显著差异;高活性有机碳含量变化特征则以坡中最高坡下最低,且不同坡位之间高活性有机碳含量差异显著。丘陵漫岗区不同坡位土壤总有机碳和低活性有机碳含量差异显著,并表现为坡下显著大于坡上、坡上显著大于坡中;高活性有机碳和中活性有机碳含量的变化则呈现坡上和坡下显著大于坡中、坡上和坡下无显著差异。平原低地区总有机碳及3种活性有机碳组分的含量在各坡位间的差异均为未达显著水平。不同地貌间典型黑土区坡耕地表层土壤活性有机碳分布规律有所差异,漫川漫岗区和丘陵漫岗区坡耕地土壤有机碳活性最差的坡位分别是坡下和坡中,而平原低地区不同坡位间无显著变化。研究结果为黑土坡耕地生态建设与保护技术的针对性设计奠定了理论基础。

鲁中南山区侵蚀性降雨及典型作物对坡面产流产沙影响研究

为研究降雨量、降雨历时、降雨强度等降雨因素及典型作物对坡面产流产沙的影响,基于K-均值聚类分析法对山东省泰安市东周小流域2014-2020年77次侵蚀性降雨进行分类,并进一步分析不同降雨类型下不同作物产流产沙特征及对各降雨指标的响应.结果表明:①研究区侵蚀性降雨可以分为Ⅰ型(小雨量、短历时、大雨强)、Ⅱ型(大雨量、长历时、小雨强)、Ⅲ型(中雨量、中历时、小雨强)3类.各降雨频率为67.53%,3.9%,28.57%,占研究期内总降雨量的44.2%,14.02%,41.78%.②各径流小区产流和土壤流失量从大到小依次为大豆、裸地、地瓜、花生,花生和地瓜对径流和泥沙的削减效果相对较好.在Ⅱ型条件下,各小区产流产沙量最大,Ⅲ型次之,Ⅰ型最小;但当Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型雨频率较高时,产流产沙量也较大.③对坡面产流产沙影响最大的因素为降雨量,当作物种类不同时,影响次之的因素有所差别.径流对降雨因素的响应程度高于土壤流失量,控制产流发生可在一定程度上有效降低土壤流失量.

草原牧区落实乡村振兴战略的SWOT分析

为提振信心、认清现实,避免陷入新的困局,有必要对草原牧区落实乡村振兴战略、实现现代化进程中面临的内外部环境进行规范分析。以四大牧区为研究对象,利用SWOT模型分析法构建草原牧区2*2矩阵网格,结果表明:草原牧区可采取以WO策略为主的策略组合;长期来看,SO策略将成为未来主要策略,短期ST策略和WT策略在特定地区为主要策略。因此,牧区落实乡村振兴战略要处理好短期和长期、静态和动态的问题,避免模仿农区带来新问题,要解决好强化内生动力、抢抓机遇、补短板、重视政策实效等几个关键点。

系统化全域建设背景下平原河网地区海绵城市监测体系构建

在系统化全域海绵城市建设背景下,为支撑平原河网地区海绵城市建设成效评价,应建立以典型片区为核心的系统化全域监测体系。针对平原河网地区排水系统特征与海绵城市监测难点,研究了根据空间布局、下垫面特征、地形、水系特征、海绵城市建设情况等因素确定典型片区数量、位置、边界等关键信息的方法,提出了片区内“本底特征、源头减排、过程控制和系统治理”系统化监测体系的构建方法。以宿迁市为例,介绍了海绵城市建设概况、典型片区选取方案与依据,并制定了2个典型片区系统化监测体系的构建方案,该方案有效支撑了宿迁市各层级海绵城市建设成效评价。

淮河流域典型农田区气溶胶散射特性的日变化和季节变化研究

利用2019年寿县国家气候观象台气溶胶散射系数、气溶胶质量浓度及相关气象观测数据,统计分析了淮河流域农田区域的气溶胶散射特征及其成因,为该区域气溶胶污染辐射强迫及其对农业生产影响方面的研究提供了定量观测证据。研究表明:该地区气溶胶散射系数具有显著的季节变化规律,冬季最高,夏季最低;三个波长(450、525、635 nm)气溶胶日平均散射系数分别为329.8±180.0、270.2±153.7、214.4±128.4 Mm^(-1),并且散射系数日变化与天气要素和大气层结日变化规律具有很好的相关性,且冬季日振幅远小于其他三季;?ngstr?m指数年平均值为1.32,后向散射比年平均值为0.15,气溶胶质量散射系数年平均值为4.83 m^(2)/g,表明淮河流域农田区域的气溶胶以细颗粒为主;气溶胶散射系数大小主要受偏西风调控,散射系数与能见度具有高度的负相关幂函数关系;污染日的气溶胶散射系数远大于清洁日,污染物很大程度上影响了光辐射在大气中的传输能力,污染程度高,大气的散射作用就越强。

陕西省典型矿区土壤和食用林产品中重金属污染与风险评估

为探明陕西省典型矿区土壤和食用林产品中重金属污染特征与风险情况,通过对渭南华州、商洛柞水县、宝鸡凤县金属矿区土壤和食用林产品进行样品采集并分析测定其As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu含量,采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、土壤和农产品综合质量指数法对土壤和食用林产品重金属污染状况进行评价。结果表明,研究区内土壤均出现不同程度的As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu含量积累;受检食用林产品均出现不同程度的Cr、Cu积累,华州区油松籽2个样品出现Pb含量超标;单因子污染指数表明Cd为凤县研究区土壤的主要污染物,Cr、Cu为柞水县研究区土壤的主要污染物;内梅罗综合污染指数表明凤县和柞水县研究区域土壤为轻度污染状态(质量等级Ⅲ),华州区研究区域土壤为尚清洁状态(质量等级Ⅱ);综合质量影响指数表明,凤县土壤呈现轻微污染(sub-Ⅱ),华州区呈现轻度污染(sub-Ⅲ),柞水县呈现重度污染(sub-Ⅴ)。凤县、华州区和柞水县研究区土壤均出现重金属污染问题,部分食用林产品存在重金属Cr、Cu积累以及Pb超标风险,应及时采取治理修复措施,以缓减土壤和食用林产品的重金属污染问题。